Building a community of grassroots governance plays an important part in modernizing the system and capacity for grassroots governance, and it is also a new vision of the Communist Party of China and the state for good governance. From the perspective of Marx’s theory of "true community", this paper defines and analyzes the connotation and theoretical implication of the community of grassroots governance, and further explains the logic of its real-world operation with the empirical evidence. Marx’s theory of "true community" reveals the threefold aspects of the community of grassroots governance. That is, the satisfaction of "common needs" is the material basis for the formation of the community, the cultural identity is the driving force that unites the community, and a public space facilitates the reproduction of social relations in practice. In the practice of grassroots governance, the empirical evidence has proved that the mechanism of "the common use meets the common needs" makes the collective responsibility possible, the cultural identity is the spiritual driving force for people to take responsibilities, and the space transformation can reconstruct social networks and enhance social cohesion.
The developmental social policy is a social policy paradigm which emphasizes integration and mutual promoting between social policy and economic policy. It was proposed by the western countries to response crises which the welfare state faced, such as economic globalization and population aging. Its ideological sources and theoretical branches are diverse. The social policy practice for correcting "distorted development" in developing countries, the transformation of productive social policy in East Asian countries,and the social policy practice of social investment in developed countries constitute the three major practice orientations of this paradigm. Its core ideas have been summarized and refined as a policy paradigm which brings positive influences on policy practice. However, this paradigm has not yet formed a rigorous theoretical system, its policy practices vary greatly, and it leads to a widening gap between the rich and the poor because of the emphasis on development and neglect of sharing. Therefore, this paradigm remains a transitional one which towards a more perfect type of welfare. The social policy of China has evolved from dependency paradigm to productive, and then to the current developmental, which not only has common characteristics of developmental social policy in the world, but also has distinctive characteristics based on conditions of China. In the new journey of Chinese path to modernization, it obviously becomes a task of top priority to rationally draw lessons from developmental social policy practice of the foreign countries and China to form a social policy paradigm which is conducive to make solid advances toward common prosperity.
We conducted in-depth interviews with elderly consultants of different levels in five administrative regions of Shanghai, including HK District, CN District, PT District, MH District and PDX District, based on assessments of perceptions, needs and services of the system of community-based elderly care consultants among elderly people and their families who have received services. This paper finds that there are some problems in the system of community-based elderly care consultants in Shanghai, such as the inaccurate understanding of policies by elderly groups, the lack of regional coordination mechanisms, the low degree of specialization of consultants, the unclear selection mechanism, and the ineffectiveness of service skills training, the low degree of informatization of services in the community, the lack of standards for work, and the unclear assessment criteria. Based on the analysis of the above problems, this paper proposes to improve the existing system of community-based elderly care consultants, strengthen professional training, improve the comprehensive ability of consultants to further promote the standardization and informatization of the system.
Although AI technologies has been gradually applied to various areas of government services, few studies have focused on the initial perceptions of the public towards AI as a major subject in public services and their cognitive changes after a service failure. Based on the expectancy violations theory and the mind perception theory, this study proposes that the public has higher ability expectancy and lower mind perception for AI compared to those for humans. As a result, when the service fails, the public has stronger expectancy violation and lower causal accountability for AI in public services. We design two experiments to verify the above research hypothesis. The results can provide theoretical guidance and policy implications for the reform of AI-based public services and the ethical risks in related research.
It is an important measure to establish an efficient and sustainable supervision system of elderly care services for improving the quality of elderly care services. Scholars have carried out research on this issue from different perspectives. This paper sorts out 77 relevant studies on the supervision of elderly care services by the method of the systematic literature review, and finds that although research at home starts later than that abroad, it has received more research funding and showed a trend of rapid growth. However, the research paradigm domestically is based on normative research and lacks data-oriented empirical analysis. In addition, the research content concentrates on the system at the macro-level institutions, and lacks of research on meso-level organizations and micro-level individuals. This paper sorts out the hot topics of the research, and finds the research on supervision system focuses on the motivation for change and the reform scheme design, while the research on regulatory objects focuses on the influencing factors, the interaction between the subject and the object. Finally, based on a thorough analysis of the existing literature, the paper puts forward prospects for future research.
