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Статья посвящена определению свойств и закономерностей изменения параметров сушки изоляции коллекторных ТЭД постоянного тока электровозов ٢ЭС٦ с учетом электроосмоса на основе разработанной математической модели. Получены зависимости амплитуды напряжения и емкости С-фильтра от сопротивления изоляции, по результатам которых определен коэффициент формы для электроосмотической сушки. Разработана математическая модель калориферно-электроосмотической сушки, решенная методом конечных элементов в программном комплексе COMSOL Multiphysics для заданной геометрической модели ТЭД 810-й серии. В результате получены зависимости концентрации влаги от времени сушки. По экспериментальным зависимостям сопротивления изоляции от времени построена средняя зависимость. На основе регрессии экспериментальных данных методом наименьших квадратов и результатов математического моделирования получена зависимость сопротивления изоляции от концентрации влаги. Предложенная технология калориферно-электроосмотической сушки изоляции ТЭД в период отрицательных температур воздуха подтверждена экспериментом с предлагаемым циклом подачи горячего воздуха в условиях сервисного локомотивного депо. Расхождение между теоретическими и экспериментальными значениями сопротивления изоляции составило около 7 %. The article is devoted to determining the properties and patterns of changes in the drying parameters of the insulation of DC collector for traction electric motor of 2ES6 electric locomotives, taking into account electroosmosis based on the developed mathematical model. The dependences of the voltage amplitude and the C-filter capacitance on the insulation resistance are obtained, according to the results of which the shape coefficient for electroosmotic drying is determined. A mathematical model of calorific-electroosmotic drying has been developed, solved by the finite element method in the COMSOL Multiphysics software package for a given geometric model of traction electric motor 810 series. As a result, the dependences of moisture concentration on drying time are obtained. Based on the experimental time dependence of insulation resistance, an average dependence is constructed. Based on the regression of experimental data by the method of least squares and the results of mathematical modeling, the dependence of insulation resistance on moisture concentration is obtained. The proposed technology of calorific-electroosmotic drying of traction electric motor insulation during the period of negative air temperatures is confirmed by an experiment with the proposed hot air supply cycle in a service locomotive depot. The discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental values of insulation resistance was about 7 %.
Background: One of the key objectives of digital transformation in railway transport is the development of digital platforms and digital twins aimed at improving operational efficiency. Predicting the remaining useful life of equipment is a critical task for traction rolling stock and traction substations of traction power supply systems. A key component affecting the reliability of these assets is batteries. The development of a digital twin of a battery for traction rolling stock and substations enables the estimation of essential parameters, namely remaining capacity and remaining useful life (RUL). Aim: To develop a digital twin of a battery for traction rolling stock and traction substations of traction power supply systems, providing estimates of remaining capacity and RUL based on a dual Kalman filter, using a mixed approach to state-of-charge (SoC) estimation and adaptive forgetting factors derived from measurements of current, voltage, and temperature. Materials and methods: To achieve the stated aim, the research employed methods of experimental design, mathematical statistics, differential calculus, and a dual Kalman filter algorithm. Verification of the results was performed using experimental data from a lithium-ion battery with a series connection of 15 cells. The estimation of remaining capacity and RUL was based on joint filtering of the parameters of a Thevenin equivalent circuit model and the SoC. Results: A digital twin of a battery for traction rolling stock and substations has been developed. The proposed digital twin enables the determination of remaining capacity and RUL from measured values of current, voltage, and temperature. Conclusion: The results were verified against measurement data from standard control and monitoring systems. The mean absolute percentage error for the SoC and voltage estimation was less than 1.5% and 0.5%, respectively. The obtained estimates of the RUL and remaining capacity are reliable and consistent with the results of similar studies in charge–discharge cycles. The proposed method for estimating the remaining useful life and remaining capacity of batteries for traction rolling stock and substations is recommended for use in technical condition monitoring and diagnostic systems within the framework of the Digital Locomotive and Digital Substation projects.
The article is devoted to the study of the use of cash funds in the context of the digitalization of financial systems, and the identification of contradictions between the active development of non-cash payment instruments and the stability of cash circulation. Based on the analysis of statistical data from the Bank of Russia, official reports from the regulator, and forecast scenarios for the dynamics of the volume of cash in circulation, the article examines the trends in the structure of monetary circulation and the factors that contribute to the sustainable use of cash funds. It is shown that despite the prevalence of non-cash payments, the volume of cash in circulation remains positive, indicating that cash forms of payment have not been completely replaced and are adapting to new conditions. It is substantiated that the sustainability of the demand for cash is determined by a combination of economic, institutional, and behavioral factors: the preservation of cash as a means of payment and savings, the autonomy of settlements, financial inclusivity, the confidentiality of transactions, protection against cyber risks, the territorial specifics of use, the reaction of the population and businesses to the transformation of the regulatory environment, and the strengthening of compliance control. It is concluded that in the context of digitalization, cash loses its status as the dominant means of payment, but retains a significant role as an element of the financial system's stability and flexibility. At the same time, their preservation in monetary circulation is an objective and economically justified process that reflects the real needs of market participants, rather than a temporary deviation from the trend of digital transformation.
В условиях цифровой трансформации и глобализации бизнеса защита цепочек поставок программного обеспечения становится приоритетной задачей для информационной безопасности организации. В статье сформированы рекомендации по безопасной разработке кода и корректному использованию средств автоматизации. Внедрение гибких методологий разработки и поставки ПО, таких как DevSecOps, позволяет выполнить требования безопасности, минимизировать риски и др. In the context of digital transformation and business globalization, protecting software supply chains is becoming a priority for ensuring an organization’s information security. This article provides recommendations for ensuring secure code development and delivery, as well as the correct use of automation tools. Implementing agile software development and delivery methodologies, such as DevOps and DevSecOps, helps minimize risks, improve software quality, accelerate releases, and ensure compliance with security requirements.
Issues of increasing energy efficiency and reducing the negative impact of transport on the environment are relevant for railway companies. Accurate forecasting of energy consumption for train traction is one of the measures that ensures resource savings and reduces energy costs. This article considers the issues of analysis and planning of energy consumption per trip. The purpose of the work is to develop an approach for forecasting and analyzing the energy consumption of freight trains and verify it on an operating section of the railway. In the article, the authors considered approaches to forecasting and analyzing the energy consumption of freight trains using regression models, artificial intelligence and explainable artificial intelligence. The results were compared with the method of traction calculations. It was found that, in conditions of limited data on trips, it is advisable to build forecasting models based on neural networks for generalized samples without dividing into clusters by axle load. The solution to the problem of accurate analysis of energy efficiency of trips is implemented based on the Shapley algorithm, which ensures the clarity and interpretability of the analysis results. This approach can be applied to the analysis of energy efficiency in all types of traction and types of movement.
