Kanyakumari Government Medical College, also known as KGMC, KGMCH, or Government Medical College Kanyakumari) is a medical education institution in Asaripallam, in the city of Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, South India. The college is affiliated to Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR Medical University and is recognised by the Medical Council of India.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor neuron loss. While most cases are sporadic, a subset is linked to genetic mutations. Rare genetic variants remain underexplored, yet they may provide important insights into disease mechanisms and clinical heterogeneity. This case series expands the spectrum of genetic associations in ALS and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive genetic testing. Recognition of rare variants may refine diagnostic accuracy, inform prognosis, and guide future therapeutic strategies.
Introduction: To determine the morphological and morphometrical variations of the vermiform appendix. To determine the position, length, diameter, and distance of the vermiform appendix from the ileocecal orifice. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in 50 formalin-fixed large intestine specimens for a period of 3 years. The position of the appendix was visualized, and the length and diameter were measured using a string and a vernier caliper. The distance from the ileocecal orifice to the base of the vermiform appendix was measured with a ruler and a string, and the findings were documented. Results: The average length of the appendix was 55.4 ± 19.1 mm. The average diameter of the appendix was 10.24 ± 7.01 mm. The average distance between the base of the appendix and the ileocecal orifice was 24.05 ± 5.3 mm. The commonest position of the appendix was retrocecal (56%). Conclusion: The anatomical variation in the position of the appendix, length, and diameter of the appendix is important for accurate diagnosis in the clinical field. The distance of the base of the vermiform appendix from the ileocecal orifice will be useful for the surgeon in the early management of appendicitis and preventing early perforation.
Background: Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) causes progressive salivary gland dysfunction. Accurate parotid assessment is essential. MR sialography, dynamic MR sialography, scintigraphy, and SPECT/CT provide structural and functional information, but evidence varies. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of these modalities in parotid involvement in SS. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. Eight studies met the criteria. We extracted data on imaging protocols, staging, functional parameters, and correlations. We assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: MR sialography identified ductal abnormalities in 60–72% of SS patients versus 0–7% of controls (OR 12.5–35.0, p<0.001). Dynamic MR sialography showed reduced secretion slope (0.85±0.21 vs 1.95±0.34) and delayed peak enhancement (185±32 vs 95±18 s) (p<0.001). Scintigraphy/SPECT/CT demonstrated reduced uptake ratio (0.45±0.12 vs 1.02±0.15), impaired excretion fraction (28±9% vs 62±12%), prolonged Tmax (12.4±3.1 vs 6.2±1.8 min), and decreased SUVmax (2.1±0.6 vs 4.8±1.1) (p<0.001). Correlations with clinical severity (r=0.71), MR stage (r=−0.64), and biopsy focus score (r=−0.58) were significant (p<0.001). Functional decline preceded structural deterioration. Conclusion: Multimodal imaging provided comprehensive evaluation. MR sialography assessed structure, dynamic MR sialography detected early functional impairment, and scintigraphy/SPECT/CT quantified dysfunction. Integrating modalities improved diagnostic accuracy. Future research should standardize protocols and incorporate advanced quantitative techniques.
Stroke in young adults represents a distinct clinical entity with diverse and often unconventional etiologies. Unlike older populations where atherosclerosis predominates, young stroke frequently arises from cardioembolic, genetic, autoimmune, or vascular structural causes. Early identification of these conditions is critical to prevent recurrence and long-term disability. This case series illustrates the varied clinical presentations, diagnostic challenges, and underlying mechanisms of stroke in young individuals. Our findings highlight the necessity for a thorough etiologic workup—including advanced imaging and targeted laboratory evaluation—to uncover rare but actionable causes. Improved recognition of these atypical contributors enables personalized management strategies and better functional outcomes in this vulnerable population.