How to establish a coordinated and integrated system for the third distribution to serve as an initial distribution and redistribution? This article discusses the theoretical foundation of the third distribution, and proposes to distinguish between the direct third distribution led by individuals and the indirect third distribution led by charitable organizations. The direct third distribution has limitations, such as the small amount per occasion, the unstable frequency, and the scattered sources, making it difficult to be a stable distribution method. Therefore, the article proposes to focus on developing indirect charity to form a third distribution resource transmission system consisting of three pillars: government-run public welfare organizations, private charitable organizations, and social entrepreneurial organizations. The system is horizontally divided into three sectors: social assistance, charity, and social entrepreneurship. These three sectors are coordinated with the government, the society, and the market, in order to meet the differentiated needs of people for rescue, assistance, and development. The system is vertically divided into three levels:fund, operation, and service, creating a three-tiered distribution system that converts charity resources into concrete service projects. Based on this theoretical model, suggestions are further put forward, such as improving the tax incentive mechanism for charitable donations, improving the supporting incentive mechanism for charitable trusts, improving the mechanism for charitable foundations to participate in social governance, and improving the operational capacity of grassroots social service organizations.
Electronic sports meets the needs of adolescents for entertainment, watching, social interaction and sports, and increasingly become a popular cultural lifestyle among youth groups, but it also brings different degrees of negative effects. Gaming addiction in teens has become a social problem affecting their healthy growth. The state has introduced a series of anti-addiction measures at different levels and from different dimensions, such as laws and regulations, industrial policies, education policies, and cultural and sports policies, to strengthen the protection of teens online, but anti-addiction governance in general presents many shortcomings such as poor synergy of multiple governance bodies, low efficiency, and insignificant governance effects. From the perspective of social work, this paper embeds the social ecosystem theory into gaming antiaddiction governance from the three-dimensional perspectives of the state, society, and the market, and links and integrates social resources through professional strategies, such as enriching the anti-addiction governance system of gaming, extending the governance process, innovating the governance tools, caring for the clients,and collecting and optimizing the feedback of gaming anti-addiction governance, We advocate collaborative action of multiple subjects, embed the professional approach of social work into the process of anti-gaming addiction management, and focus on the value of intervention and reflection, so as to help adolescents get out of the dilemma of gaming addiction and promote their healthy development.
Effective implementation of the homestead exit policy is an important means to promote the rational allocation of resources. Based on the perspective of farmers’ cognition, this paper constructs an analysis framework of policy implementation-evaluation-feedback with the help of policy implementation process theory, and discusses the implementation path of rural homestead exit policy. The structural equation model is used to conduct empirical analysis on the survey data of 284 households in the pilot village of rural homestead system reform in Yining City. research shows: Farmers’ evaluation and cognition of the homestead exit policy text, implementing agencies, and the micro-environment in the policy implementation process jointly affect the implementation effect of the homestead exit policy. The higher the farmer’s evaluation of the policy text and the implementation of the policy by the implementing agency, the stronger the farmer’s willingness to participate in the exit from the homestead,The implementation of the homestead exit policy is more effective. Farmers’ perception of the micro-environment positively affects farmers’ exit willingness by influencing policy texts and the evaluation of implementing agencies. This indirectly affects the exit effect of the homestead. Therefore, According to the characteristics of different stages in the implementation process of the homestead withdrawal policy, we should reasonably guide farmers to establish correct policy awareness, improve the policy output ability of grass-roots autonomous organizations, follow the changes in the micro-environment of farmers, and enhance the compatibility between the policy implementation and the implementation environment.
Urban communities are the "last one mile" for delivering effective emergency rescue and response.In this paper, the 131 urban community emergency management policy documents released by the central government from 2003 to 2022 are used as the sample for analysis, and the content analysis method was applied to explore the changes in the focuses of urban community emergency management in different periods.We can find that the focus of urban community emergency management has roughly gone through the initial policy construction period under the influence of SARS（2003–2007）, the policy quality improvement period under the influence of natural disasters（2008–2012）, the policy transition period driven by changes in the overall national security concept（2013–2019）, and the policy development period under the influence of COVID-19（2020–present）. From the perspective of its evolutionary logic, socio-economic development has prompted the policy content to keep pace with the times and promoted the continuous deepening of the disaster prevention and mitigation at the grassroots level; the gradual downward shift of the focus of social governance has led to the gradual improvement of the policy mechanism and promoted the establishment of a grassroots emergency management mechanism with collaborative governance that engages multiple subjects; the frequent occurrence of major disasters has resulted in the continuous development of the policy system, the broadening of the scope of policy application, and the increase in the comprehensive utilization rate of policy tools.
