Received: 05/08/2026, Accepted: 18/08/2026, Published: 22/08/2026 We live in a technological world, where the Internet and its derivatives insert us into a highly diversified digital dimension. Objective: The present essay aimed to analyze the impact of the Internet on the globalized and business world. Methodology: To this end, a documentary research study on the subject was conducted, selecting texts from various international repositories: Scielo, Dianet, WoS, among others, to search for updated scientific literature on the subject presented. Conclusion: It is concluded that the Internet plays a fundamental role in information and communication technologies, being essential for a better operationalization of knowledge in the social and business spheres
Received: 28/09/2026, Accepted: 10/09/2026, Published: 12/09/2026 رغم انتكاصه الصوري منذ النقد الكاسح الذي وجّهه له إدوارد سعيد في أواخر سبعينيات القرن الماضي، لا يفتأ الاستشراق يعيد إنتاج نفسه عبر منظومات معرفية غربية التمويل والمصدر، متحوّرا بمسمّيات ومفردات معاصرة تتجدّد باستمرار وتزعم الحياديّة العلميّة. والأسوأ أن هذه الأنماط التمثيلية تفرض هيمنتها على الصعيد المعرفي العالمي. يوظف هذا البحث مفهوم الإجحاف المعرفي، كما طوّرته الفيلسوفة البريطانية ميراندا فريكر، في إعادة قراءة الخطاب الاستشراقي المعاصر من منظور إبستمولوجي-أخلاقي جديد، ليُبرز أن التمثيل الغربي للآخر الشرقي ليس بالحميد ولا البريء، بل يخلف ضررا معرفيا عميقا: فالاستشراق في ثوبه المعاصر لا يكتفي بإعادة قولبة بعض الصور النمطية المجحفة في حق شعوب الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا، بل يكرّس إقصاءهم من دوائر إنتاج المعرفة وتمثيل ذواتهم. وتُعدّ ويكيبيديا أنموذجًا حيًا لهذه الإقصائية المعرفية؛ إذ يُبيّن القسم التطبيقي من الدراسة أن هذه المنصة الرقمية "الحرّة" تُسهم في استدامة الإجحاف المعرفي الاستشراقي عبر انحيازها المرجعي الحصري للمصادر الاستشراقية، بما فيها الكلاسيكية، ومنع الأصوات المحلية البديلة من تعديل السردية السائدة حول الإسلام والمسلمين. ويتوقف البحث عند ثلاث من أبرز مفكري الاستشراق في القرنين التاسع عشر والعشرين، ممن يُستند إليهم في مقالات ويكيبيديا بشكل قار بصفتهم مراجعاً، ليُبيّن كيف جرى تطبيع التمثيلات الثقافوية—بل والعنصرية—للعرب والمسلمين، على مرّ ما يزيد عن قرن من الزمن، في مشاريع أكاديمية استشراقية كبرى، ليعاد تدويرها نهايةً في المنصات المعرفية الرقمية. في الختام، تُقدّم الدراسة خارطة طريق واقعيّة ترمي إلى تحقيق العدالة المعرفية التي تُمكّن العربي والمسلم من استعادة صوته المعرفي المخفّت واسترجاع حقه في تمثيل نفسه بنفسه.
