Place is a central concept and research object in cultural geography.Analyzing place components is a prerequisite for an integrated understanding of place and a core component of place theory in cultural geography.Previous studies have focused on either spatially fixed or mobile components in analytical frameworks,both of which capture different dimensions of place.However,few studies have considered both the fixed and mobile components and the interactions between them.Based on the classical framework of place components proposed by John Agnew(1987)and coupled with cultural flowscapes,this study proposes a new Analytical Framework for Place Components(AFPC)that reveals the elements of place.Taking the tourist destination of Fenghuang Ancient Town(FAT)as a case study and collecting data through observation and interviews,this study presents a preliminary empirical application of the AFPC.The results suggest that place comprises four components:location,locale,sense of place,and cultural flowscapes.Cultural flowscapes include the interrelated concepts of ethnoscapes,mediascapes,technoscapes,financescapes,and ideoscapes.The AFPC meets the scientific requirements of universality,independence,and application.It reveals the complexity of contemporary places and can be used to guide the empirical analysis of small-scale local characteristics or local specificality.The FAT case study fully reveals the multi-element features and interrelationships between the components.It was found that the location of the FAT is relatively poor,and the land-use pattern is mainly commercial.Social relationships in FAT are mainly commercial,social contact among residents is weak,and the sense of place for the different groups differed,Cultural flowscapes are dynamic and can play an active role in driving change or transformation of the locale of FAT.The locale has a mediating effect on cultural flowscapes.The location of FAT determines cultural flowscapes to some extent and partly affects the locale.Cultural flowscapes,location and locale together shape the sense of place of FAT,and the sense of place in turn gives specific meaning to the other three elements.The theoretical contributions of this study are that the AFPC considers both fixed and mobile elements of place components,and that place components are interactive,which helps enrich the theoretical perspective of place component research and expands the scope of application of place components theory.In practice,the research results can provide practical guidance for decision-makers in tourism destination development and rural revitalization,emphasizing that sustainable local development requires synergy between local and external elements.

Tourism industries are driving place transformation for many tourist destinations.Scholars have carried out a large number of empirical studies on the tourism-driven place transformation,but have neglected the construction of the analytical framework for place transformation.Based on the"place"theory in cultural geography,this study identified the dimensions of place transformation and constructed an analytical framework for place transformation.Taking the tourist destination of Fenghuang Ancient Town(FAT)as a case study,this study obtained first-hand data through interviews and non-participatory observation,collected online texts and historical documents,and analyzed the data through text analysis,comparative analysis,and mapping and visualization.This study revealed the place transformation characteristics and mechanisms of FAT before and after its tourism development from 2000 to 2019.The results are as follows:In the analytical framework for place transformation constructed in this study,place transformation can be observed by the transformation of its constitutive dimensions of place,which include location,locale,and sense of place.The static and bounded"location"are transformed to open and networked.With regard to"locale",material environment for meeting the needs of local residents are transformed to meet the needs of multiple population across multi-scale space,while close social relations among residents are transformed into multi-group and multiple types of social relations.The"sense of place"is transformed from stable,rooted,and insiders-owned to pluralistic and owned by both internal and external populations.The case study of FAT preliminarily validated the analytical framework for place transformation.The three dimensions of location,locale,and sense of place of FAT had undergone significant transformation after local tourism development.The FAT was transformed from a"mosaic"into a"relational place".The place transformations of FAT are the results of multi-scale processes in which tourism market,state agencies,and local subjects interact through the mechanisms of commercialization,institutional design,and agency,respectively.This study enriches the theoretical research of place transformation and provides some theoretical guidance for local tourism planning and development.

基于2010-2018年的中国省域旅游发展和省域贫困率的面板数据,利用Pooled OLS估计法定量测度了省域旅游发展对减贫的影响效应,并初步阐释其内在机制.结果表明,省域旅游业发展对省域减贫有显著的正向效应.具体来看,国内旅游收入的增长、国内游客接待量的增加以及旅游专业化水平的提高均会降低省域贫困率.总体上,省域旅游业发展可以通过直接效应、间接效应和动态效应这三种路径来影响贫困率.本文研究对省域旅游发展的减贫实践具有一定的实践启示.

