Northern State Medical University

Background. The deterioration of the environmental situation leads to an increase in the concentration of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, copper, and arsenic) in the biosphere, which poses a serious threat to human health. Cadmium is particularly dangerous, as it has a pronounced cumulative effect and can cause liver, kidney, and central nervous system damage, as well as mineral metabolism disorders, and is also a strong carcinogen. The need for detoxification of the body and industrial environments has led to the search for new enterosorbents. Existing over-the-counter medications (based on silicon dioxide, lignin, and smectites) are often insufficiently effective against heavy metals. Additionally, prolonged use of these medications can lead to adverse side effects, such as gastrointestinal disorders and deficiencies in essential nutrients (vitamins, calcium, and trace elements). The high cost of these medications also limits their accessibility. In this regard, the development of affordable and highly effective sorbents, in particular, based on local natural raw materials, is relevant. A promising area is the creation of preparations from renewable bioresources, such as peat. Another innovative source of raw materials for the production of heavy metal ion sorbents can be the antlers of reindeer, a product of reindeer herding, which is developed in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Purpose. Compare the sorption capacity of the bone tissue of reindeer antlers with some commercial enterosorbent preparations in relation to cadmium ions at pH 4 and 5. Materials and methods. The objects of the study were samples of crushed bone tissue of reindeer horns (provided by company "Northern Deer" (Naryan-Mar)), humic acids isolated from samples of peat from the Arkhangelsk region, hydrolysis lignin ("Lactofiltrum", hydrolysis lignin + polyvinylpyrrolidone + silicon dioxide ("Filtrum"), colloidal silicon dioxide (Polysorb MP) and activated carbon (pharmaceutical preparation). The potentiometric method (Expert-001 device, ELIS-131(Cd) ion-selective electrode) was used to determine the equilibrium concentration of Cd²⁺ in model solutions after filtration. The experiments were conducted at pH 4 and 5 to simulate the gastrointestinal environment. Results. The sorption capacity of reindeer antler bone tissue preparations for Cd2+ ions was studied. A comparative analysis of their sorption capacity with humic acid preparations and industrial enterosorbents at pH values of 4 and 5 was conducted. The characteristics of sorption processes were determined using Langmuir and Freundlich mathematical models. The study demonstrated the potential use of bone tissue preparations and humic acids in the treatment of diseases that require sorption.

The aim of the study. To compare the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy in patients with ischemic stroke with forteplase and alteplase in clinical practice. Materials and methods. A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from the reperfusion interventions registry at the Arkhangelsk regional vascular center. The primary endpoint was patients’ functional recovery at discharge from the hospital. The incidence of type 2 intracranial hemorrhages according to the Heidelberg bleeding classification, mortality, and the duration of hospital stay were analyzed as the secondary endpoints. Descriptive statistics were used. Simple and multivariate multiple linear and logistic regression models were constructed to assess the relationship of forteplase use with functional recovery and length of hospital stay. Results. The study involved 213 patients with the mean age of 68 (60; 76) years, including 111 (52.1%) men. Forteplase was used in 91 (42.7%) patients. Modified Rankin scale scores of 0–2 were documented in 52 (57.14%) and 51 (41.8%) patients in the forteplase and alteplase groups, respectively, p = 0.019. After correction for potential confounders, no relationship was found between achieving good functional recovery and the use of forteplase: adjusted odds ratio was 1.04 [95% CI 0.54–2.01], p = 0.91. The incidence of type 2 parenchymal hemorrhages was 3.3% in the forteplase group vs 0.8% in the alteplase group, p = 0.315, and the mortality rates were 6.59% vs 11.48%, respectively, p = 0.247. The use of forteplase did not affect the length of hospital stay in a multivariate analysis: B = –0.54 [95% CI –3.74–2.66], p = 0.741. Conclusion. Thrombolysis with forteplase is an effective and safe method of treatment in the acute period of ischemic stroke. Rates of achieving good functional recovery, incidence of intracranial hemorrhage, and length of hospital stay were comparable in groups treated with forteplase and alteplase after correction for significant confounders.

