Global temperature increases require the reevaluation of pesticide efficacy under thermal stress conditions; however, most studies have focused on acute high-temperature exposure, neglecting the effects of natural diurnal temperature fluctuations and cumulative acclimation. This study investigated the effect of thermal acclimation during developmental on the sensitivity of Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to emamectin benzoate (EB). Larvae were reared under cyclic thermal regimes (25→34/38→25 °C), experiencing daily high-temperature exposures of 2, 4, or 6 hours from the egg stage. Continuous fluctuating high-temperature exposure did not have a detrimental effect on the life-history traits of M. separata but substantially increased its sensitivity to EB. Daily 6-hour exposure to either 34 °C or 38 °C significantly increased LC10 EB-induced mortality and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared to constant 25 °C. Increasing thermal intensity progressively suppressed the levels of heat shock proteins (MsHsp70 and MsHsp90) and the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase in the EB-exposed larvae. A pronounced temperature-dependent increase in cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) activity accompanied this suppression, suggesting an adaptive metabolic response that could accelerate the development of EB resistance under climate warming scenarios. Thus, thermal acclimation during insect development increases EB toxicity, potentially through ROS accumulation caused by inhibiting heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes. These findings demonstrate that fluctuating thermal conditions amplify EB toxicity and underscore the potential role of P450s in long-term resistance to global temperature increases. This study guides the development of climate-adaptive pesticide applications and region-specific integrated pest management strategies.

Global climate warming is characterized by an escalation in extreme high temperatures (EHTs). While the frequency of EHTs is predicted to increase under climate change, there remains a limited understanding of whether maternal exposure to altered EHT frequencies affects maternal provisioning and next-generation phenotypic traits in insects. In this study, we investigated the influence of exposure to varying frequencies (either 1 or 5 peak-temperature days every 10 d, with a peak temperature of 34 degrees C) of EHTs on reproductive decisions and offspring traits in Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Our results revealed that M. sexmaculatus females exposed to a high frequency of EHTs exhibited a decrease in fecundity, alongside an increase in the proportion of non-viable eggs. Furthermore, maternal ladybirds experiencing a high frequency of EHTs could increase their offspring's body size. Offspring reared under a high-frequency EHT treatment displayed an extended larval development period, decreased egg laying, and a higher proportion of non-viable eggs. However, egg weight, egg clutch number, and egg clutch size in both maternal and offspring generations were unaffected by the increased frequency of EHTs. Our findings indicate that increased frequency of EHTs can generate modification in both maternal and offspring phenotypic traits, suggesting that adaptation to such conditions may occur through maternal effects. This research represents an essential step toward understanding the impact of maternal effects on the phenotypic traits of M. sexmaculatus in response to varying frequencies of EHTs and may further enhance our understanding of M. sexmaculatus population dynamics under future climate scenarios.

Menochilus sexmaculatus F. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a generalist predator with potential as a biological control candidate for suppressing many insect pests, including the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). However, the potential control capacity of M. sexmaculatus on P. solenopsis may depend not only on its fitness and predatory efficacy, but also on the consequences of both conspecific and heterospecific interactions with other individuals that share the same resource. This study investigated the aggressiveness and vulnerability of different life stages of M. sexmaculatus when encountering various stages of M. sexmaculatus or Harmonia axyridis (Pallas). The results showed that M. sexmaculatus could act as predator and/or prey with the presence of conspecific and heterospecific ladybird beetles. The success of predation is affected by the ladybird beetle life stage and, in most cases, young stages of the ladybird beetles were most susceptible to relatively older life stages of ladybird beetles. Predation between M. sexmaculatus/H. axyridis larvae of the same developmental stage was always asymmetric, favoring H. axyridis. Moreover, M. sexmaculatus exhibited intensive aggressiveness toward their own species over heterospecific individuals, but was more vulnerable to H. axyridis than to M. sexmaculatus individuals. Overall, H. axyridis could negatively affect the population densities of M. sexmaculatus by its high aggressiveness and low vulnerability. However, because our study was conducted in an oversimplified and confined area, more research should be conducted under more realistic conditions to explore the impacts of H. axyridis on the population dynamics of M. sexmaculatus.