文章基于多尺度、人—地系统的理论视角,以湖南省8000个相对贫困村为研究对象,利用平均最邻近指数、空间基尼系数和空间自相关方法,从市级和县级两个尺度揭示了相对贫困村空间分布格局差异,运用空间计量模型识别出相对贫困村空间分异的影响因素,最后基于"四层一体"模型提炼出相对贫困村空间分异的机制.结果 表明:①相对贫困村在市级尺度上均呈现集群分布模式,而在县级尺度上呈现出集群、离散和随机三种不同的模式.②市级和县级尺度上相对贫困村均呈现显著的全局空间自相关性,但在两个尺度上局部空间自相关性特征存在差异.③城镇化率、第一产业增加值占GDP比重、第二产业增加值占GDP比重、人均财政支出、文盲率、坡度、平均海拔是影响县级尺度相对贫困村空间差异的显著因素.④基于"四层一体"模型揭示出相对贫困村的空间分异机制.

旅游流空间网络研究很少涉及大洲尺度下的案例研究,也因此对大洲尺度下旅游流的影响因素分析较为薄弱.欧洲是世界最重要的国际旅游客源地和目的地之一,本文以欧洲为案例研究区,利用社会网络分析法揭示了欧洲国家间旅游流空间网络结构特征,并基于回归分析方法初步识别了国家间旅游流的影响因素.结果表明:在取旅游流量算术平均值为切分值来构建二分矩阵的情景下,欧洲国家间旅游流空间网络整体密度较低,旅游网络发育不完善;德国、法国、意大利、西班牙这四个国家在空间网络中处于核心位置,具有较强的旅游流集散功能;整体旅游流空间网络存在明显的核心-边缘空间分异格局,其中核心节点与边缘节点之间联系度较低.从国家间旅游流影响因素来看,客源国的经济发展水平以及目的地国的世界遗产资源、旅游业优先发展竞争力具有显著影响,符合旅游流运动的"推-拉"机制.从多尺度视角来看,不同尺度旅游流的空间网络结构及其动力机制具有近似性.

随着中国农村绝对贫困的消除,扶贫主题转向缓解相对贫困.然而目前对集中连片特困区域相对贫困的测度、时空格局演化及驱动因素研究较为薄弱,例如,对县域层面上相对贫困的测度、时空格局的研究相对较少,对贫困空间分异影响因素效应的时间变异性关注有待提升;在影响因素定量识别的模型选择方面,缺少同时控制空间滞后效应和空间误差效应的模型,使得模型估计效果不佳.本文以武陵山片区为研究区,利用FGT指数、贫困距离指数、SARAR模型等揭示了2001—2018年武陵山片区县域相对贫困的时空演化特征及其驱动因素.结果表明:(1)片区县域相对贫困发生率平均为69.6％,其变动态势可分为波动、平稳和逐渐下降三个阶段,县域相对贫困的广度较高,相对贫困深度先缓慢增加后缓慢下降,相对贫困强度低且年际变化小;(2)不同等级相对贫困县域的空间分布格局变化特征不同,不同时期内不同贫困等级县域的转移格局也不同;(3)第一产业增加值占GDP比重、人均财政支出、人均固定资产投资、人均GDP、地形起伏度、空间效应等因素对县域相对贫困空间差异有影响,并且不同因素的影响效应随着时间变迁呈现不同的模式,包括持久模式、"U"型模式、衰减模式等,这些时空变异的因素共同驱动着县域相对贫困时空格局的演变.本研究将丰富已有区域相对贫困研究成果,并为新时期国家乡村振兴实践提供参考.

采用网络游记文本数据,结合爬虫技术和社会网络分析方法,分析北京市"十二五"和"十三五"时期城市旅游客流网络结构的演变特征.结果表明:① 城市旅游流网络结构存在不均衡性,城市历史文化遗产节点的的影响控制能力强,新兴旅游吸引物的集聚能力相对较弱,受不同类型节点的路径依赖效应的影响,这种差异存在动态扩大特征.② 城市旅游流网络结构呈现显著的等级分层结构和节点分散分布特征,传统游憩场所是城市旅游流的核心节点,外围发育的旅游节点较分散且规模能级提升空间较大.③ 城市旅游流拥有显著的赋能效应、倒逼效应和联通效应.

