Sultan Idris Education University (Malay: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris; commonly abbreviated as UPSI; Jawi: اونيۏرسيتي ڤنديديقن سلطان إدريس) is a public university in the town of Tanjung Malim, Perak in Malaysia. First established in 1922 as a teachers college, it is one of the oldest functioning institutions of higher learning in Malaysia.
The optimization of rear aluminum (Al) in silicon (Si) solar cells remains crucial for enhancing photovoltaic performance. This study investigates the effects of laser firing of cured Al paste on the micro-structural, optical and electrical properties in Si solar cells. So, the experiment uses a pulsed Nd:YAG laser with laser powers of 3.3, 15.2, 32.5, and 44.8 W. Electrical characterization shows a significant rise in series resistance (RS) with laser power from 0.346 (untreated) to 0.846 Ω (3.3 W) and 1.052 Ω (15.2 W). The diffusion length also varies, measuring 71.69 (3.3 W) and 68.90 µm (15.2 W), differing from the untreated baseline. Solar cell efficiency declines progressively with increasing laser power: 8.80 (untreated) to 8.52
Groundwater pollution poses serious global risks to both the environment and public health, yet accurately assessing human-induced contamination remains challenging. In this study, the DRASTIC-LU model was used to assess groundwater vulnerability in the West Liao River Plain, northern China, and the results were further integrated with pollution source loading and hazard assessment to delineate groundwater pollution risk zones. Model reliability was verified using groundwater quality monitoring data and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. The results show high and very high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the eastern part of plain, where intensive groundwater exploitation and stronger anthropogenic activities increase contamination risk. The spatial distribution of groundwater pollution risk is generally consistent with observed groundwater quality indicators, and the integrated assessment performs better than the traditional DRASTIC model. This study provides an effective framework for regional groundwater pollution risks assessment and offers technical support for groundwater resource protection and sustainable management in similar arid and semi-arid regions.
Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed psychoactive substances worldwide. However, limited data exist regarding the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) related to caffeinated product consumption among university athletes. Assessing these factors is essential for promoting safer and more informed caffeine use. This study aimed to develop and validate a questionnaire to evaluate KAP regarding caffeine consumption among university athletes. The questionnaire was developed through a comprehensive literature review, expert validation, translation, and focus group input. The instrument was piloted among 50 university athletes. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency and test–retest reliability, while construct validity was assessed through expert review and statistical analysis. The final KAP-Caffeine Questionnaire demonstrated good internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alpha values exceeding 0.80 across all domains. The finalized instrument comprises 46 items, including 20 knowledge items, 10 attitude items, and 16 practice-related items. Test–retest results indicated strong stability and expert evaluations supported content and construct validity. The KAP-Caffeine Questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to caffeine consumption among university athletes. It can be applied directly or adapted for use in diverse populations and research settings to inform educational strategies and health promotion programs.
This study aims to map and synthesize research on the integration of indigenous knowledge in science education published between 2015 and 2025. A systematic literature network analysis (SLNA) was employed by combining PRISMA-guided screening with bibliometric and science mapping techniques. Data were retrieved from the Scopus database, yielding 667 initial records that were refined through duplicate removal, title and abstract screening, and full-text eligibility assessment based on predefined criteria. This process resulted in a final corpus of 56 core articles. Biblioshiny and VOSviewer were used to analyze publication trends, citation relationships, thematic structures, and bibliographic coupling patterns. The findings indicate a consistent growth in research output, largely concentrated in Anglophone countries, with emerging cross-regional collaboration. Three dominant research streams were identified: curriculum contextualization, environmental sustainability, and culturally sustaining pedagogies. Bibliographic coupling further reveals a distinction between established theoretical frameworks and emerging pedagogical and epistemological approaches. The study concludes that indigenous knowledge integration in science education represents a rapidly evolving research field and provides a systematic conceptual mapping to support more inclusive, context-sensitive, and epistemically plural science learning.