Organisms live in complex systems where they simultaneously balance responses to multiple factors. Insects are dealing with indirect pressures from predators under the influence of temperature. Currently, little is known about how they balance these factors. Under laboratory conditions, we investigated the effects of the predator Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) cues and temperature (23, 28, and 33 degrees C) on the foraging and oviposition behavior of the parasitoid Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) as a host. In all trials, the frequency and duration of stinging, walking, or stationary behavior of A. gifuensis were not influenced by H. axyridis cues. However, in trials with predator cues, A. gifuensis produced less offspring than trials without predator cues. On the other hand, the frequency of A. gifuensis stinging, walking, or stationary behavior, and the number of A. gifuensis larvae increased with rising temperature. Specially, when the predator cues were present, parasitoid responded to rising tem-peratures by increasing frequency of each behavior and an increase in offspring number. Our findings indicate that A. gifuensis might show flexible foraging and oviposition behavior in response to H. axyridis associated cues and different temperatures. Thus, the effects of both temperature and H. axyridis cues should be considered when assessing the foraging outcomes of A. gifuensis prior to combining these two enemies in aphid management practice.

随着汽车产业的快速发展,满足客户个性化的需求俨然已成为各车企关注的焦点,如何实现柔性化智能制造已成为全球化课题,而工业互联作为智能制造升级中的基础环节,利用5G在传输时延、网络安全、数据安全等方面具备独特优势,实现全厂快速、灵活组网将是未来智慧工厂网络典型应用.

Starting from the current situation of welding, painting, general workshop and office area network in the field of automotive intelligent manufacturing, this paper systematically introduces the intricate network problems of automation equipment in each area, and proposes an improved technical design for the industrial ring network scheme. This solution fundamentally solves the shortcomings of the previous operation and management of each regional network and the network in the network, realizes the function of one network to the end,reduces the time for manual troubleshooting, and improves the availability and security of automation equipment.

Maternal effects can reduce offspring susceptibility to predators by altering resource allocation to young and reproducing larger offspring. While the perception of predation risk can vary according to a prey's life stage, it is unclear whether maternally experienced intraguild predation (IGP) risk during different life stages influences the maternal effects of predatory insects. We investigated the influence of exposure to intraguild predators (Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)) during the larval and/or adult stages on reproductive decisions and offspring growth in Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius). Independent of the life stage, when M. sexmaculatus females experienced IGP risk, their body weight and fecundity decreased, but the proportion of trophic eggs produced increased. However, egg mass, egg clutch number, and egg clutch size were not influenced by the treatment. Next, when offspring encountered H. axyridis, mothers experiencing IGP risk during the larval and/or adult stages could increase their offspring's weight. Moreover, offspring in IGP environments reached a similar size as those with no-IGP environments when mothers experienced IGP risk during the larval and/or adult stages. Overall, M. sexmaculatus larval and/or adult exposure to IGP risk had no influence on egg size, but increased offspring body size when faced with H. axyridis. Additionally, mothers experiencing IGP risk during different life stages showed increased production of trophic eggs. Because IGP is frequently observed on M. sexmaculatus and favours relatively larger individuals, different stages of M. sexmaculatus express threat-sensitively to IGP risk; inducing maternal effects can be an adaptive survival strategy to defend against H. axyridis.

随着时代的进步,汽车ECU的软件层级越来越丰富,软件功能越来约完善,软件定义汽车时代已经来临,随着大容量,高频次的车辆软件刷写的需求越来越频繁,在试制/工厂端,区别于售后,整车OTA功能尚未启用,需要一种OTA,更加便捷的、更加高效的远程刷写方式.本文通过汽车总线DoIP协议进行介绍,结合当今最先进的5G网络通信技术,VXLAN技术打通无线诊断数据传输通道,实现多车辆,多ECU的软件群刷,并重点阐述如何实现5G终端之间一对的多车辆有序刷写,并对远程诊断数据传输过程中安全问题做了简单的论述.

