Chip and semiconductor industry is the basic industry to build a digital world and the development level of the sector is an important symbol of the capability of a country’s chip and semiconductor industry. Since 2018, the US and its allies grow to block China on chip and semiconductor technology. How to promote the construction of a unified national market for the chip and semiconductor industry to cope with the containment by the US and its allies is an important issue to be solved for the industrial development. The study illustrates the contents and characteristics of the unified national market for the chip and semiconductor industry, analyzes the development progress of the industry and discusses the advantages and challenges of constructing a unified national market. From the perspective of great power game, suggestions are put forward for building the unified national market for the chip and semiconductor industry.
From the end of 2021 to the first quarter of 2022, the White House and the Fed release several documents and reports concerning a potential US central bank digital currency（CBDC）. This represents a watershed event since the US government transforms its stance on the CBDC from ambiguity to eager embracement. Internally, the US government tries to map out a blueprint for the digital dollar by integrating opinions from major government departments, forging domestic consensus and accelerating research and development of CBDC technology and system. Internationally, the US government vows to play a leading role in global CBDC cooperation by harnessing the expertise of the existing international platforms and organizations and promoting multilateral and bilateral cooperation. Although the US hopes to sustain the centrality of the US dollar in the international payment and monetary system by leading the global CBDC cooperation, the deep internal division on the necessity and urgency of introducing a digital dollar, the undecided relation between a digital dollar and private stablecoin,the complexity of coordinating international CBDC rules as well as the diversified development trend of the global economy constitute challenges for the US government to implement its CBDC strategy.
The transformation of trade growth pattern, escalation of digital protectionism and deepening of digital development divide call for enhancing global digital trade governance capacity and strengthening cooperation on digital trade rules. Economies in the Asia-Pacific region have a solid foundation in digital economy and an urgent need for the rule-based cooperation. However, due to the great differences in the ambition level of digital trade liberalization among Asia-Pacific economies and the increasing politicalization of digital trade issues under the circumstances of great power games, the difficulty of digital trade rules’ cooperation in the region has been increased. At present, Asia-Pacific economies have actively carried out rule-based cooperation on digital trade through participating in mega regional trade agreements and regional digital economy/trade agreements. Examples and typical templates for regional rule-based cooperation on digital trade are starting to take shape. China can improve its ability to participate in global digital trade governance by addressing the weakenesses in digital trade development, improving the domestic regulation of digital trade, deepening regional digital economic and trade cooperation, actively participating in the negotiations of regional rules, and encouraging digital enterprises to practice the rules.
Due to multiple challenges across the globe, the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has been severely hindered. Revitalizing global development cooperation is the key to effectively addressing the global challenges. Given the context, the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation and the United Nations Development Programme co-host the Third China and International Development Forum from December 2 to 3, 2022. With the theme of “responding to complicated development challenges and revitalizing global development cooperation toward the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,” representatives give speeches on topics including the prospect of international development cooperation and Chinese and foreign practice, climate change, innovation in sustainable development financing and debt processing models as well as child development cooperation.
In 2022, the global and regional situations undergo profound and complex evolution as food,energy and debt crises emerge together. Investor expectations are altered by the possibility of an economic downturn and the tightening of financial conditions, and the international investment is overall sluggish.China vigorously responds to the impact of the unexpected factors, solidifies its position as a major outbound investment country, steadily promotes the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative and optimizes the structure and industrial layout of Chinese outward foreign direct investment. China actively participates in the reform and building of the global investment governance system. Chinese enterprises further strengthen their global competitive competence, expand new areas of investment cooperation in the digital economy and green development and work with host countries to achieve reciprocal benefits.Since the world today undergoes major changes unseen in a century, China should properly manage a range of risks and challenges in outward investment and seize potential development opportunities to better support the construction of a new development pattern and promote high-quality growth.
The world development is confronted with unprecedented complexity and in grave difficulties.The allocation of resources and methods of Western aid have been adjusted, but the outlook is not optimistic. Given the multiple crises, the scale of global development cooperation hits a record high and the cooperation shows new trends. First, the influence of multilateral institutions and emerging donor countries is further enhanced and the roles of multilateral mechanisms and South-South Cooperation become more prominent. Second, the global development financing gap is widening and the international community tends to adopt aid to leverage private capital to make up for the financing gap. Third, traditional donors become more egoistic, showing their strategic shift to giving priority to national interests. Fourth, as geopolitical factors put aid at the forefront of the game between great powers, some Western countries focus on the Asia-Pacific region and highlight ideological differences and small circles of allies. Under such circumstances, an era of global development is dawning, in which there will be a breakthrough in the North-South dichotomy and the world seeks and promotes common development. It is urgent to explore the positioning of development cooperation that meets the requirements of the new era and reform and innovate ways of development cooperation in a bid to more effectively address global challenges and achieve sustainable development.
