The oil palm agro-industry is growing, and with it, the generation of waste, primarily empty fruit bunches (EFB), which represent between 16 % and 23 % of the fresh fruit bunch. The practice among companies and farmers is to degrade these bunches outdoors, with very few producing compost. The former option generates environmental problems due to its slow degradation. On the other hand, the use of nursery bags in the agroforestry sector is the most common practice, but improper disposal of these bags also generates microplastic pollution. This research was designed to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions on the biodegradation of pots made from EFB enriched with dolomite and phosphate rock. A burial methodology was used under natural conditions at a depth of 15 cm from the soil, under storage conditions (infrastructure), in open soil (scarce vegetation cover that has not had alterations) and in reforested soil (with vegetation cover), measuring weight loss at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days, with a pre-experimental pre-test/post-test design. By means of the ANOVA test, the post hoc Tukey and cubic curvilinear regression, the greatest degradation occurred in reforested soil with 93.88 %, in open soil with 86.80 % and in storage with 1.06 % at day 90. Pot enrichment, physicochemical and microbiological conditions presented favorable parameters for the soil. In addition, the prediction of total biodegradation in reforested soil was given on day 95 and in open soil on day 98. Biodegradation was rapid in relation to other alternatives studied. In addition, the use of planters is feasible due to their biodegradation, compared to the current use of plastic that persists in the environment, representing a danger to ecosystems and people.
Image similarity does not, by itself, establish repeated specimen identity or duplicate leakage. We reevaluate potato leaf classification using 240 completed runs spanning 4 architectures, 2 datasets, 2 holdout strategies, and 15 seeds. The laboratory dataset contains 2,152 PlantVillage images mapped to 538 published leaf identities; the field dataset contains 1,296 images from a single source, classified as Healthy, Fungi, or Phytophthora. The laboratory grouped holdout preserved leaf identities, whereas the field grouped holdout preserved DINOv2 visual clusters. Subset sizes and class allocations were constrained. Accuracy, balanced accuracy, macro F1, per-class metrics, and relative split gaps were calculated from saved predictions. Against published laboratory identities, DINOv2 clustering at a cosine-distance threshold of 0.10 yielded a pair precision of 3.89%, pair recall of 49.91%, and identity purity of 38.34%. The mean proportion of laboratory test image whose identities were also present in the training set was 97.13% under random holdout and zero under identity-grouped holdout. Random-minus-grouped balanced accuracy gaps range from 0.27 to 4.03% points in the laboratory dataset and from 5.31 to 9.54% points in the field. Seventeen of the 24 comparisons met the specified false discovery rate criterion, including all 12 field comparisons. No exploratory ViT vs.-mean-CNN interaction contrast survives its separate six-test adjustment. The results establish sensitivity to the evaluated partition protocols, not a causal decomposition of duplicate effects or a general difference between CNN and transformers. Validation of near-duplicate identity in the field dataset remains unavailable, limiting claims about leakage.
This paper presents the results of an archaeometric study of a metal plate recovered from the Catritre archaeological site in southern Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina, combining gamma-ray spectrometry following neutron activation analysis (NAA) with particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). This represents the first use of the RA6 experimental nuclear reactor at the Bariloche Atomic Center for the analysis of archaeological artifacts. The results suggest that the plate is a discoidal tupu head, manufactured by melting down a utilitarian artifact of leaded tin-bronze, an alloy that would impart a unique color and reflectance. Its composition, and especially its proportions, are similar to those used in Inca metallurgy during the second half of the 16th century. Starting with a utilitarian tool of non-local manufacture, an ornamental artifact was created through melting and decorating it with repoussé and chiseling motifs characteristic of the contemporary Reche-Mapuche society of Patagonia and La Araucanía.
The aim of this study was to analyze the historical origin, festive processes, and modalities of the huaylía or wayliya dance in the community of Patahuasi, Haquira, Apurímac. The research was qualitative with ethnographic design, employing participant observation and in-depth interviews with five community members. The results showed that Patahuasi, whose history dates back to the colonial reductions of Francisco de Toledo, constituted a cultural center of the ancient Ch'umpiwillka Nation before the republican delimitation of 1825. This explains why its ancient huaylía is the original matrix that gave rise to the Chumbivilcas variant. Furthermore, it was determined that the dance is manifested on two key dates: December 25th in honor of the Christ Child and January 17th in homage to the patron saint, Saint Anthony Abbot "Abar," a festival that combines the religious procession with the takanakuy dance as a mechanism of social regulation. Seven traditional dance forms were identified and characterized: the Majeño, the Negros, the Negrillos, the Comba, the Llameros, the Waylala or Waylaka, and the Wayruru. It was concluded that the Huaylía of Patahuasi transcends the commercial folkloric framework, consolidating itself as an autonomous ritual system of cultural resistance, collective memory, and Andean identity, which safeguards the original socio-historical dynamics of the highland provinces of Apurímac.
El fortalecimiento del pensamiento crítico en niños y jóvenes es una prioridad en el contexto latinoamericano, especialmente ante el crecimiento en la inversión educativa durante la última década. La investigación combinó un estudio bibliométrico de múltiples artículos contenidos en la base de datos scopus (2015–2025) con una revisión cualitativa de casos, proponiendo un modelo causal que identifica factores determinantes en la gestión educativa, especialmente en el ámbito universitario. Dentro de este modelo, se destacan el pensamiento reflexivo, creativo y el papel fundamental de los entes responsables de formación en el desarrollo temprano de estas competencias. Los resultados revelan las brechas establecidas son complejas garantizar una enseñanza que fomente el juicio crítico y la reflexión profunda. Se concluye que una gestión institucional enfocada en el pensamiento crítico es clave para alcanzar una educación de calidad que responda a los retos del mundo contemporáneo.
