Pamukkale University

: Eye-tracking methods have become a valuable tool for reading research, as they provide significant evidence on the behavioral and cognitive performance of developing readers. They also help identify reading behavior patterns among children with neurodevelopmental conditions, such as reading difficulties (RD) or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this paper, we reviewed relevant literature (73 empirical studies) from 2008 to 2023 (15 years). We documented how reading performance was measured through eye-tracking methodology among typical and atypical readers across various languages. To ensure a rigorous and transparent review, we adhered to the PRISMA framework, defined keywords, established inclusion and exclusion criteria, conducted data extraction, and employed a multi-phase selection process. We focused on research samples, stimulus designs, independent variables, eye-tracking systems, and metrics. The results indicated that research involving typically developing children mainly included participants from primary school and employed various eye-tracking methods, with English being the most studied language. Studies on children with RD and ADHD varied significantly in participants' sample sizes, languages, and experimental designs. The discussion emphasizes the need for standardized data-collection procedures to enhance the reliability and comparability of findings, thereby supporting the development of effective interventions and instructional methods for reading difficulties.

Tb3+-activated LiCa4O(BO3)(3) (LiCBO) borates are promising phosphors for high-power near-UV LEDs and optical thermometry, but charge imbalance and lattice defects limit their thermal stability and efficiency. This work reports a comprehensive structural-optical study of LiCBO:Tb3+ phosphors with K+/Na+ charge-compensating co-dopants synthesized by combustion reaction. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement show that all compositions remain single-phase LiCBO, with Tb3+ preferentially substituting Ca2+ sites while K+/Na+ ions act as charge compensators, inducing only marginal, monotonic changes in lattice parameters. Multi-model XRD line-broadening analysis reveals that alkali co-doping increases crystallite size from similar to 60 to similar to 90 nm and reduces microstrain and dislocation density, indicating defect suppression through charge-compensated lattice engineering. FTIR/Raman spectroscopy confirms preservation of the mixed BO3/BO4 framework, with subtle band shifts and increased I(BO4)/I(BO3) ratios evidencing local network reorganization rather than phase segregation. Under 377 nm excitation, LiCBO:Tb3+ exhibits intense green D-5(4) -> F-7(5) emission at 542 nm with an optimum Tb3+ content of x = 0.05, above which concentration quenching proceeds via multipolar Tb3+-Tb3+ interactions (R-c approximate to 10.6 & Aring;). K+/Na+ co-doping boosts the green emission by up to similar to 2-2.25 & times; at y = 0.01, mainly by suppressing non-radiative defect channels and tuning local symmetry, as supported by biexponential lifetime shortening and increased Judd-Ofelt Omega(2) parameters. Temperature-dependent PL (300-550 K) demonstrates robust thermal stability, retaining similar to 40-45% of the initial 542 nm intensity at 423-450 K with a single activation energy E-a approximate to 0.33 eV. Finally, a fluorescence intensity ratio thermometer based on the 680/542 nm Tb3+ emissions delivers a maximum relative sensitivity of similar to 1.3% K-1 near 500 K, demonstrating competitive performance among single-center Tb3+-activated phosphors for high-temperature operation. Overall, K+/Na+-assisted charge-compensated lattice engineering is shown to simultaneously enhance green emission efficiency, thermal robustness, and luminescent thermometry performance in LiCBO:Tb3+ phosphors.

Species with a wide geographic distribution constitute an ideal model system for characterizing the adaptation of secondary chemistry to local climate and testing the generality of hypotheses about how investments in secondary chemistry scale with relative carbon and nutrient availability. We studied needle carbon (CM), nitrogen (NM) and terpenoid contents per dry mass in Pinus sylvestris collected across a broad geographical (38° to 59° N, latitudes 18° to 29° E; Estonia, Sweden, Romania, Turkey) and altitudinal (26-1980) range. In the Turkish samples, a low CM value corresponded to the lowest levels of mono- and sesquiterpenoids. In addition, the Turkish pine needles lacked diterpenoids. The monoterpenoid profiles revealed the presence of two distinct pine chemotypes: the Turkish pines were characterized as ‘(−)-α-pinene pines’, while the Estonian, Swedish, and Romanian samples were identified as ‘(+)-α-pinene - (+)-3-carene pines’. Overall, Northern pine populations were characterized by higher foliage C and terpenoid contents and greater terpenoid diversity. In addition, the direct correlations of foliage C and terpenoid contents were observed for ‘(+)-α-pinene - (+)-3-carene pines’. Our study highlights major variations in composition and content of Scots pine needle terpenoids among geographically distinct populations.

This study examined the biological effects of borax-doped Fe2O3 and CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated THP-1 cells. The morphology and composition of the nanocomposites were confirmed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Cell viability (resazurin and crystal violet assays), apoptosis/necrosis (annexin V/propidium iodide [PI]), cell cycle (flow cytometry), migration (scratch assay), and inflammatory response (Iba1 immunofluorescence staining, inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS] activity, and RT-PCR) were evaluated. The particle sizes ranged from 21.34 to 33.47 nm (Fe2O3-B-NPs) and 31.07 to 36.62 nm (CeO2-B-NPs). The IC10 and IC50 dose ranges were defined for each nanocomposite and applied across different cell lines to evaluate dose-dependent biological effects. Fe2O3-B-NPs altered cell cycle progression, increasing the number of S phase cells. Both nanocomposites promoted migration at low doses but inhibited it at high doses. CeO2-B-NPs reduced Iba1 levels, whereas Fe2O3-B-NPs increased inflammatory marker levels at higher concentrations. CeO2-B-NPs suppressed TNF-α and IL-1β gene expression at the IC50 dose, while both nanocomposites reduced iNOS activity. These results indicate that the dose-dependent effects of nanocomposites should be carefully evaluated.

In this study, the adsorption capacity of Hg(II) ions from aqueous solutions was examined using physically prepared HS-AC, an economical and natural biosorbent. The effects of various parameters, including solution pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, contact time, and temperature, on Hg(II) adsorption were systematically investigated. The kinetic data obtained for the process were well described by the pseudo-second-order model, whereas the equilibrium data were consistent with both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Notably, the equilibrium data exhibited a higher degree of conformity with the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9965) compared to other isotherm models. Thermodynamic parameters, including Gibbs free energy change, enthalpy change, and entropy change, were calculated for the adsorption process, and the results indicated that the adsorption occurred spontaneously and proceeded with an exothermic nature.