¿Sabes que en España existe una herramienta oficial que estima los excesos de mortalidad y la mortalidad atribuible a altas temperaturas durante el verano? El sistema MoMo permite vigilar el impacto de fenómenos como las olas de calor y facilita la activación de medidas para proteger la salud de la población.
Introduction: Epidemiological analysis of invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease (IHD) in Spain during 2024 and its comparison with previous years (2015-2023). Method: Descriptive epidemiological analysis of IHD cases reported to the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network (RENAVE) in 2024. The variables analyzed were: sex, age group, date of onset of symptoms, reporting region, death, clinical manifestation, and serotype. Results: In 2024, 769 cases of HIE were reported (54% men) with a cumulative incidence rate of 1.58 (number of cases per 100,000 inhabitants). The highest incidence rates in 2024 were observed in children under 1 year of age and in the population aged 85 years and over. Typical seasonal pattern of this disease was observed, with a higher number of cases of HIE in autumn and winter. The most frequent clinical manifestation, regardless of age, was bacteremic pneumonia (49,0% of cases); 83.7% of deaths occurred in the 65-year-old age group. The serotype of most reported cases of HIE is unknown. Discussion: In 2024, the highest cumulative incidence in the last 10 years was recorded. Improved reporting of microbiological characterization data is crucial for conducting surveillance of this disease and for evaluation of the vaccination program.
Introduction: Herpes Zoster (HZ) is a highly incident vaccine-preventable disease. HZ is caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Following the inclusion of the HZ vaccine in the routine immunization schedule in 2022, the assessment of the epidemiological situation of HZ in Spain in order to facilitate future evaluations of the vaccination program’s impact, is needed. Method: A descriptive epidemiological study of HZ cases reported to RENAVE (Spanish Epidemiological Surveillance System) between 2014 and 2024 was conducted. Annual notification rates per 100,000 inhabitants (NR) stratified by year, age, and sex were calculated. Population figures from the INE (National Statistical Institute) are used; rates were standardized based on European population figures. Results: HZ surveillance in Spain is still in the implementation phase. The average annual NR between 2014 and 2024 was 426.9 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with an average annual increase of 4.1% (5.4% since 2022). Only among children aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate declined (-9.7% annually). The incidence rate among women is 42% higher than among men. Conclusions: In Spain, HZ is an increasingly common disease. Since 2014, HZ notification has risen annually—and more sharply since 2022—both, among the general population and in age groups over 15 years. For women HZ is more frequent, occurs at an earlier age and NR is rising more rapidly. For future evaluations of the vaccination program is essential to maintain and strengthen epidemiological surveillance of HZ in Spain.
Introduction: The first cases of mpox were identified in Europe in May 2022, and transmission has continued in our region ever since. The objective was to compare the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of mpox cases in Spain between 2022 and 2025. Method: Descriptive analysis of cases reported to the National Public Health Surveillance Network between 2022-2025. The distribution of clinical and epidemiological variables was compared according to the year of symptom onset or diagnosis. Results: A total of 9.355 cases were notified, of them 7,521 cases were reported in 2022(80.4%), 325 in 2023 (3.5%), 695 in 2024 (7.4%) and 814 in 2025 (8.7%). The 97.7% were men, with a median age of 37 years (IQR: 31-44). The percentage of those born in Spain varied between 46.5% (2022) and 32.2% (2025). In 2022, 73.2% presented general symptoms compared to 62.1% in 2025, with fever being the most common symptom (55.4%). Overall, 65.3% presented with anogenital rash and between 4-6% were hospitalised. There were four deaths, three in 2022 and one in 2025. The main mode of transmission was close contact during sexual intercourse (66.6% in 2022 and 80.1% in 2025); 68%–78% were men who had sex with men. Between 2023 and 2025, 9.3% of cases were vaccinated against mpox. A total of 57 cases of clade I have been reported. Conclusions: The clinical and epidemiological characteristics have remained broadly stable since 2022, with slight variations, against a backdrop of the recent emergence of clade I.
Introduction: The Acute Respiratory Infection Surveillance System (SiVIRA) provides integrated monitoring of acute respiratory infections, particularly those caused by influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This work presents the results for the 2024-25 season. Method: All cases that attended primary care for acute respiratory infection (ARI) or were admitted for severe ARI (SARI) were collected, and weekly incidence rates were calculated, weighted by age, sex and autonomous community. A representative sample was selected for microbiological study, and the percentage of positivity to influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV was calculated. Results: ARI and SARI rates peaked between weeks 02/2025 and 04/2025, with 803 cases/100,000 inhabitants and 24.2 hospitalizations/100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The influenza epidemic developed between weeks 50/2024 and 09/2025, peaking in week 04/2025. Type A predominated (57% of ARI cases and 90% of hospitalizations). COVID-19 changed its temporal pattern, with no epidemic wave in autumn-winter but a preserved spring-summer wave, peaking in week 38/2025. The BA.2.86 variant initially predominated, followed by XFG, which began to circulate from week 16/2025. RSV circulation started in week 46/2024 with ARI cases peaking in week 51/2024 and hospitalizations in week 01/2025. Discussion: In the 2024-25 season, the circulation of influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV was more staggered, with no winter wave of COVID-19. This resulted in lower weekly rates of acute respiratory infection and hospitalization than in previous seasons.