The spatial localization of plant secondary cell wall polymers is a controversial issue. A relief of parallel-organized cellulose microfibrils was discovered, on the surface of which spherical nanoparticles were visualized. Spherical nanoparticles with a diameter of 20-50 nm were isolated using size exclusion chromatography from an aqueous extract of differentiating xylem of Norway spruce and visualized by SEM and AFM. The composition of isolated nanoparticles was determined by pyrolytic GC-MS, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and nitrobenzene oxidation, followed by separation of the products by liquid chromatography. Lignin was detected in the isolated nanoparticles already at the stage of cell wall formation. The hypothesis about the intracellular synthesis of lignin was proposed based on the results obtained. Lignin in the form of a lignocarbohydrate complex is formed not in the cell wall, but inside the cell. The formation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes occurs in Golgi apparatus and vesicles, which discharged into the inner surface of the cell wall simultaneously with the deposition of cellulose microfibrils. A new model of the structure of secondary cell wall postulates the formation of cellulose microfibrils surrounded by lignin-carbohydrate spherical complexes having a carbohydrate shell and an aromatic core.

Prion diseases (PD) represent a group of rare yet fatal neurodegenerative disorders caused by the conformational transformation of the cellular prion protein into its pathological isoform. Despite their low incidence, these diseases remain a significant medical and social challenge due to the lack of effective treatments and the risk of iatrogenic transmission.Purpose of the review was to identify key unresolved issues in PD research, including molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis, opportunities for early diagnosis, and promising therapeutic approaches, as well as to outline the most critical directions for future studies.A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, and CyberLeninka databases for the period 2016–2025. Fifty-one relevant publications were selected, comprising original studies, reviews, and clinical cases. The analysis was performed in accordance with CINAR guidelines and SANRA criteria.Modern diagnostic techniques (RT-QuIC, DWI-MRI) have significantly improved the detection of PD, though their widespread implementation is hindered by high costs and the need for specialized expertise. The most promising therapeutic strategies include monoclonal antibodies (PRN100), antisense oligonucleotides, and CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Epidemiological data confirm a decline in variant Creutzfeldt – Jakob disease (vCJD) cases due to enhanced biosafety measures, though risks associated with prolonged incubation periods persist.To enhance the diagnosis and treatment of PD, it is essential to establish a national registry, expand laboratory networks, train specialists, and strengthen biosafety protocols. Future research should focus on combined therapeutic strategies and in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying these disorders.

Significance. Lung, trachea, and bronchus cancer remains the leading cause of cancer mortality in the Russian Federation. The Kemerovo region is characterized by unfavorable epidemiological indicators, which makes a regional analysis particularly important. Purpose. To conduct a comprehensive medical and statistical analysis of the incidence, mortality, and state of oncological care for lung, trachea, and bronchus cancer in the Kemerovo region in comparison with nationwide indicators. Materials and methods. The study is based on official statistical reports from the National Medical Research Radiological Center for 2010-2023 and Rosstat data. The dynamics of standardized incidence and mortality rates, staging indicators, one-year mortality, and 5-year survival were analyzed. Polynomial approximation was used to assess trends. Results. For the period 2010–2023, incidence and mortality rates for lung, trachea, and bronchus cancer in the Kemerovo region consistently exceeded the Russian average. In contrast to the national downward trend, the incidence among the male population of the region shows stagnation at critically high levels. Conversely, among women, there was a pronounced increase in incidence, outpacing the national rate. An analysis of the state of oncological care revealed the dominance of advanced (IV) stages at initial diagnosis, a lack of positive dynamics in reducing one-year mortality, and a sharp drop in 5-year survival rates in 2022–2023, against the backdrop of stable growth of this indicator throughout the Russian Federation. Conclusion. Lung, trachea, and bronchus cancer in the Kemerovo region is characterized by high incidence and mortality rates that exceed the national average. The predominance of stages III–IV at initial diagnosis, high one-year mortality, and a decline in 5-year survival determine a poor prognosis. Improving the situation requires measures to enhance early diagnosis, implement effective screening technologies, and increase access to specialized treatment. Keywords: lung cancer; epidemiology; incidence; mortality; oncological care; Kemerovo region; disease detection; survival rate; advanced stage; late diagnosis.