Sultan Idris Education University

The optimization of rear aluminum (Al) in silicon (Si) solar cells remains crucial for enhancing photovoltaic performance. This study investigates the effects of laser firing of cured Al paste on the micro-structural, optical and electrical properties in Si solar cells. So, the experiment uses a pulsed Nd:YAG laser with laser powers of 3.3, 15.2, 32.5, and 44.8 W. Electrical characterization shows a significant rise in series resistance (RS) with laser power from 0.346 (untreated) to 0.846 Ω (3.3 W) and 1.052 Ω (15.2 W). The diffusion length also varies, measuring 71.69 (3.3 W) and 68.90 µm (15.2 W), differing from the untreated baseline. Solar cell efficiency declines progressively with increasing laser power: 8.80 (untreated) to 8.52

Groundwater pollution poses serious global risks to both the environment and public health, yet accurately assessing human-induced contamination remains challenging. In this study, the DRASTIC-LU model was used to assess groundwater vulnerability in the West Liao River Plain, northern China, and the results were further integrated with pollution source loading and hazard assessment to delineate groundwater pollution risk zones. Model reliability was verified using groundwater quality monitoring data and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. The results show high and very high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the eastern part of plain, where intensive groundwater exploitation and stronger anthropogenic activities increase contamination risk. The spatial distribution of groundwater pollution risk is generally consistent with observed groundwater quality indicators, and the integrated assessment performs better than the traditional DRASTIC model. This study provides an effective framework for regional groundwater pollution risks assessment and offers technical support for groundwater resource protection and sustainable management in similar arid and semi-arid regions.

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances worldwide. However, limited data exist regarding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to caffeinated product consumption among university athletes. Assessing these factors is essential for promoting safer and more informed caffeine use. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to evaluate KAP regarding caffeine consumption among university athletes. The questionnaire was developed through a comprehensive literature review, expert validation, translation, and focus group input. The instrument was piloted among 50 university athletes. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency and test–retest reliability, while construct validity was assessed through expert review and statistical analysis. The final KAP-Caffeine Questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values exceeding 0.80 across all domains. The finalized instrument comprises 46 items, including 20 knowledge items, 10 attitude items, and 16 practice-related items. Test–retest results indicated strong stability and expert evaluations supported content and construct validity. The KAP-Caffeine Questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to caffeine consumption among university athletes. It can be applied directly or adapted for use in diverse populations and research settings to inform educational strategies and health promotion programs.

This paper explores the connection between the social media use of young people and political organization and the development of political opinion in Pakistan by referring to the theoretical framework of the Parasocial Interaction Theory. Although past studies have to a great extent focused on exposure and involvement in digital political communication, little has been done to look at interaction as a relational process that affects political attitudes especially in the developing democracies. The research sample is a survey of 400 university students in urban and semi-urban areas, analyzed using the descriptive analysis, the linear regression, and the independent samples t-tests to study the direct impact of interaction as well as possible gender difference. The findings show that there is a highly significant positive correlation between political leader interaction and political opinion formation that is, the interaction has significant proportions of explaining the attitudinal outcomes. There were no significant gender differences and this indicates that digital political influence through relational mechanics is similar between male and female young people. By the parasocial interpretation, the results indicate that the repeated interactive engagement with political actors leads to familiarity, trust, and interpretive congruence, thus determining the political perceptions. Placing the process of interaction in the center of the interaction with politics, this research paper will help in advancing the field of the digital nature of political communication and applying the parasocial interaction theory to the youth politics in the Global South.