随着各国经济联系日益密切,国际组织人力资源管理问题成为影响组织发展的重要因素.人力资源是国际组织开展经营工作、实现组织目标的关键,只有加强对人力资源的科学化开发和利用,才能推动组织健康发展.随着国际人力资源管理不断发展,完善国际组织人力资源管理能够有效提高组织的工作效率、降低成本,实现科学化管理、提高组织竞争力.
DEPA template goes beyond the dimension of digital trade, and prospectively proposes a series of new topics on digital economy. DEPA template new topics on digital economy, which represent a new direction for supporting the digital economy and trade, have developed digital trade topics such as cross-border data flows and interoperability, have absorbed emerging technology topics such as artificial intelligence and Fin Tech, and have responded to the demand of digital economic governance such as competition policy, government procurement,small and medium-sized enterprises（SMEs） cooperation and digital inclusion. China shall borrow Singapore’s experience in promoting the digital economy agreement strategy. Based on its own conditions, China shall choose to join the emerging trends and technologies module, the SMEs cooperation module and the digital inclusion module,and conduct relevant pilot projects on the digital identities module, and the innovation and the digital economy module. Meanwhile, China shall benchmark the rules of DEPA template new topics on digital economy, accelerate the construction and improvement of domestic legal systems and expand new topics of digital economy in the international cooperation and other economic and trade agreement negotiations.
The EU leads the world in the application of green finance innovation and the bloc has built a green finance legal framework with clear goals, unified legislation and standards, which is highly in line with international standards. It has been constantly adjusting carbon emission reduction commitments and green finance strategies and actively promoting green finance practices. However, the EU still faces many challenges in advancing green finance: there is controversy within the EU over implementing its green finance strategy, the public finance and private capital struggle to fill the gap in green investment and the low-carbon transition is gradually divorced from the principle of fairness. As the world’s largest energy consumer, China strives to peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060, stimulating a huge investment and financing demand. With an aim to boost the development of green finance to solve the financing problems, China could base on its own development realities, selectively learn from the EU’ s experience and stick to the principles of moderate tightening and gradual development. Meanwhile, China should strengthen practices in system, standard and innovation.
"双碳"目标背景下,绿色低碳发展已经成为我国经济社会发展的主旋律.低碳经济是以低能耗、低排放和低污染为基础的可持续经济发展模式,其中提高能源利用效率、创建清洁能源结构、推动新能源产业发展对我国开展低碳经济转型具有重要意义.近年来,国家大力支持新能源产业发展,新能源产业迎来重要发展机遇,社会各主体对该产业链各环节企业的投资不断增加.然而,我国新能源产业发展历程较短,发展所获得的金融支持力度相对不够,在项目融资、企业上市等方面存在不足,因此有必要加强对金融支持的关注.
The proposal of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism（CBAM） represents that carbon rules will play an increasingly important role in international trade. It is still unknown whether the CBAM can effectively deal with the climate change, but the implementation of the mechanism will inevitably have a certain impact on China-EU trade and investment relations and also affect China’s investment in the EU.The study tries to analyze the CBAM’s development path and contents as well as China’s investment in the EU, and finds that the impact of the CBAM on China’ s investment in the EU is not obvious in the short term. However, in the medium-to-long term, it is likely to increase Chinese enterprises’ investment in the EU, change the layout of China’ s investment in the region and shift investment in energy to new energy sector. Hence, China and domestic companies should strengthen efforts to actively respond to the CBAM.
As China, Mongolia and Russia are neighbors with sound political relations and deepening economic and trade cooperation, there is a solid foundation for the three countries for digital economy cooperation. Given the context that digital economy cooperation has become a new driving force for international cooperation, digital economy cooperation between China, Mongolia and Russia will facilitate the countries to remove the shackles of development and promote the construction of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor to a new level. The study tries to summarize and analyze the current situation of economic development, trade cooperation and digital economy cooperation among China, Mongolia and Russia and also finds challenges in their digital economy cooperation, such as digital divide, undeveloped digital infrastructure, weak core technology capability of digital economy and nonstandard digital governance rules. Based on the findings, the study suggests that China,Mongolia and Russia promote exchange and cooperation to narrow the digital divide, manage to advance the construction of digital infrastructure, increase research and development investment and improve talent training to enhance core technology capability of digital economy as well as strengthen top-level design to improve the China-Mongolia-Russia cooperation mechanism on digital economy governance.
Digital economy has developed fast in recent years. Fueled by the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic,economies including China and the EU are actively promoting digital transformation. The development level of digital economy is becoming an increasingly important factor for a country’ s outward foreign direct investment（OFDI）. The research examines data from 2007 to 2019 and finds that: the level of digital economic development in EU countries is a significant influencing factor on China’s OFDI to the EU; in promoting China’s OFDI to the EU, digital economy has complementary effect with market-seeking, efficiency-seeking and innovation assetseeking investment motives; regional heterogeneity exists in the impact of the development level of digital economy; human capital level is an obvious mediating variable.
