Translator's Note:This article is a Chinese translation of the article On Key Symbols published by Anthropologist Sherry Ortner in American Anthropologist(1973,75(5):1338-1346).Taking Sherry Ortner's theory of key symbols as a reference for comparison,it is of great practical,theoretical and academic significance to inherit and innovate the theory of symbols of excellent traditional Chinese culture and develop the symbols of Chinese culture with China characteristics shared by all ethnic groups and the symbol theory based on Chinese national symbols.It is conducive to establishing the Chinese symbol theory and Chinese symbol discourse system from the perspective of international comparison.Firstly,Sherry Ortner's contribution to symbol theory lies in clarifying the classification of symbols,and summarizing two corresponding functions,which is of fundamental significance to the cognition of symbols.She pointed out that the first major breakdown among the various types of symbols is along a continuum whose two ends called"summarizing"vs."elaborating".She stressed that this is a continuum,and we should work with the ideal types at the two ends.Secondly,Sherry Ortner's research provides us with a new research method to understand the types of symbols,which provides an academic vision and theoretical paths to learn from and understand the key symbols in the Chinese cultural system in the cross-cultural context.In her opinion,elaborating symbols are valued mainly because they refer to those clear and unmistakable action patterns that help to live correctly in cultural groups.Thirdly,Sherry Ortner clearly clarified the logical relationship between key symbol types,providing theoretical support for understanding key symbols at the concept and practice levels.She proposed that the symbol classification pattern has an unbalanced structure,in which the root metaphors may imply particular modes of,or at least a restricted set of possible modes of,action;and key scenarios presuppose certain orderly assumptions of thought.This helps us to grasp the"summarizing symbols"and"elaborating symbols"from the perspective of concepts and practices,and understand the key scenes of different cultures.(Lu Fangfang).
数字化转型是顺应时代发展的必然要求,但企业管理者并非都具备长远战略目光.本文基于高阶理论构建不确定条件下的投资模型,从理论和实证上检验了管理者投资视域如何影响企业数字化转型.研究显示:管理者短视显著抑制了企业数字化转型,管理者短视对企业数字化转型尤其是底层技术嵌入的抑制作用在高竞争行业和高融资约束企业中表现得更为明显.机制检验表明,风险承担水平和机构投资者持股能够缓解管理者短视对企业数字化转型的抑制效应,短视的管理者通过削减研发投入和信息化投入抑制了企业数字化转型.因此,应重视企业管理团队建设,充分发挥管理者人力资本的增量作用;强化企业风险承担水平,积极完善机构投资者的外部监督机制;明确企业自身战略定位,有序推进底层技术嵌入与技术实践应用.
鉴于产学研专利合作是推动产业结构升级和中国经济高质量发展的有力抓手之一,本文将合作项目视为潜在合作企业间为获取高校知识或技术的博弈均衡,并依据中国高等院校与企业之间专利合作的微观样本数据,分析了高校参与产学研合作的动力,建立离散博弈模型揭示了企业之间的竞争博弈行为,并分析了高校与企业匹配合作对象的双向选择性偏好及其非对称性.研究发现,与高校合作的潜在合作企业之间存在显著的博弈竞争关系;"强强联合"是产学研专利合作的主流模式,潜在合作伙伴的科研实力是首要影响因素;社会距离、地理距离和认知距离对高等院校与企业合作申请专利均具有非对称效应.最后,为促进研发高质量产学研合作专利和增强科技发展政策的效能,本研究认为:在国家层面应加快双一流大学建设,以提升全社会产学研合作意愿;在地方层面应发挥地方政府的主导作用,以推动区域产学研合作;在企业层面可搭建开放创新平台,促进与科研院校的"强强联合".
随着我国资本市场的不断发展,股票市场呈现出越来越多的风险投资(以下简称"VC")持有上市公司股票的现象,VC在改善公司治理的作用受到了各界的关注.本文以2009-2021 年沪深两市A股上市公司为样本,基于年报文本分析视角研究VC对管理者短视主义的影响.研究发现,VC能够显著抑制管理者短视主义,这一抑制作用在管理层持股比例高、债务期限结构短的公司更大.通过机制检验发现,VC通过缓解融资约束、降低代理成本和提高公司竞争力进而抑制管理者短视主义.通过经济后果检验发现,VC抑制管理者短视主义有利于扩大公司的研发投入和创新产出,表现为"长期价值增值"效应.基于研究结论,公司应完善高级管理人员的聘用和考核机制,提高内部治理水平;政府及有关部门应完善促进VC发展的政策机制.
"双碳"目标下,企业在环境、社会和公司治理(ESG)方面的表现对企业声誉的影响日渐显著.本文从信息传递视角出发,运用 2011-2021 年我国 4177 家上市公司的面板数据,实证研究了ESG表现如何影响企业声誉.研究发现:ESG表现的改善能够向不同利益相关者传递积极的信号,在消费者和投资者中产生社会宣传效应,在政府部门中产生政府支持效应,在其他企业中产生治理示范效应,进而提升企业在各类市场主体中的形象和地位,并且这种作用在民营企业和成熟期企业更为明显.因此,企业应提升ESG治理水平,主动披露ESG指标,并根据自身特点制定差异化ESG战略;政府部门要加强企业践行ESG理念的监管;投资者和消费者应主动关注企业ESG指标,实现行政监督和社会监督的高度融合.
