Generation expansion planning (GEP) is a primary and rigorous exercise in shaping the long-term decisions in terms of capacity expansion, location and technology of the power plants, to be committed for next 25–30 years, based on forecasted electrical demand. It is a non-linear, mixed-integer, stochastic, dynamic and discrete optimization problem. The metaheuristics are deemed the best optimization techniques to answer this multi-dimensional optimization problem with a large number of complicated constraints. In this work, least cost GEP problem is solved using a new optimization technique named as Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm considering the future horizon of 14 years encapsulating power generation additions required to cater for the forecasted peak demand with significant reliability and reduced emissions. A new efficient radix-5 mapping method for the representation of population search agents and power plants selectivity method based on priority enlisting is embedded in AHA framework. AHA has been implemented on standard emission constrained test cases considered in the literature. The proposed GEP framework provides promising results in terms of least cost and computational time with enhanced reliability and reduced emissions in contrast to the approaches presented in the literature.
The paper presents a double closed-loop boost converter controller. For regulating output voltage of the boost converter a capacitor, a power switch, and a diode are used. The traditional buck-boost converter has a simple design that achieves high efficiency. Simulink is used to simulate a double closed-loop controller in this manuscript. A double loop is made up of an inner and an outer loop. The outer loop supplies the controller with boost output voltage, while the inner loop supplies the controller with inductor current. The sliding mode controller is regulated by inner loop, whereas the PI controller is regulated by its outer loop. The suggested system is capable of high-voltage photovoltaic applications by using inductors and low-voltage semiconductor devices. The dual closed-loop controller contributes to the achievement of a stable DC output voltage. The converter is capable of producing a broad range of noninverting output voltages. The proposed converter surpasses traditional models in terms of efficiency, voltage gain, ripple content, and dynamic responsiveness. This closed-loop system is durable and dependable, with constant transients and output voltage.
This paper aims to develop a low-cost laser engraving machine. Materials like plastics, acrylic, glass, wood, cardboard, and leather have been used to engrave desired inputs. It have been found that this laser engraving process has a higher precision and accuracy as compared to traditional embellishing and embossing. The laser beam acquires thermal energy, which emerges from the machine and engraves the material. CREO 2.0 software is used for the 3D modeling and simulation of the machine. Arduino and different controller boards are tried and used in assembling the machine in less time. Different dependency and dimensional tests are conducted in order to validate the machine. The results are found to be satisfactory in terms of quality and cost. The final assembly is experimentally verified which is based on a 2D gantry that is mounted with a laser LED payload for laser engraving on various compatible materials.
This study aims to install a solar thermal-powered adsorption chiller and evaluate its performance by integrating a test bench into the system. Adsorption chillers can utilize low-grade heat sources below 80°C to operate efficiently without using refrigerants causing carbon emissions and global warming. The commercially available Adsorption Chiller of 4.79 Tons capacity was installed, with a flat plate collector and a cooling tower for heat dissipation. Results showed that average cooling ranged from 0.9 kW to 5.32 kW, with a maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.32 when inlet temperature was varied from 50°C to 65°C, respectively and the flow rate varied from 0.23kg/s-0.27kg/s for high temperature and 0.23kg/s to 0.25kg/s for low temperature line. This study highlights the potential for adsorption chillers to exploit untapped heat sources and improve energy efficiency while minimizing environmental impact. The results of this study can contribute to the development of more efficient and sustainable cooling systems, which can be used to mitigate climate change and promote sustainable development.
Currently, there is a growing interest in the topic of power quality across the entire electric power system. The power system is a complex network of modules with a broad distribution area, designed to meet the demand for electric power. The power system is susceptible to a range of disturbances arising from either dynamic consumer load behavior or faults. The power system necessitates a precise and advanced stability and protection mechanism. Ensuring the safe and reliable operation of the power system is a significant challenge, with voltage stability and fault protection being key areas of concern. The present research study proposes a technique to augment the stability of a grid-connected system that comprises of several generating sources through the utilization of FACTS devices, specifically static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The technology has been designed to enable the monitoring of supervisory control of devices, while the distribution system offers decision-making tools to enhance system performance. A fault was generated between the time interval of 1-1.04 sec duration, and the simulation waveform was subsequently observed. The present study entails a simulation-based comparison between a power system without a STATCOM devise and one equipped with the STATCOM. The analysis results of the transient voltage stability of HV AC transmission lines utilizing STATCOM.