Extreme high temperatures (EHTs) are predicted to increase in both amplitude and frequency with future climate warming, and severely impact the fitness of beneficial species. However, little is known about the impact of shifts in the amplitude and frequency of EHTs on the fitness and demography of parasitoids. In this study, we constructed four EHT regimes simulating EHTs of two different amplitudes (34 or 38 degrees C peak temperature) and frequencies (one or five peak temperature days every ten days), and investigated how these EHT regimes affected the fitness and life table parameters of Aphelinus asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) when parasitizing and feeding on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). When A. asychis experienced a large amplitude and/or high frequency of EHTs, its development time was significantly prolonged, and key life history traits (adult longevity, host feeding events, and fecundity) were negatively affected. Moreover, as the amplitude and frequency of EHTs increased, the parasitoid's intrinsic rate of increase (r) also decreased. Overall, our results suggest that increasing the amplitude and frequency of EHTs would diminish A. asychis fitness and hinder its population growth, with potentially detrimental effects on its efficiency as a biological control agent of aphid populations under future climate scenarios.

Rising temperatures can enhance foraging activity and accelerate the encounter rate of different predators, which may increase their interference competition strengths. However, limited information is available on such effects of temperature, and on the consequences for their predation rates. We used a functional response approach to experimentally quantify the interspecific interference competition strength of two species of ladybirds, Harmonia axyridis and Propylea japonica (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), toward their prey Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at 23 and 33 °C, respectively. The results indicated that high temperature could cause P. japonica to be more active and interfere with H. axyridis more often, and strengthened the interference competition between these two predators. The functional response of H. axyridis was changed from type II in single H. axyridis treatment to type III in paired predator assays at 23 and 33 °C. Moreover, single H. axyridis consumed more aphids than H. axyridis in heterospecific predator trials at aphid densities below 50 and 35 at 23 and 33 °C treatments, respectively. For P. japonica, type II functional responses were detected in all assays. Additionally, when competing with H. axyridis, the predation rate of P. japonica at 23 °C was almost unchanged compared to that of single P. japonica, but fewer aphids were eaten compared with single P. japonica across all aphid densities at 33 °C. Thus, with interference competition, two predator species respond differently to temperature changes in terms of foraging efficiency, which may further affect the population adaptability and control efficiency of these two focal species.

随着汽车制造领域不断跨越式进步,汽车产品的生产方式也发生了很大变化,现阶段工业机器人被广泛应用于汽车制造过程,这大大提高了汽车产品的生产效率,减少人力、物力的投入,降低工作强度,同时在一定程度上提高汽车制造质量,实现了汽车制造的智能化及数字化.

This study investigated the effect of adult associated cues of the multicolored Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on the foraging behavior of the aphid parasitoid, Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Aphididae) with three assays: 1) whole aphid leaf-disc with H. axyridis tracks; 2) aphid leaf-disc with only half contaminated with H. axyridis tracks; 3) aphid leaf-discs without H. axyridis tracks. Foraging behavior of A. gifuensis was recorded using the Observer (R) XT 11 and EthoVsion (R) XT 12. In addition, functional responses of A. gifuensis in patches with or without H. axyridis cues were also tested. Aphidius gifuensis females preferred oviposition in arenas where no adult tracks of H. axyridis were present. However, no significant difference between functional responses of A. gifuensis foraging in plants with and without H. axyridis cues was detected. Our study suggests that H. axyridis associated cues could influence the foraging behavior and activity of A. gifuensis under laboratory conditions. On the other hand, the foraging efficiency of A. gifuensis was not significantly affected by H. axyridis walking tracks in a single plant system. Aphidius gifuensis might exhibit flexible behavioral responses to predator associated cues. The risk of intraguild interactions and the possibility of mitigating such risks for parasitoids are important components for ultimately determining the compatibility of biological control agents.

烘干箱是锂电池极片制备过程中干燥工艺的关键设备之一.风刀作为烘干箱的重要执行元件,其选型对烘干箱内的空气流场分布具有重要影响.设计了4种不同的风刀结构型式,在Fluent软件中设定多孔网板进风面的进风速度为3 m/s;进行了数值模拟分析,通过CFD-Post对计算结果进行后处理;基于仿真结果确定了最优的结构设计.研究发现:1)Ⅰ、Ⅳ型风刀试验箱内热风流动迹线可以完全覆盖极片表面;2)Ⅳ型风刀试验箱风嘴内外热风的速度数值为2.2～2.5 m/s,明显高于其他模拟工况,并且风嘴内外高速微粒流覆盖和延伸的区域最多;3)Ⅳ型风刀试验箱极片表面高速波峰区域速度数值集中分布在0.8～1.2 m/s,明显好于其他模拟工况,并且极片长度方向上的速度分布连续性及一致性最好.所以Ⅳ型风刀作为锂电池极片干燥工艺的执行元件是最佳选择.相关设计思路和测试方法为烘干箱优化设计,乃至其他非标部件最优参数的确定提供了理论支撑.

