Marx conceives of capitalism as a production mode based on the exploitation of labour-power, whose productive consumption in the labour process is considered as the main source of value creation. Capitalists seek to obscure and secure workers’ contribution to the production process, whereas workers strive to have their contribution fully recognized. The struggle between capitalists and workers over labour-time is thus central to capital’s valorization process. Hence, capital–labour antagonism is structured over the capture and exploitation of unpaid labour-time. Building on Marx’s labour value theory, as well as on some of its contemporary interpretations, I call this struggle over labour-time capture a process of ‘invisibilization’ of labour. I claim that this invisibilization process is still a relevant form of surplus-value extraction in contemporary capitalism, especially in the platform economy, characterized by remote but pervasive control by algorithms. The rediscovery of this form of surplus-value extraction and its manifestation in platform labour is the main contribution of this study. To corroborate this contribution, I compare the case of platform labour with that of textile-clothing, where value production is more clearly based on the classical forms of surplus-value extraction (i.e., absolute and relative). This comparison helps to cast a new light on the nexus between work-process transformations and surplus-value creation, which is the core of the Marxian labour theory of value, and which – I argue – is crucial to understanding contemporary capitalist developments.
The three important silk books reflecting the Taoist thought of Taoism are“Tao Yuan”,“Huainan Zi-Yuan Tao”and“Wen Zi-Tao Yuan”. First of all, these three documents give a profound discussion on Tao from the perspective of ontology, affirming that the Tao body has the characteristics of“nothing”and“one”. However, there are differences in their specific interpretations, such as“nothing”has“emptiness”and“one”has the meaning of“unity”,“uniqueness”and“originality”. Secondly, all three texts show the ontological“Tao”from the level of“the use of Tao”, but there are differences and emphasis in how they show it. For example, there are two kinds of interpretations of the“nothingness”of the“Way”, namely“nothingness”and“no desire”. In summary, these three documents reflect the early Taoist thought on Tao in general, but there are also certain differences, changes and developments, among which the distance of silk books from“Tao Yuan”to“Huainan Zi-Yuan Tao”is larger.
The“America First”strategy,which shook the unified“West”accidentally built up by the Cold War,prevented China from encountering a common“Western”squeeze.But on 24 February 2022,when Putin launched“a special military operation”against Ukraine,a unified“West”against Russia was quickly consolidated on both sides of the Atlantic.This stark contrast prompts us to go back in history to look at the“West”.In fact,for most of human history there has been no“West”.In response to the Soviet Union’s post-World War II expansion in Eastern Europe and the Third World,the United States,through the Marshall Plan and the formation of NATO,turned the Atlantic into a“West”,physicalised both sides of the Atlantic into the“West”,of which Western Europe became an important part.At the end of the Cold War,the“East”collapsed and the“West”gained legitimacy,continuing to exist under US domination and expanding,enriching and enriching itself into something equivalent to“democracy”,“freedom”and“human rights”,while before 2003 the Russian Federation was cooperating normally with NATO and the European Union.The Biden administration used“the special military operation”to reinvigorate the“West”and to confirm that the“West”is still the enemy of Russia.It is clear that today the West,if it exists at all,is either a Russian geopolitical concept or a US-led construct rather than a universal one.
In the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics,research on emerging rights has become increasingly mature and has achieved some milestones,mainly in four aspects:deepening jurisprudence,embracing science and technology,focusing on justice and caring for society.The research on the basic theory of emerging rights has deepened,and its basic scope and theoretical foundation have become more mature.Scientific and technological progress has expanded the research themes of emerging rights,and the research on emerging rights in the field of artificial intelligence,information and data rights,and genetic rights has become more and more abundant.The judiciary has gradually become the focus of academic circles,and the research position of emerging rights has experienced a shift from legislation to judiciary.People’s livelihood and social rights have always been the constant theme of the research on emerging rights.The nature and content of social rights have become clearer,and the rights of the socially disadvantaged have received more attention.Based on this,future research on emerging rights should continue to highlight the theme of the times,deepen theoretical research,pay attention to research methods,and focus on cross-disciplines,with a view to further improving the level and quality of research.
Self-consciousness of theoretical research premises directly affects the breadth and depth of theoretical research.The study of Marxism abroad must be based on a solid research of Marxist thought,combine the theoretical logic of Marxism abroad with the logic of real social history,and place it in the overall context of the history of ideas,in order to truly understand and grasp Marxist thought,to correctly position it theoretically,and to carry out genuine dialogue and exchange with foreign Marxist thinkers and their researchers,thus making Marxist research abroad can become an important theoretical resource that can be absorbed and drawn upon to solve China’s real-life problems and construct Chinese Marxist theory.
The rule of law discourse is a jurisprudential expression aimed at shaping the identity of the rule of law.The use of the jurisprudential term“legal source”as a rule of law discourse is,on the one hand,the need of the times to construct a rule of law discourse system with Chinese characteristics and,on the other hand,a practical demand to resolve the crisis of rule of law discourse that may be triggered by the need to invoke extra-legal norms in judicial decisions.The term“source of law”as a rule of law discourse has a rich jurisprudential connotation,which not only presupposes the internal nature of the discursive perspective,but also predicts the openness of the source of adjudicative norms,as well as the institutional factual properties of the“reference”.As a rule of law discourse,“sources of law”with a multidimensional function not only provides a theoretical construct for the acquisition of legal experience and a basis for the notion of“adjudication according to law”,but also shapes the realistic structure of the operation of the rule of law.