Based on the international research and development（R＆D） capital Spillover Effect Model and the standard institutional openness factors, the study adopts data related to commodity and factor mobility openness of China’s nine major trading countries from 2003 to 2020 and panel data from 30 Chinese provinces, trying to construct an international R＆D capital spillover spatial econometric model. It analyzes the impact of investment in R＆D personnel, China’ s R＆D capital and global R＆D capital as well as the influence of standard institutional openness on provincial technological innovation output. The study shows that in sampling period, there is a positive spatial spillover effect under the investment in personnel and capital, which is conducive to China’s innovation output; however, the impact of standard institutional openness is not significant. China needs to increase R＆D investment and promote commodity and factor mobility openness. Meanwhile, the country is expected to advance standard institutional openness and give full play to its positive role in regional technological innovation.
In the global markets, exchange rates are in constant fluctuation and risks of competitions in the import markets become diversified. Give such context, the study analyzes data from China General Administration of Customs and Bank for International Settlements, tries to incorporate the competitors’ exchange rates（CERs） and bilateral exchange rates into a unified analysis framework and discusses the impact of the CERs on China’ s export value and the role of extensive and intensive margins in export.The study finds that it is possible to find a significant beggar-thy-neighbor effect of the CERs. However,compared with the average export values of companies（intensive margin）, the effect is mainly achieved by adjusting the number of exporting companies（extensive margin）. When the RMB exchange rate elasticity is enhanced, export destinations belong to WTO members and the exporting product categories are homogenized, the influence of the CERs on the export value will be enlarged, and the effect is only reflected in the greater survival-of-the-fittest impact on the exporting companies.
Promoting innovative development of trade in services is an important step in fostering China’s new advantages of international competition and cooperation and boosting high-quality economic development. Furthering the opening-up of service industry is an important key to propelling the high-quality development of trade in services. In recent years, important progresses have been made in the high-level opening-up of China’s service industry. However, there are still problems such as insufficient opening-up of service industry, lack of support for service trade development, inadequate utilization of foreign investment in service industry opening-up, and deficient attention paid to the development of service trade by national core platforms. China should facilitate the mutually reinforcing and synergistic development of service industry opening-up and trade in services through strenthening top-level design, expanding institutional opening-up of trade in services, establishing national demonstration zones for the innovative development of trade in services, expanding service industry cooperation, supporting innovation-oriented service small and medium-sized enterprises, and promoting rule and institution reforms of trade in services and service industry.
As China strives to realize its “dual carbon” goal, the domestic carbon intensive industries are in need of financial and policy supports in the process of their low-carbon transformation, and transition finance will play a significant role. The study puts forward the theoretical connotation of transition finance and focuses on the necessity of developing transition finance in China from three aspects including resource allocation, capital gap and industry norms. The transition finance is still in the exploratory stage and faces many problems, such as lack of top-level design, imbalance of capital supply and demand structure, lack of experience in financial system, improper product design and lack of motivation for enterprise transformation. Based on the advanced experience of the development of international transition finance,this study proposes the practical path of China’s transition finance from the perspective of the government,financial subjects, market subjects and the international market.
数字经济正成为推动中国能源结构转型和绿色低碳发展的重要引擎.农牧业是经济社会发展的基础,农牧业产业数字经济以数据和信息为关键生产要素,本质是数字技术和数字产业化深度融合、创新发展,促进新科技在农业产业领域广泛应用,助力传统产业转型升级,也为应对气候变化挑战提供有力支撑.
In a historical transition spanning four centuries in the US infrastructure sector, the process of private sector’s participation in public utilities was eventually condensed into a “public-private partnership”（PPP）. Traditional US statutes cannot adapt to the needs of PPP innovation and regulation, and have gone through a governance logic change of “constitutional prohibition-judicial breakthrough-legislative confirmation of power”,and have finally formed a dual co-governance pattern. The federal PPP laws revolve around “interstate trade” and“public welfare,” with market access, financial support, and project supervision as the main content to eliminate federal and state legal barriers for the implementation of PPP. State PPP laws revolve around “intrastate affairs,”with project authorization and operational procedures as the main content to determine whether and how to carry out PPP projects locally. In the future, the US may consider formulating a federal PPP basic law to maintain the harmony of the governance system.
云计算、大数据、人工智能等技术的普及为我国产业结构升级带来了新方向.对于创新创业的企业和个人而言,数字能力是帮助发现商业机会的关键因素.在数字经济时代背景下,数字能力能够有效推动商业模式创新,为创业者带来竞争优势,创业者借助数字技术不断实现产业与数字经济融合,优化资源配置、提升工作效率、提高信息共享水平.
