The article presents the materials of a comparative analysis of the forms of the military censuses of the Red Army in 1920 and 1926, conducted by the author. To recreate the full picture, the author drew on the following types of historical sources: legislative acts, periodicals, as well as collections of documents and materials from the Soviet era in the form of resolutions of the Soviet government on conducting general civil and military population censuses in 1920 and 1926. Statistical collections are presented in the form of a collection of Soviet statistics for 1918–1925, as well as collections of summary results of the general census of 1920. according to industrial enterprises and the situation of the able-bodied population of 37 provinces of Soviet Russia. The historiography of the post-Soviet period is devoted to the history of statistics and socio-demographic history both in relation to the civilian population and military units in 1920 and 1926. Such work allowed for the first time in Russian historiography to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the military census forms of 1920 and 1926 in conjunction with the contents of the general population census forms of 1920 and 1926. as an integral component of the history of statistics, socio-demographic and military history of Russia in the 20s of the XX century.
Война за независимость Ирландии (1919–1921 гг.) представляла собой первый масштабный опыт участия британской армии в современной контрпартизанской борьбе. В статье анализируются теоретические и практические особенности его накопления, систематизации и распространения внутри армейской корпорации в эпоху Интербеллума, которые наиболее репрезентативно проявились в процессе составления, редактирования и подготовки к публикации «Обзора мятежа в Ирландии» (1922 г.) – официальной истории вооруженного конфликта на острове. Таким образом работа посвящена его месту в зеркале корпоративной истории британской армии после Великой войны. В фокусе исследования – эволюция этого жанра и трансформация присущей ему нарративной традиции под влиянием новых вызовов внутренней безопасности Британской империи в эпоху Интербеллума. Особое внимание уделено различиям в понимании природы и характера военно-политического противостояния на «Изумрудном острове», характерным для армейской корпорации и британского правительства, Ирландского командования и Военного министерства, а также для отдельных авторов-составителей «Обзора». Речь идет об интеллектуальной истории с точки зрения не только предмета анализа, но и методологии исследования. Предлагаемый подход поможет составить целостное представление о языках самоописания армейской корпорации в условиях трансформации Британской империи в первой половине XX в. в рамках жанра официальной военной истории. The Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) represented the first large-scale experience of the British Army's involvement in modern counterinsurgency. The article analyzes the theoretical and practical features of its accumulation, systematization and distribution within the army corporation during the Interbellum, which manifested themselves in the process of compiling, editing and preparing for the publication of the “Record of the Rebellion in Ireland” (1922), the official history of the armed conflict on the island. The work is dedicated to its place in the mirror of the corporate history of the British army after the Great War. The focus is the evolution of this genre and the transformation of its inherent narrative tradition under the emergence of new challenges to the internal security of the British Empire during the Interbellum. Particular attention is paid to differences in understanding the nature of the military-political confrontation on the “Emerald Isle”, characteristic of the army corporation and the British government, the Irish command and the War Office, as well as for individual authors-compilers of the “Record”. It is about an intellectual history from the point of view of not only the subject of analysis, but also the research methodology. The proposed approach will help to create a comprehensive, holistic idea of the self-description languages of the army corporation in the context of transformation of the British Empire in the first half of the 20th century within the genre of official military history.
В статье рассматривается вопрос субстратной топонимии мордовских топонимических пространств на примере географических названий окрестностей мокшанских и эрзянских сел Самарского Поволжья (и ряда смежных территорий), а также некоторых территорий Ульяновского Поволжья и Оренбуржья, расположенных на волжском левобережье. Эти регионы являются для мордвы территориями вторичного расселения, которое происходило главным образом на протяжении XVII–XX вв. Приводятся основные точки зрения и подходы к исследованию топонимического субстрата среди выдающихся ономастов, кратко описываются дискуссии по данному вопросу в отечественной топонимике. Рассматриваются исторические предпосылки формирования топонимического субстрата в исследуемых ареалах, выявляются основные типы субстратной топонимии мордовских топонимических пространств, а там, где это представляется возможным, приводится этимология субстратных топонимов. Проведенное исследование позволило выделить четыре основных пласта субстратной топонимии мордовских топонимических пространств Заволжья. В обратном хронологическом порядке они следующие: субстратная топонимия оседлого земледельческого населения, предшествовавшего в регионе мордве, в основном представленная русскими и чувашскими географическими названиями; тюрко-кыпчакская топонимия; булгарская топонимия; достоверно неэтимологизируемая архаичная топонимия, представленная в основном названиями крупных рек и общая для всех современных народов региона. Примерами географических названий, относящихся к первому типу, в Заволжье являются: Авраль, Безымянка, Ириклау (Ерыкла), Кармала, Сосновка, Хорошенькая. Ко второму типу относятся: Елгалей, Кондузла, Таллыелга, Толкай, Тунгуз, Яик-латко. К