The annual increase in global energy demand is taking place when fossil fuel reserves are finite and are only anticipated to last for a few more decades. Consequently, it is unavoidable to use resources that derive from renewable energy sources. However, technological and economic assessments are required to construct the infrastructure for a renewable energy system that can generate electricity. This study examines the feasibility of producing 5kW of electricity from renewable sources, including solar PV modules, inverters, and the necessary batteries, at various sites around Pakistan. Additionally, data from multiple places are contrasted. System evaluation is done using the SAM (System Advisor Model) tool, and it's designed for a project that will last 25 years. The study concludes that the price of a solar photovoltaic module will be the project's principal limiting issue.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown tremendous potential in photovoltaic (PV) technology over the last decade due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties and high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of more than 25%. PSCs, on the other hand, have stability and toxicity problems, which have hampered the development of this technology. Lead (Pb) is poisonous in perovskite materials and can be substituted by non-toxic materials such as tin (Sn), germanium (Ge), bismuth (Bi), and others. Furthermore, replacing organic cations in perovskite structures with inorganic ones aids in the resolution of PSC stability problems. Using SCAPS-1D, an all-inorganic lead-free cesium tin-germanium tri-iodide (CsSnGeI3) PSC with TiO2 electron transport layer (ETL) and Kesterite CNTS as hole transport layer (HTL) is numerically modelled and optimized. The device optimization of the PSC structure TiO2/CsSnGeI3/CNTS contributed to an increase in PCE of up to 4 % . The modelling results showed that the PCE of the PSC structure is 27.21%, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) is 1.15V, the short-circuit current density (Jsc) is 27.69 mA/cm2, and the fill-factor (F.F) is 84.97%. Furthermore, the impact of temperature (K), defect density (Nt), and interface defects on PSC performance is thoroughly examined. This research delves into the numerical structure and device manufacturing factors for commercializing Pb-free cesium tin-germanium-based PSC technology.
This study proposes a novel Disturbance Observer based Adaptive Backstepping Sliding Mode Controller (DOABS-SMC) to overcome the adverse effects of parametric uncertainties and external disturbances on a single-phase inverter in stand-alone power supply mode in addition to improving the tracking time of the output voltage. Firstly, the dynamical model of the inverter in stand-alone power supply mode is established with parametric uncertainties. Thereafter, a traditional Backstepping controller (BSC) is combined with disturbance observers (DO) to remove the adverse effects of the disturbances and confirm the system's stability. To ensure the robustness of the controller, an SMC is combined with the BSC to further improve the performance of the controller. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is then experimentally verified by comparing it with traditional BSC and PID controllers. The results indicated that the proposed controller's performance is better than the other ones under the parametric disturbances and changing load.
Prosumers are those type of consumers that consume as well as produce the electrical energy. The recent research work is focused on finding more optimal solutions to the power trading scenarios in smart grid. Machine Learning Algorithms provide best solution to such power trading scenarios. In this research work, we develop a Machine Learning-Based Power Trading Algorithm (MLPTA) for an efficient prosumers-based smart grid.
Home energy management systems (HEMSs) aids to diminish power demand in household appliances to optimize power usage pattern along by incorporation of renewable-energy based power-generation without altering the user quality of life (QoL) and comfort. The key objectives of HEMs are energy conservation, diminish Peak to Average Ratio (PAR), reduced cost of energy maximized user comfort. In this manuscript, we discuss the overview of HEMS, Infrastructures, Energy Management Scheme, challenges and issues associated to HEM and Demand Response (DR) Programs. It is evident that by appropriate implementation of HEM, the usage of domestic electricity turns out to be more reliable, smarter and efficient.