殡葬文化对殡葬实践影响深远。作为中华传统文化的主干，儒家文化在生死观、殡葬观、制度保障、礼仪规范等方面形成了丰富的殡葬思想精髓，具有重要的传承意义。当前儒家传统殡葬文化传承面临现实困境：殡葬文化礼俗建设相对滞后，殡葬属性定位发生偏移，殡仪服务机构和行业文化存在缺位，葬式选择的文化心理缺乏有效辨析和调适，祭扫方式方法仍需创新。新时代调适和传承儒家传统殡葬文化，要强化观念引领，把儒家殡葬文化精髓纳入法规制度约束和礼仪规范指引，革新组织和设施载体，推动传统殡葬文化的创造性转化和创新性发展。
社会治理社会化作为最新提出的政策话语，需要通过与既有理论的对接转化为学术命题，才能发挥其指导治理实践的重要价值。当下，微观层面的要素变化成为审视社会治理社会化的最好“窗口”。作为一种特殊的社会化类型，社会治理社会化是以社会管理向社会治理的嬗变为逻辑起点，以治理要素及其相互关系从“政府本位”向“社会本位”的线性进化为逻辑主线，以实现社会善治为逻辑归宿的整体演进过程。这一演进逻辑充分展现出社会治理社会化不是独立提出的新概念，它属于社会治理的整体范畴，是社会治理形成、发展和完善的基础推动力。
医疗护理与养老服务的融合发展落脚于制度安排，不同于关注制度下游医养结合模式的推进，路易斯·阿伦森的著作《银发世代：重新定义老年、反思医疗体系、重构老年生活》从美国医疗体系源头切入，颠覆性地反思了医养结合的制度困境，倡导针对老年人的医疗与照护相平衡的人性化模式，发人深省。博士毕业于哈佛医学院的路易斯·阿伦森是加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校的老年病专家和医学教授，她用叙事医学的方法按照个人职业生涯过程将遇到的老年案例及其专业反思撰写成书。
民生保障体系建设是当前我们党和国家工作的重要组成部分，如何针对民生政策进行合理评价是有效促进共同富裕的关键内容。本文参考亚洲开发银行社会保护指数（SPI）的设计思路和分析方法，结合我国现有基本国情提出一套民生保障评价指标体系。通过社会保护（Social Protection）视角进行民生政策的本土化分析，结合我国特有国情和政策特色进行指数化研究，在理论上有利于国内学界与国际前沿学术的对话，在实践上有利于更好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要，解决不平衡不充分的民生保障问题，促进实现共同富裕。
During the period of the Weimar Republic（1919–1933）, the German social security system had important developments. The Weimar Constitution promulgated in 1919, with its constitutionalization of the social security rights, recognized the interests of German citizens. Five major social insurance schemes covering the pension, work injury, medical care, unemployment and miners’ insurance were established. The benefits of the pension insurance system, the management of the disease insurance system, and the coverage of work-related accident insurance have all undergone significant developments and changes. Moreover, a public relief system covering the unemployed, benefits, disabled soldiers, social insurance recipients, and general pension recipients was established, witnessing fundamental changes in the concept of social assistance in Germany. These important developments make the period of the Weimar Republic an era in which the modern German social security system was established, which has important implications for the improvement of the social security system with Chinese characteristics.
With the continuous aging of the population, the problem of old-age care has brought great challenges to all countries. One of the main approaches to solve this problem in all these countries is to introduce and implement the policy of old age allowance. Globally, the old age allowance policy is one of the main means to ensure the basic living standards of the elderly. It mainly targets the groups who have not participated in social insurance, so as to make up for the defects that the formal retirement plan cannot cover.The welfare models of old age allowance policies worldwide mainly include the universal benefit model, the selective model and the hybrid model. This paper analyzes and compares the characteristics of three types of policy welfare models, explores the motivations behind different models, and investigates the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of old age allowance policies under different models. On this basis, it proposes that we should establish a selective old age allowance policy, align policy objectives, policy position and policy design, and strengthen legislative construction.
Population aging has become a global phenomenon. To deal with the problem of population aging,we must expand our horizons and have the whole world in view. Based on relevant data disclosed by the United Nations and the World Health Organization, this paper uses indicators such as "the size of the elderly population", "the coefficient of the elderly population", "the proportion of the elderly population", "median age", "the total fertility rate" and "the average life expectancy" to analyze and compare the present situations and causes of population aging in the world and those in China. Through analysis and comparison, this paper argues that to tackle the problem of global population aging, we must actively respond to challenges, attach great importance to international consensus, actively plan for the future and for aging well.