третьему типу принадлежат: Савруха, Саврушка, Большой, Малый и Сухой Суруш, Суруж. Четвертый тип представлен следующими топонимами: Иргиз, Кинель, Кондурча, Кутулук, Самара, Сок, Сургут. Особо отметим, что в настоящей работе мы не ставили цель привести и этимологизировать все субстратные названия мордовских топонимических пространств Заволжья, мы ограничились здесь лишь наиболее яркими примерами. Статья основывается на полевых материалах автора, полученных в ходе экспедиций 2015–2024 гг. The article examines the issue of the substratum toponymy in the Mordovian toponymic spaces by example of geographical names for the surroundings of the Samara Volga region’s Moksha-Mordovian and ErzyaMordovian villages (and a number of adjacent territories) as well as some territories of the Ulyanovsk Volga region and Orenburg region, located on the left bank of the Volga. These regions are the territories of secondary settlement for Mordva, which occurred mainly during the 17–20th centuries. The main points of view and approaches to the study of the toponymic substrate among prominent onomasticians are given, and discussions on this issue in Russian toponymy are briefly described. The historical prerequisites for the formation of a toponymic substrate in the studied areas are considered, the main types of substrate toponymy in the Mordovian toponymic spaces are identified, and where possible, the etymology of substrate toponyms is proposed. The conducted research allowed us to identify four main layers of the substrate toponymy in the Mordovian toponymic spaces of the Trans-Volga region. In reverse chronological order, they are as follows: the substratum toponymy of the settled agricultural population that preceded the Mordovian region, mainly represented by Russian and Chuvash geographical names; TurkicKipchak toponymy; Bulgarian toponymy; reliably unethymologized archaic toponymy represented mainly by the names of large rivers and common to all modern peoples of the region. Examples of geographical names belonging to the first type in the Trans-Volga region are: Avral, Bezymyanka, Iriklau (Yerykla), Karmala, Sosnovka, Horoshenkaya. The second type includes: Yelgaley, Konduzla, Tallyelga, Tolkai, Tunguz, Yaik-latko. The third type comprises: Savrukha, Savrushka, Bolshoy, Maly and Sukhoi Surush, and Suruzha. The fourth type is represented by the following toponyms: Irgiz, Kinel, Kondurcha, Kutuluk, Samara, Sok, Surgut. It should be especially noted that in this paper we did not aim to cite and etymologize all the substrate names of the Mordovian toponymic spaces of the Trans-Volga region, we limited ourselves here to only the most striking examples. The article is based on the author's field materials obtained during the 2015-2024 field trips.
The article regards certain aspects of the evolution of so-called «medical» epigrammatic style in European literature. Based on the works of various Western and Eastern European authors of different eras, it explores the nature of stylistic devices used to create imagery and emotional-stylistic expression in depicting socio-historical events, characters, and other subjects. The results of multidimensional analysis of theoretical and practical material prove that medicine in epigrams, as one of minor genres, has been widely and diversely represented in European literature throughout all historical periods, from antiquity up to nowadays. Moreover, when describing the social and professional environment, particular events, situations, or personal impressions, authors appealed to various stylistic means, aimed at fulfilling both socio-cognitive and a figurative-expressive functions in complex. The very image of a physician in the literature of minor genres has undergone constant and significant changes, due to a wide range of socio-historical, political, and psychological factors. The research may be of certain interest for specialists practicing in the fields of stylistics, literary studies, and the history of literature, and can be used in lecturing courses such as «History of European Literature», «Literary Studies», «General Stylistics» and others.
This article is dedicated to the introduction of a series of radiocarbon dates into scientific circulation and their comprehensive analysis. The dates were obtained for cultural and chronological groups of materials from the Kalmykovka I site in the Krasnoyarsk district Samara Regions. The analysis was conducted in laboratories in St. Petersburg and Novosibirsk. The article establishes the time of the early stage of human activity on the site during the Neolithic period, associated with the bearers of the Late Elshanskaya cultural tradition and the emerging Srednevolzhskaya culture. This period falls on the second quarter of the 6th millennium BC. The site was also visited at least twice during the Neolithic period. The second episode occurred in the end of the 6th – first quarter of the 5th millennium BC, and is not contradicted by planographic distribution of artifacts and other radiocarbon dates from other sites of the Srednevolzhskaya culture. The final stage of economic activity in the studied area corresponds to the Late Bronze Age (Srubnaya culture) and occurs in the second quarter of the second millennium BC. At this point in the study, it is difficult to interpret the two definitions of horse bones, and there are no findings at the site complex that could be dated to the border between the first and second millennia AD. It is worth noting that the values obtained using two different methods of absolute dating (accelerator mass-spectrometry, AMS, and liquid scintillation) for various types of materials (animal bones and the organic component of ceramics), while demonstrating small discrepancies, may well be attributed to the wide confidence intervals associated with conventional dating methods. Therefore, the use of the organic component of ceramics for determining the age of artifacts at Kalmykovka I site is quite acceptable.