通过研究发现,目前很多汽车企业在防盗码的生成与管理环节存在着较大的安全问题,主要表现在防盗码的生成条件与密钥的安全传递等方面.因此,本文将基于RSA与AES两种算法的组合应用,结合汽车企业自身的密钥管理输入模型,融合两种算法来加强汽车防盗码的生成与管理.

传统的四轮定位名义值一般基于Adams计算结果,后期经过实车验证、测量锁定目标值,而四轮定位公差则基于尺寸工程分析、及对标.但是在前期计算、对标及后期验证之间,缺少系统验证方法.本文详细阐述通过开发底盘柔性化验证平台并借助此平台确定四轮定位目标值,以及零部件公差与四轮定位角度之间联系、敏感度分析方法.

针对汽车柔性件公差分析中缺乏快速计算带尺寸偏差零件的受力变形问题,提出1种结合线性叠加原理和有限元法的变形计算方法,利用传递系数矩阵快速计算汽车柔性件的变形,实现整车虚拟匹配的实时公差分析.其次为解决零件偏差源识别中主成分分析数据解读性差的问题,提出1种基于稀疏主成分分析简化分析变量,减少主成分载荷系数的偏差源统计分析法,快速识别偏差源的主要变形模式及对应的主导变量,实现整车虚拟匹配问题的快速诊断.最后实例证明方法应用于整车虚拟匹配的有效性.

首先概述了虚拟匹配是提升整车匹配效率的发展方向,然后分析了匹配状态仿真因素构成,借鉴CAE物理仿真的思路提出面向虚拟匹配的混合仿真概念,并开发了基于混合仿真的车门虚拟匹配尺寸预测方法,进而运用样车测量手段设计了预测方法的实物验证方案,并基于Hypermesh密封条动态载荷仿真建模及Optistruct求解器对预测方法进行了实例计算,通过对比实例计算和实物验证结果验证了预测方法的有效性.最后对后续工作进行了展望.

Aphelinus asychis is an important aphid endoparasitoid. Under field and greenhouse conditions, high temperature is one of the factors limiting the application of A. asychis for biological pest control. To explore the potential role of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and heat shock proteins (HSPs) in this process, we identified 11 genes encoding TRP channels and nine genes encoding HSPs. Three proteins (AasyTRPA5, AasyPyrexia, AasyPainless) that belong to transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) subfamily and nine HSPs are involved in the response to high temperature. We also investigated the survival of A. asychis and the response of the identified TRP channels and HSPs to high temperature. The results showed that the maximum temperature that allowed A. asychis survival was approximately 41°C; females had higher survival rates than that of the males at 40 and 41°C. Short-term heat-shock resulted in increased expression of Aasyshsp in males, and Aasyhsp40, Aasyhsp68, Aasyhsp70-4, Aasyhsp70-5 and Aasyhsp90 were upregulated and then downregulated, whereas Aasyhsp70-3 was upregulated at 41°C. Moreover, Aasyhsp40 and Aasyhsp90 showed higher expression levels in females, while Aasyshsp and Aasyhsp70-3 presented opposite expression patterns. At temperature above 35°C, expression of AasyPyrexia in females was significant higher than that in males, whereas AasyPainless and AasyTRPA5 presented higher expression in males at 40 and 41°C, respectively. Altogether, these results indicate that protection against thermal stress in A. asychis is coordinated by TRP channels and HSPs. These findings provide a basis for understanding the potential mechanism of A. asychis in response to high temperatures.

为了实现在无AMB/CUBING等匹配工装的情况下对汽车零件尺寸匹配情况进行评估,该文提出一种虚拟匹配方法,采用三坐标测量机(CMM)对车门、白车身零件进行测量,依托虚拟装配软件对理论数模进行虚拟装配,实现了实车装配前对车门与白车身匹配情况进行较为准确的预判,同时根据匹配缺陷贡献因子占比指导零部件整改,对于整车实物尺寸匹配具有指导意义.