In this paper, a preliminary idea of a new dc-dc boost converter is presented, which contains a unique feature of series resonating network. In the proposed circuit all the fundamental operations are controlled through a single low side switch. The main philosophy behind the designing of the boost converter is to offset the conventional thinking of placing the diode at the output. In this sense, the current from output capacitor is allowed to return back through the resonant network along with natural input current from source, giving rise to higher voltage gain. Compared to the conventional boost converter, the higher gain is achieved in the proposed converter using a single switch and few more components. The proposed converter is tested using PSIM simulations and under three distinct duty ratio value. It is seen that the simulated outputs are in harmony with the theoretical value and that the output voltage obtained using these duty ratio values is higher as compared to conventional boost converter.
Smart grid (SG) will transform contemporary businesses by offering efficient solutions to improve existing power systems' efficiency, stability, and resilience. SG provides long-term power supply by interconnecting electrical grids and communications infrastructures. However, SGs are plagued with problems and complexities, particularly regarding capacity, reliability, and security. The main concerning issues for consumers are data breaches and malicious hacking of personal equipment. In addition, the growing integration of distributed generation (DG) and electric vehicles (EVs) has exacerbated the problem in numerous ways, including synchronization challenges, voltage regulations, malfunctions, and harmonic components in current and voltage waveforms. This paper examines the challenges and issues associated with SG, such as communication, security, energy integration, and power quality.
The electric power industry has placed a high priority on reducing carbon emissions to mitigate their negative impact on the environment and to promote cost-effectiveness. To achieve this goal, the industry is increasingly integrating renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into its expansion planning. However, the effectiveness of these sources varies considerably depending on the location. To minimize carbon emissions and costs, a study was conducted to develop a framework to solve the emission-constrained generation expansion problem using the GAMS optimization tool. This model incorporated a site dependent exploration of renewable energy sources, specifically solar and wind power potential of Pakistan. The study compared the carbon emission results with the base case that did not consider the site dependent Renewable Energy Sources and found that incorporating site-specific Renewable Energy Sources significantly reduced carbon emissions. The research highlights the importance of site-specific selection of renewable energy sources to ensure efficient deployment of renewable energy sources across different locations. It also provides valuable insights into the potential of renewable energy sources to reduce carbon emissions in the electrical power industry. By prioritizing site-specific renewable energy sources, power system planners can effectively incorporate renewable energy sources into their expansion plans to reduce carbon emissions. Exploring Pakistan's renewable potential, as recommended by this study, can reduce the country's reliance on imported fossil fuels for energy generation.
Renewable energy integration in transmission networks is more common due to environmental and economical benefits. However, fault detection is a significant subject in such renewable energy-based transmission networks (REBTNs). Furthermore, power transmission lines account for 85 to 87% of all power network faults. The presented research paper proposes an efficient method for detecting and classifying different types of faults on 230-kV REBTNs. Initially, the Adaptive Kalman Filter (AKF) is implemented on the measured 3-Phase current signal for the state estimation of nonfundamental features. Then, the low pass filtering and square law approach is employed for examining the features of the current signal from considered buses. Secondly, the sum of squared current-based fault detection (SSCBFD) and squared current-based fault classification (SCBFC) indices are generated. Then, in case of any faulty condition, considerable variation will be experienced in the SSCBFD and SCBFC indices. A modified IEEE-9 bus test system with a renewable solar energy source is analysed using Matlab/Simulink to determine the efficiency of the suggested methodology. Moreover, the suggested method detects and classifies all kinds of solid and high impedance faults (HIF) successfully and timely.
Solar energy is a renewable energy source that is abundantly available in Pakistan. Solar energy is a green energy that contributes to cater the adverse effects of conventional energy sources on environment. A parabolic dish solar cooker is designed to utilize solar heat energy for cooking purposes. Solar cooker comprises mainly of a reflective concentrator and a receiver pot. Greenhouse effect is applied by placing a glass jacket around the receiver pot that aid in rise of receiver temperature and cater for ambient effects on receiver. Performance of the parabolic dish solar cooker is analyzed at two different locations of Pakistan (Islamabad and Multan). The experimental results indicate that solar flux and effective concentration of solar irradiance has major contribution in PDSC performance. Also, it is concluded that time required for attaining high temperature i.e., (90°C) 363.15 K in Multan is 30 minutes less compared to Islamabad due to variable ambient conditions. Similarly, the amount of heat energy stored by water and the heat energy readily available during cooking i.e., cooking power is more in Multan scenario comparing it with Islamabad. From the results obtained it is concluded that PDSC has a great potential to be used as an alternative to conventional cooking methods.