With the policy orientation of innovative social governance, the grassroots governance presents transitional characteristics. The government often introduces social work to participate in community governance by purchasing services. Based on the case of purchasing services in Z Street of W City, this study analyzes the multiple dilemmas encountered by social workers when embedded in the community and their coping strategies from the perspective of the distribution of governance rights by applying the theory of multilayer governance rights. The research shows that under the transitional governance system, social workers have encountered three dilemmas: the conflict of values, the dislocation of service space and the lag in system adjustment. Social workers actively adopt hierarchical embedding strategies to deliver values and achieve winwin cooperation with the community using flexible embedding strategies. The study shows that governments at all levels should correctly understand the important instructions of “the downward shifting of governance focus”, timely summarize experience and adjust relevant regulations, establish long-term cooperation mechanisms and annual evaluation mechanisms for social organizations, and then effectively promote the improvement of the grassroots governance system and governance capability.
It is an important measure to stabilize employment in China to abolish the registered residence restriction on flexible employment participation in social insurance and promote the flexible employment of workers. Using the data from China Dynamic Labor-force Surveys from 2014 to 2018, this paper conducts the "quasi natural" experiment of medical insurance integration for urban and rural residents, and uses PSM-DID to analyze the impact of relaxing the household registration restriction on residents’ medical insurance participation on workers’ flexible employment. The results show that: there may be a "policy trap" in the integration of urban and rural residents’ medical insurance, and the fund management model is an important factor affecting this policy effect. Under unified income and expenditure, the probability of the flexible employment of rural workers has increased by 22.3%, while hierarchical management has no impact on the flexible employment of rural workers. There is a "crowding-out effect" of the unified income and expenditure model on formal employment, which reduces the probability of workers choosing formal employment by 15.7%and that of rural workers choosing formal employment by 14.2%.The study argues that it is necessary to accelerate the transition of medical insurance for urban and rural residents from the hierarchical management to the unified collection and expenditure model, and "make a sound" medical insurance for urban and rural residents at the city and prefecture level. At the same time, from the perspective of adapting the medical insurance system to the development of new forms of employment, we should consider establishing a national unified resident medical insurance or a family joint insurance system, thereby improving China’ s basic medical insurance system, improving the participation rate of flexible employment groups and preventing adverse selection.
The application of government affairs hotline system is an important approach of government data governance. Analyzing and using government affairs hotline data is the key to the realization of "technology energization" and "technology empowerment". Based on the definition of the concept, basic characteristics,attributes and functions of government affairs hotline data, this paper systematically discusses the mechanism of data governance promoting government governance. This paper argues that the government affairs hotline data is generated by the public’s active participation, which is not only a new data source for the government to "governing with data", but also a new responding target of "governing the data". The government has embedded digital technology into the bureaucracy to promote the reconstruction of governance structures and business processes. Through the "data-based" perception, governance and decision-making, the government has had high efficiency in responding to public demands and been able to provide effective incentives for the bureaucracy and the scientific allocation of public resources, so as to realize the technology energization of scientific governance by government affairs hotline data. Taking the response rate, resolution rate and satisfaction rate of government affairs hotline data as indicators, the government has established a governance system of "high-level government–grassroots-level government–society", integrating public demands and evaluation into the whole process of governance, in order to realize the technology empowerment of the government responding to governance by government affairs hotline data.
Based on a theoretical explanation of the impact of smart city construction on the supply of basic public services, this paper takes the smart city pilot policy of China launched in 2012 as a quasi-natural experiment, using the panel data of 173 prefecture-level cities from 2008 to 2019. This paper empirically tests the impact of smart city construction on the provision level of basic public services using a differences-indifferences model, and analyze the heterogeneity. The findings are as follows: the construction of smart cities can significantly improve the provision level of basic public services, and this result still holds after robustness tests such as the propensity score matching and changing time windows; heterogeneity analysis shows that the larger the population size of a city, the greater the impact of its smart city construction on the provision level of its basic public services. Therefore, government departments should perform their functions, give full play to the role of smart city construction in improving the supply of basic public services, implement differentiated smart city construction plans based on local conditions, and provide basic public services of higher quality.