基于多维集群分析框架,从水平、垂直、制度、外部和关系五个维度分析了长株潭工程机械产业集群发展历程与成长机制.结果 表明,本地新创企业和衍生机制促进了工程机械产业集群水平维度的成长,但是该集群的垂直维度还不发达,产业配套与服务还不完善;制度维度层面,地方政府的直接政策支持与产业规划为该集群提供了良好的制度环境;该集群具有显著的外部市场导向性与跨地域联系;以核心企业占主导地位的明显的权力不对称关系也是该集群的显著特征.综合来看,多维集群分析框架可以较好地揭示产业集群的成长过程和机制.

评估开发区对区域经济发展的影响,探究这种影响的空间异质性与机制,能为开发区协调发展与优化升级提供理论指导.以中部省区湖南省为例,采用固定效应模型估计法对2001～ 2016年110个县级行政区的面板数据进行分析,检验了开发区设立对湖南省县级水平区域经济发展的效应,揭示了这种效应的空间异质性与机制.总体上看,湖南省开发区建设提升了县级区域GDP和人均GDP水平,主要源于乘数效应机制与集聚机制.更为重要地,湖南省开发区建设对县经济发展的推动作用呈现出“边际效应递增”特征,即更高经济发展水平区域设立开发区对区域经济发展的推动作用越强,因而开发区效应的发挥依赖于区域经济发展基础.

洲内旅游一直是世界入境旅游的主体.为揭示大洲尺度下国家间入境旅游空间格局演化及驱动因素,利用泰尔指数、基尼系数、重心模型等方法,分析1998-2017年亚洲国家入境旅游空间格局演化特征和规律,并利用面板数据回归方法探讨影响格局演化的主要因素.结果 表明:亚洲国家入境旅游空间差异可大致分成两个阶段,即波动阶段(1998 2004年)和持续下降阶段(2005 2017年);入境旅游高值国家和低值国家在空间上呈随机分布态势,并且不存在显著的空间自相关性,少部分国家一直处在高或较高等级,而大部分国家一直处在低或较低等级;21世纪以来,亚洲国家入境旅游重心在加速向东偏南方向转移,在南亚、东南亚和东亚地区形成“入境旅游高值集聚区”;外国直接投资、航空运输能力、国家经济发展程度对亚洲国家入境旅游空间格局演变有显著影响.

旅游资源是旅游业发展的基础,跨境旅游资源整合是中国“一带一路”倡导重要议题.本文采用最邻近指数、地理集中指数、基尼系数、不平衡指数、核密度分析等数理方法和空间分析方法,对中蒙俄经济走廊自然旅游资源的空间格局及影响因素进行分析.研究表明:①中蒙俄经济走廊自然旅游资源在空间上为集聚型分布,分布密度总体呈现“多核心”分布格局,主要集中在莫斯科-圣彼得堡地区、叶卡捷琳娜-秋明地区、新西伯利亚地区、环贝加尔湖城市群及中俄沿海地区;②自然旅游资源沿湖、沿河、沿边界、沿交通线分布趋势明显;③地形地貌、湖泊水系等是影响自然旅游资源分布的根本,而经济发展水平、交通通达性、人口数量等是影响其分布的社会经济因素.中蒙俄经济走廊自然旅游资源同质性与互补性并存.三国政府部门应充分利用这一优势,积极创新旅游合作开发模式,合力共建“中蒙俄经济走廊国际旅游带”.

The 3Ds, namely, density, distance, and division, are important for regional economic development and are integrated into a 3D analytical framework in the 2009 World Development Report. Few empirical studies have examined the relevance of the 3D framework for explaining rural poverty in a developing-country context. The effects of density on poverty are seldom studied, and distances to different layers of city centers on poverty may vary across different contexts. This paper aims to fill these gaps. Examining the case of Guizhou Province in China and adopting methods of the ordinary least square, instrument variable, and spatial econometrics, we find the evidence of the 3D framework for explaining rural poverty at the county level. Population density has a negative effect on rural poverty, while division, as measured by share of the ethnic minority population, has a positive effect. The effects of distance are mixed. Distance to Guiyang, which is the provincial political-economic center of Guizhou province, has a negative effect on rural poverty, whereas distance to the local city center has no effect. These results can provide important policy implications for local poverty-alleviation.

