Research on athlete gambling is chronically constrained by the under-reporting biases inherent in self-reported surveys. This paper overcomes this limitation by leveraging a unique, population-level administrative dataset arising from the largest single-jurisdiction enforcement action against player betting in football history. In 2025, the Turkish Football Federation sanctioned over a thousand professional players based on actual bookmaker records. We estimate the joint distribution of betting incidence and intensity across the entire four-tier professional pyramid. Using a probit model, we find that betting incidence is driven by structural financial incentives. The sanction rate rises steeply from 3.4 percent in the top division to 29.4 percent in the lowest tier. The probability of receiving a maximum ban follows an inverted-U profile peaking at age 33.4, reflecting an evolving calculus of opportunity costs and diminishing marginal financial need. These findings provide the first objective administrative evidence of player gambling trajectories and demonstrate that the tier gradient driving administrative betting violations identifies the precise population most structurally exposed to match-fixing recruitment.
Although inclusion is increasingly celebrated as institutional progress, individuals marked by intersecting racialized and gendered histories often experience it as conditional and extractive. This study examines how South African Indian women (SAIW) leaders navigate the affective and epistemic labor required to remain legible within institutions that promote inclusion while sustaining exclusionary norms. Drawing on in-depth interviews with SAIW women leaders across diverse sectors, we conceptualize intersectional passing as the embodied, emotional, and cognitive labor required to sustain presence without guaranteed recognition. These practices include emotional restraint, strategic self-presentation, and epistemic withholding, which enable continued participation in institutions structured by whiteness, patriarchy, and postcolonial residue. We advance current debates in gender and work by theorizing agency not through overt resistance but as relational, iterative, and shaped by constraint. Our findings highlight how institutional inclusion often depends less on who is present and more on who can conform to dominant expectations of affective and epistemic propriety. We conclude by arguing that institutional change requires diversifying representation alongside transforming the emotional and epistemic norms that regulate belonging. We contribute to feminist and postcolonial understandings of workplace inequality and the everyday politics of recognition.
To get more accurate/reliable results on the basic electronic-parameters and current transport/conduction mechanism (CCMs), the current–voltage (I–V) measurements were measured in a wide temperature and voltage regions in the Schottky diodes (SDs). Therefore, these measurements of Re/n-GaAs/Au SDs were performed over wide temperature (100–380 K) and voltage (− 1.0 V/1.4 V) ranges. Experimental-findings indicate that while the barrier height, BH at V = 0 (ΦB0) inclines with inclining temperature almost as exponentially, ideality factor (n) and series resistance (Rs) declines. These parameters were also obtained from the Cheung -functions a second way and observed an important discrepancy between them have been explained by the nature of calculated-model, voltage dependence of them, and barrier-inhomogeneities. CCMs were also investigated in detail, and it shows that field emission (FE) is more dominant than thermionic/emission (TE) and thermionic field/emission (TFE). For various constant current values, temperature coefficient of voltage was found higher than − 1 mV/K, so these samples may be used in thermal—sensor applications. To determine the change of BH with voltage, the BH—q/2kT graph was plotted in voltage range of 0.0–0.6 V and these two linear-components which are corresponding to low high temperatures and the value of BH decreases with rising temperature. In the calculation of BH the effect of voltage must be considered as well as temperature.
Textbooks and tools for teaching foreign languages are constantly changing. In teaching Arabic as a foreign language, new materials and interactive training are being created. This study examines an Arabic teaching set called "Miftâh’ul-Arabiyye," which has been used in many schools and language courses recently. This study focuses on listening activities, which are often overlooked compared to reading, speaking, and writing skills in language teaching. It examines these activities at the A1 and A2 levels in the nine-book Arabic set. The evaluation was based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) standards for A1 and A2 levels. The CEFR, updated in 2020, is a method that defines language skill levels and is used worldwide. This study used a qualitative method to analyze documents and describe the findings. The analysis revealed 118 listening activities in A1 level book and 46 activities in A2 level book. A1 book showed highest frequency in Overall Oral Comprehension (f = 119) and Understanding Conversation Between Other People (f = 48), while A2 book demonstrated strengths in Overall Oral Comprehension (f = 70) and Understanding Audio (or Signed) Media and Recordings (f = 46). Both books demonstrated compatibility with CEFR standards in unit themes, recordings, and dialogues but showed deficiencies in pre-listening activities and multimedia integration. The study recommends balancing the distribution of activities, increasing listening to exercises, strengthening visual support, and integrating multimedia content to ensure full compliance with the CEFR.
An umbelliferone structure has been synthesized as an efficient water probe based on the ICT effect through a D-π-A system. Rationally designed probe 5 has a hydroxyl group as an electron donor (D) and a dicyanovinylene group as an electron acceptor (A) unit representing the smaller molecular structure compared to other water sensors larger in molecular size. Absorption and emission responses of 5 in various solvents and in the presence of water have been measured. The fluorescence intensity of the probe increased with the increase in water content in organic solvents. Absorption spectra revealed the bathochromically shifted deprotonation maximum which shows a linear increment in intensity with the addition of water. Rapid color change of solutions of 5 in ACN, EtOH, and DMSO from yellowish to pinky color indicated the water presence. In addition, ICT characteristics have been confirmed through HOMO/LUMO gap calculations by the DFT method. Water content detection results (LOD = 0.00095 (wt%), 0.0020 (wt%), and 0.020 (wt%) for ACN, EtOH, and DMSO, respectively) are competitive with and even better than recent literature values. Therefore, 5 could be used as a successful water probe for detecting low levels of water content in water miscible organic solvents.
