The behavior of isolating others is the alienation of life self-organization of exclusion mechanism. Isolation in modern society has evolved into a daily political game pattern, and isolation, more generally, is a hidden psychological activity. This deep field of social philosophy has yet to be revealed and reflected so far. At the core of isolation is personality denigration, thus indicating the deep origin of the core concept of contemporary social science, “social exclusion”. The group custom of isolating dissidents suppresses the personality and innovation of free individuals and leads to gangs and closed rigidity of the community. Reflecting on and revealing the anti-modernization nature associated with isolation, while simultaneously indicating the institutional and mechanistic construction of China's modernized harmonious society goal. The division of labor and market exchange in modern society contains ethical implications neglected by popular understandings that emphasize individual competition: the differences formed based on functional differentiation and individual liberation in modern society not only stimulate competition, but also create an inherent need for solidarity among individuals in terms of complementary dependence and mutual attraction. The contemporary society centered on information exchange promotes this direction to a universal dependence mechanism. The modern concept of free personality is not individualism but the internal mechanism of collective social cohesion and innovative life. Exclusive isolation and its closed community no longer have the basis of a modern system.
It is well known that America’s gold and silver are the catalyst and lubricant of the early modern world trade system and global capitalist economy, but the academic debates over the yield and flow of America’s gold and silver is ceaseless. By assorting of the different calculation of the production, this essay distinguishes the direct flows and indirect flows of gold and silver, and analyzes their impacts around the world. Due to the illegal exploiting and smuggling, based only on the imperfect official records, it is difficult for scholars to calculate accurately the yield and flows of America’s gold and silver.
"定于一",见于《孟子·梁惠王章句上》第六章,是孟子思想的核心观念之一.历来注家解说不一,代表性的有三种观点:汉代赵岐训"一"为"一道",指"仁政";宋代朱熹释"一"为"合于一",指"一天下";清代焦循则持两可之说."一"是否就是"统一"或"一统"?《孟子》中多处提到"王"(wàng)字,其对"王天下"的理解,是以诸侯国为单元,以夏、商、周先王为范本,施行仁政而"平治天下",而不同于秦汉以后的"统一天下".秦汉以后以皇帝为核心的中央集权式天下统一,在孟子思想中还没有出现明显的端倪.对同时代的思想家所谓"一天下"的思想,也有重新审视的必要."定于一",可理解为:各国实行仁政,天下就会安定.
The phenomenon of multi-lineage ancestral halls where two or more different lineage groups worship their ancestors together densely distributed on the trade channels in the upper Han River reveals the cultural practice logic of how the local people build a community of geography and blood by remarking ancestors.From family gods in the house to the common ancestors in the lineage ancestral hall, the flow of cultural meaning of “ancestors” reflects the historical process of closely linking basin trade, mountain development,and country orthodoxy. Through the flow of ancestors to build the trade network, regional economic,political and cultural order underwent a holistic social transformation during the Ming and Qing dynasties while the local people eliminated ethnic cultural divisions at different stages of basin trade development and constructed social order driven by the aggregation of upstream and downstream resources.
《汉书·艺文志》所著录的六种以"海中"为名的星占书,主要流传在汉代到唐代,是中国古代天文书的一个特殊品种.从今存约470条佚文看,它们是在阴阳五行等流行观念影响下,经由观察、形成理论、提出预测、加以验证等步骤形成的,一度对社会风尚产生影响.鉴于华夏人的"四海"概念产自齐国,"海"一名出自齐语,其内涵联系于商代人的"玄冥"观念,可以判断,上古中国人对于"海"有两个基本认识:其一认为海是连天之水,因而陆续建立"盖天""浑天""宣夜"等宇宙意识,并在齐宣王、闵王时期形成"大九州"学说;其二认为"海"代表"晦暗"的神秘世界,因而产生了强烈的探索愿望,并在战国至汉初形成海上仙山传说和海上求仙风气.《海中占》是在这一背景上产生的,所以其占卜素材以殷周之际、秦汉之际为前后两界.考察《海中占》的来历,有助于揭示上古华夏人海洋观念和星占学的发展过程,以及齐国作为"海王之国"的文化贡献,进而理解上古华夏人面向星辰、大海而展开的知识追求的文化特质.