China has been a long-period fast economic growth after its opening policy.The whole degree of poverty in China has decreased sharply,which plays an important role in fulfilling Millennium Development Goals (MDG) made by the United Nations.As a developing country,however,China still has a challenge of reducing poverty and promoting regional development.Rural poverty is still a serious problem in rural China,especially in mountainous or ethnic areas.Different scales of governments in China develop much poverty-alleviation policy,but the efficacy of these policy are sometimes low because "one size fits all" policy always neglect regional difference in poverty resulting from different contexts of different places.Spatial patterns and determinants of regional poverty is a key theme for scholars from many disciplines.Giving that determinants of rural poverty in different places are different and the effects of significant factor are dependent on spatial scales,there is a need for more empirical evidences at different scales or in different regions.Furthermore there is little study to explore the spatial variations of effects of determinants.The present article can fill these gap to some extent through analyzing the determinants of county-level poverty and its spatial variation of their effects within Guizhou Province in the southwestem China.The rate of county-level poverty is largely different within this province.Based on methods of OLS regression,spatial econometric and geographic weighted regression (GWR),this article studies spatial variations and determinants of rural poverty at the county level.The results show that rate of rural poverty is higher in the eastern,southern,western counties than middle and northem counterparts.There is a significant spatial autocorrelation of rural poverty,for index of Moran's I is between 0.45 and 0.55,which indicates that poverty of neighboring counties have a positive effect on the poverty of a specific county.Some counties with a high-high poor pattem fall into spatial trap of poverty based on results of index of Local Moran's I.These counties are located at southeast and southern parts of Guizhou and have a high proportion of ethnic minorities' population.For the determinants,the OLS estimation results show that topographic slope,distance to a local urban center,the percentage of teenagers,the percentage of ethnic minorities are key determinants of spatial variations in rural poverty at the county level.The effects of these four factors are found to have different spatial patterns based on GWR analysis.There is no significant effect for distance to the provincial capital on the rural poverty.The above results have important policy implication.The core implication is to combine place-based and people-based policy,which surpass the current Poverty-Targeting-Alleviation (jing zhun fu pin) initiatives dominating poverty-reduction policy of China's governments.

In the face of the world industry development trends consist of integration, low carbon and clustering,combined with the practice of China’s new industrialization and new urbanization and the requirements of marketization reform,this paper puts forward the concept and analyzes the connotation and development mechanism of new type of industrialization. Compared with the characteristic of traditional type of industrialization including industry specialization market-oriented operation and scale development, the new type of industrialization emphasizes the interaction between industry and undertaking,the division of the industrial chain, the interaction of tertiary and fusion development of industry and city. The theoretical basis of the new type of industrialization is the new institutional economics and the integrating theory of industrial chain and the development mechanism consists of social activity informatization, social demand diversification and social reform marketization. This paper has certain reference significance for the industry development and social governance in the period of the“Thirteen-Five”year plan.

By building models of control power of bilateral diplomacy and mul-tilateral diplomacy, this paper calculates relative control of typical diplo-matic spheres of China, and points out key things of China's diplomatic work. The result shows that in the bilateral diplomacy, control power of China is almost equivalent with Japan and Russia, slightly higher than South Korea, much higher than India, and Pakistan, but much lower than that of the United States. These state have a direct effect on bargaining power of China with these countries. Consider three-way diplomacy, in China - Japan - South Korea relations, China has considerable initiative, Japan is passive. In Chi-na-Japan- United States, China is passive. In the China -United States - Rus-sia, cooperation between China and Russia make position of United States weak-ened. In China-India-Pakistan, the join of Pakistan greatly increase the con-trol power of China. In quartet and even more relationship, cooperation of China and Russia is good for China.

突破以往研究旅游地居民“感知—态度—行为”的传统思路,直接从关系、付出、回报、期望和公正知觉等满意度发生逻辑的核心要素角度并结合深度访谈内容,运用语义网络分析和结构方程构建形成过程的内在机理视角下民族村寨旅游地居民满意度影响因素概念模型和结构模型,通过多(跨)样本可靠性和区别有效性检验,并以贵州上郎德苗寨、西江苗寨和天龙屯堡为不同力量导向模式进行实证分析.结果表明:①“社区认知—发展期望—社区参与—增(去)权感知—满意态度—支持行为”是民族村寨旅游地居民满意度的发生逻辑路径,之间的作用动力主要有“认知驱动”、“获益驱动”、“行为驱动”和“中介感知”.②居民地方依恋、居民民族认同、居民发展期望、居民社区参与对社区、政府和企业核心力量导向模式的居民满意度产生直接或未直接影响效应;社区核心力量的居民社区增权感知对4个影响因素产生部分中介影响效应,而居民社区去权感知未对其产生中介影响效应;政府和企业核心力量均不同程度地受居民社区增权感知与居民社区去权感知的中介效应影响,其中前者的去权感知影响效应稍强于增权感知效应,后者则反之.③根据概念模型的逻辑路径,结合影响因素的关联效应及其程度性二维因素差异,综合分析社区、政府和企业核心力量导向模式的民族村寨旅游地居民满意度影响机理存在差异.