Received: 11/08/2026, Accepted: 14/09/2026, Published: 18/09/2026 The experimental turn has been argued over as a quarrel about method. This article makes a different claim: what the turn produced was a substantial reweighting of the object of inquiry in development economics, programme-level causal effects becoming the dominant form in which development problems were rendered researchable. The review draws on some sixty texts published between 1995 and 2025, selected on three criteria: the founding and handbook statements of the experimental programme, the peer-reviewed methodological criticism it drew in general and in development journals, and the post-2015 work on aggregation, general equilibrium and scaling. It works from an explicit criterion of demarcation: an object has been displaced when the questions the apparatus cannot handle become markedly less central in the field's journals, not when they receive different answers there. Four shifts are documented. The unit of analysis moves from the trajectory of an economy to the average effect of a programme. The state moves from central object of explanation to implementing institution. The time horizon moves from structural transformation to the two or three years of a survey cycle. Causal credibility comes to rest more on assignment than on an explicit account of mechanisms. The magnitudes give the measure of the shift: the J-PAL network reports a cumulative portfolio rising from 103 randomised evaluations in 2003 to 2,566 in 2025 across 124 countries (J-PAL, 2026), and by 2015 empirical work, not experimental work specifically, accounted for more than 90 per cent of weighted publication pages in development. From this the article draws a proposition about the past decade: the corrections devised since 2015, Bayesian aggregation, general equilibrium estimation, the political economy of scaling, put back one by one the elements the apparatus had set aside, namely structure, aggregation and the state. Two results measure that return: the local transfer multiplier of 2.5 estimated on cash grants in Kenya, and the undetectable effect of contract teachers hired by the Kenyan administration against 0.18 standard deviations for the same contract delivered by an NGO. A bibliometric probe on 18,592 articles published in seven development journals between 1990 and 2025 puts figures on the reweighting: the share carrying an experimental vocabulary rises from 0.71 to 9.63 per cent of annual output between the 1990s and 2016-2025, reaching 18.4 per cent in the Journal of Development Economics, while the structural vocabulary follows a U-shaped path, halving during the 2000s and recovering afterwards everywhere except in that same journal. The epistemological consequence falls on the global South: the evidence available to policymakers there is composed of programme-level effects measured in the few countries cheapest to survey, while the questions on which their macroeconomic and industrial choices are decided remain, by construction of the method, the least researched
Received: 06/08/2026, Accepted: 12/09/2026, Published: 15/09/2026 The present study aimed to identify the relationship between ethical interaction with artificial intelligence and digital well-being among university students in Jerusalem. The descriptive correlational method was employed, whereby the Ethical Interaction Scale and the Digital Well-Being Scale were administered to a research sample of 250 male and female university students in Jerusalem. The data were collected and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study concluded that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between ethical interaction and digital well-being among university students in Jerusalem (rp = .523, p < 0.01). The mean score for the level of ethical interaction among the students was 4.39, indicating a high level. The mean score for the level of well-being was 4.40, also indicating a high level. No statistically significant differences were found in the level of ethical interaction among university students in Jerusalem attributable to the variables of gender, academic year, specialization, frequency of use, and training. Likewise, no statistically significant differences were found in the level of digital well-being among university students in Jerusalem attributable to the variables of academic year, specialization, frequency of use, and training. However, statistically significant differences were found in the level of digital well-being among university students in Jerusalem attributable to gender, in favor of males. The study recommended requiring developers to exclude technologies that contain deceptive and dark patterns, training and preparing teachers on how to deal with artificial intelligence tools and applications, and conducting further studies in the Arab context
Received: 23/08/2026, Accepted: 25/09/2026, Published: 29/09/2026 Social protection is a central pillar of sustainable development, yet its implementation in Vietnam continues to face delayed or evaded contributions, low participation in voluntary social insurance, and limited policy access for informal-sector workers. This article examines the social protection governance model of the Bac Tan Uyen Area Social Insurance Office in Binh Duong province through a qualitative case study grounded in collaborative-governance theory and the Capability Approach. Data were drawn from secondary documents covering 2024–2026, field observation, and twelve semi-structured interviews with social insurance staff, local government representatives, socio-political organisations, and policy beneficiaries, and were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The findings show that, first, coordination among the social insurance office, grassroots authorities, the commune police, and the People's Procuracy has strengthened legal compliance and broadened insurance coverage, with arrears recovery rising 28.6% in the first quarter of 2026 compared with the fourth quarter of 2025. Second, linking the formal insurance system with community-based initiatives, exemplified by the “Recycled Waste, Shared Social Protection” model, extends the safety net to vulnerable groups. Third, wider access to social and health insurance reduces financial risk and supports the resilience of the local protection system. On this basis, the article proposes a Multi-level Social Protection Governance Model that combines formal insurance, cross-sector coordination, and community participation. As a single case study based on a short data period, the findings should be generalised with caution; they nonetheless offer a frame of reference for localities pursuing sustainable poverty reduction and inclusive development