In industries, three-phase inductive loads such as induction motors are widely used due to their low cost, easy maintenance, reliability, and robustness. Due to inductive loads, the power factor is reduced which results in the wastage of power, high billing costs, and penalties from electric power supply companies. In order to resolve this issue, a system has been designed for the power factor improvement of three-phase loads using the programmable logic controller (PLC) which will definitely minimize the operation cost of the plant, and also the demand for electricity supply on utility side will be reduced. The system is implemented by a combination of Hardware and software. The software consists of PLC programming whereas hardware consists of power and control circuits along with the protective devices. The programming of PLC is logic based which controls step by step sequence of operations. When the inductive load adds to the system, PLC will read the signal as an input from the contactor coil of the magnetic contactor connected with the motor and will send the signal as an output to the corresponding contactor coil of the magnetic contactor to switch the appropriate capacitor bank in order to improve the power factor. The experimental results for seven different cases utilized by different combinations of loads, without and with the use of the developed system have been discussed in this paper. So, from the perspective of energy management, we have always a need to improve the power factor of the Load. Due to many industrial control applications, the PLC is used as a power factor controller (PFC).
Microgrids are modern power systems that have evolved because of the global distribution of renewable energy resources (RERs) close to ending users. However, due to the dynamic nature of these microgrids, islanding detection (ID) is a major concern. A novel passive islanding detection strategy for microgrids is introduced in this paper. Initially, the voltage signals are acquired at the point of common coupling (PCC). Then, an adaptive Kalman filter (AKF) is applied to the measured voltage signals as a state observer for noise-free state estimations of the non-fundamental harmonic features. In addition, the recurrent neural network (RNN) is deployed on the extracted harmonic features for the calculation of state observer-based intelligent harmonic factor (SOBIHF). Finally, the SOBIHF is compared with the threshold level to typify between islanding and non-islanding condition. The presented approach has been tested in MATLAB/Simulink® on the study microgrid system. The results depict that the presented scheme detects islanding events with 99.8% accuracy and reduces the non-detection zone (NDZ) in various cases.
The adverse environmental impact of using Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydro-Chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) as refrigerants in traditional refrigeration and air conditioning systems has been revealed. Thermoelectric coolers may present a more ecologically sound alternative since they do not require any refrigerants or other hazardous substances that contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer or global warming. In this study, a thermoelectric cooling module was built, and its cooling performance was examined by experimental and simulation approaches.
In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in the installation of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, due to many factors such as increase in energy demand, to produce green and efficient energy, to manage the cost of electricity bill etc. it is evident from the rapid growth of rooftop PV systems that it has many benefits but it is also very important to consider the impacts of high penetration of PV on the distribution network. In this paper, simulation on low voltage distribution network (LVDN)have been carried out in order to see the impacts of PV ingress. We have used k-electric (KE) network to analyze the overall system behavior such as voltage stability, line and cable losses and transformer losses.
The most important and growing problem in the Microgrid is the power quality issues. As an excellent solution to the power quality, energy crisis, and environmental pollution, solar energy has drawn more attention. Power converters are used to integrate these renewable energy sources into the grid. The DC input energy is extensively transformed to AC output power by a two-stage conversion system consisting of a DC-DC converter at the front end followed by a DC-AC inverter. When the DC-DC converter and the DC-AC inverter are connected in a cascaded configuration, this cascaded configuration will generate harmonics in the system due to the inverter's pulsating output power. These harmonics flow in the system, affect the source (Solar PV), and significantly impact the voltage variation. This paper proposes to design power converters that will convert the DC power of solar PV into AC output power while producing minimum harmonics at the input. This research paper will employ an active power filter to reduce or eliminate harmonics in the cascaded power converters to increase solar PV lifetime.