We can grasp the marine economic development and existing problems through measuring the ma-rine economy efficiency, which can provide the basis for the marine economy policy. This article is based on consideration of undesirable outputs SBM model, measuring marine economic efficiency value for 11 coastal provinces during 2001 to 2012 and analyzing its spatio-temporal characteristics. Research shows that:1) The marine economic efficiency value of inconsideration of undesirable output is obviously higher than the one of consideration of undesirable output, which turns out that undesirable output has a significant effect on marine economic efficiency and more accord with the fact. 2) The evolution of marine economic efficiency divided in-to two stages since 2001, declining with a fluctuant process stage (2001-2008) and rising slowly stage (2009-2012), which presenting the inefficiency is changing to effective state, but still in a low level. The re-gional disparity shrank at first and then expanded. 3) From the spatial distribution, in 2001, the initial stage in the tenth Five-Year Plan, the spatial pattern of marine economic efficiency shows the characteristics that the ef-ficiency of the northern and southern is high, and the middle area is low, while in 2012, the spatial pattern shows the three pole. The inter-provincial variation of marine economic efficiency varied from province to province. Hainan was high stable level while Guangdong and Fujian were ascending to the high level. Guangxi, Hebei are in the low and descending level, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang belonged to the low but as-cending type, while Jiangsu to the low stable type. In order to explain the influence mechanism of marine eco-nomic efficiency, this article explains the influence factors from four aspects. From the element level, the ma-rine and land economic base, the national marine policy, the market mechanism and inter-regional economic re-lations influence the marine economic efficiency by influence the production organization activities of marine enterprise. From the driving fore level, to gain more profit and enhance market competitiveness, the marine en-terprises improve their production efficiency, and the introduction of technology, the inter-regional spillover of efficiency and the local government policy can also improve the efficiency. From the path and effect level, the upgrade of marine industry, the expansion of industrial scale, the improvement of technology and management methods can improve the marine economic efficiency. The improvement of marine economic efficiency can form the feedback mechanism affecting the competitiveness of enterprise, industrial upgrading and the marine and land economic development. Finally, this article put forward some recommendations to improve the ma-rine economic efficiency.

网络情境下旅游地意象感知研究是目前国内外研究的热点,国内研究需对内容分析方法体系进行完善,案例地也需要丰富.该文以中西部贫困山区古镇型旅游地凤凰古城为案例地,综合利用内容分析方法中词频分析、语义网络分析和情感分析等技术,分析了凤凰古城游客旅游地意象感知特征和意象结构.结果发现,游客对凤凰古城旅游地感知的整体意象是人文景观类旅游地,认知形象成分包括古城、民族文化、休闲娱乐、美食购物4个主题;情感形象成分以积极情感为主,中性和消极成分比例小;意象高频词呈长尾分布特征,而游客文本语义网络呈现“核心—次核心—外围”三圈结构.最后提出旅游地意象管理的相关策略.

校长教学领导之转型是其守护本己、避免异化的逻辑必然,同时亦是其走出发展困境的现实诉求.当前的校长教学领导专注于教学有效性领导,无暇或无视教学正当性.这不仅异化了校长教学领导自身,同时更异化了教学和师生,校长教学领导应从先前的有效教学领导转型为有效且正当之教学领导.此外,当前校长教学领导的英雄主义色彩浓郁,影响并制约了校长教学领导的绩效前景,而分布式领导有利于突破英雄式领导的桎梏与困境,可资作为校长教学领导之有效方式,校长教学领导应从英雄式领导走向分布式领导.

从德性上说,“诚”是包含在善之中的,是善的一个要素,但“诚”又有认识功能,其目的在求“真”,是在德性上与“真”的合一,从这个意义上说,“诚”又是独立于善的.“诚”在教学伦理体系中具有重要的地位和价值意义,它为教学奠定了扎实的伦理基础,有助于教学智慧的生成和教学美德的养成,而现代教学中的伦理危机和教学低效的重要原因之一是“诚”的缺失和匮乏.