“The Letter to WEI Jushi”does reflect the“philosophy of life”that WANG Wei believed in.However,WANG Wei did not write this letter to defend himself,but to try to persuade WEI Jushi to serve the court.The poverty of WEI Zheng’s descendants was of great concern to Wang Wei.In his later years,WANG Wei was lonely and miserable,and serving the court was the only thing he sought to do in the rest of his life.Many of the scholars who criticised WANG Wei wanted him to withdraw from the“murky officialdom”,but many poets of the time,including GAO Shi,CEN Shen and DU Fu,were trying to find ways to join it.It was a common trend among the literati in the early Tang dynasty to“take seclusion as a career”,and WANG Wei cannot be described as“both official and secluded”.WANG Wei was deeply influenced by the ideas of Buddhism and Taoism,but it was Confucianism,with its“non-abrogation of the Great Law”and active engagement with the world,that was the dominant aspect of his thinking.There has been a serious“misinterpretation”of WANG Wei’s works such as“Rewarding ZHANG Shao-fu”and“Zhuli Pavilion”.“Wangchuan Zhishi”in WANG Wei’s collection and many works related to“Under Tianbao”reflect his concern and anxiety about the affairs of state.
In the era of digital economy,the imbalance of information fairness among different citizens is not only due to the lack of the subject’s ability to access and use technology,but also directly related to the division of social information,the differential empowerment of algorithms and the lack of information regulation,which requires us to carry out the necessary institutional legal protection on the basis of technical protection.Among these legal safeguards,“digital human rights”can constitute an important theoretical basis.Based on digital personality and interests,“digital human rights”reflect the aspirations of the“digitally disadvantaged”for information fairness,and provide an operational logic for solving the problems in view of the inadequacy of the current legal protection.It establishes a“right protection model”for the protection of citizens’ rights and interests in information fairness.On the other hand,it constructs and improves the rights system to guarantee the realization of such rights and interests by means of moral rights,legal rights and realistic rights models.
Frontier research has focused on the economic effects of new digital infrastructures,but generally ignored their environmental effects and their mechanisms of action.This article examines the effects,transmission mechanisms and conditions of the effects of new digital infrastructure on green total factor productivity using provincial panel data from 2008-2019 in China,combined with a dynamic panel model.The results of the study are following.Firstly,new digital infrastructure helps to improve regional green total factor productivity,which is reflected in the improvement of green technical efficiency and green technological progress significantly.Secondly,in terms of the transmission mechanism,the new digital infrastructure improves green total factor productivity mainly through the promotion of renewable energy technology innovation and industrial structure optimization.Thirdly,in terms of the conditions of action,the contribution of new digital infrastructure to green total factor productivity increases significantly as the level of human capital and the degree of marketization increase.
Through the distribution relations of wages,profits and land rent,Marx explored the premise of capitalist production that separates the capital,landed property,and labor.He indicated that this separation is an infringement of the fundamental interests of workers,reflecting the class contradictions and struggles between the propertied and the non-propertied classes.Modern labor aims at the increase of the capital,an abstract fetish.Capital earns profits and accumulates by exploiting workers,who are only paid to survive.Some Small capitalists went bankrupt in the competition and became proletarians who made a living by labor,thus widening the separation between the capital and the labor.The struggles between landlords and tenants,the competition between the large landed property and the small landed property,etc.,transformed the feudal landed property to the industrial and capital landed property and changed the land rent along the way.Both the divisions and monopolies of the land property are based on private ownership,so both modes of development will perish.In the future society,labor materials such as lands will become a true personal property of man by the joint realization.Marx’s research is of great significance.He shifted from the description of the forms of income of the various classes by political economists to the exploration of the premise of production.He revealed the historical law of the emergence,development and abolition of the private property by tracing the history of the separation of the capital,landed property and labor.He criticized the view of the classical political economy that emphasized the labor and despised the laborers.He put forward the idea of free labor and free enjoyment,and elucidated the purpose and characteristics of the socialist production.
To examine the impact and contribution of changes in comparative advantage based on factor endowment structure on industrial and technological structures,this article constructs a unified mathematical and theoretical framework and decomposes the dynamic changes in China’s factor endowment structure into inter-industry structural effects and intra-industry technological effects by combining Chinese industry data from WIOD-SEA.The findings are as follow.The accumulation of capital stock and skilled labour supply in China grows at a faster rate,while the supply of unskilled labor is relatively stable.Thus the dynamic comparative advantage formed by this upgrading of factor endowment structure is absorbed by the factor demand formed by both the inter-industry structural effect and the intra-industry technology effect.However,the decomposition effects of different types of factor endowment structural changes are heterogeneous in character,with the rise in the factor intensity of capital and skilled labour relative to unskilled labour being mainly absorbed by the inter-industry structural effect,and the industrial structural change being tilted towards capital and skilled labour relatively intensive industries.The rise in the factor intensity of capital relative to skilled labour is dominated by the intra-industry technological effect and absorbed by capital-biased technological progress.
In the Qing dynasty,the large scale and commercialization of boudoir literature led to a rise in criticism of women’s creation and publication.In this situation,the supporters of boudoir literature began to consciously use practical texts such as prefaces to poetry collections to rationalize the creation and publication.Among the most common paths of rationalization,there are historical quotations and reinterpretations of classics,as well as arguments rooted in reality about the motives and expectations of women writers,or new interpretations of the poetic style of the boudoir from a literary perspective,or even resorting to divine alienation,seeking a rational space for the creation and publication of boudoir in the context of classics,reality and myth.This series of rationalizations has,to a large extent,responded to the many criticisms that have permeated all aspects of the creation and publication of boudoir poetry,and has provided a solid force for the development of boudoir literature.
Dialectics of nature cannot be directly applied to society-the law of development of things from low to high does not mean that capitalism will collapse and socialism will emerge on its own.In a class society,the working class can only create new history by organizing strikes through trade unions.In digital capitalism,we need to add a new“digital”dimension to trade unions and class struggles.Firstly,class struggles and strikes should use digital platforms as organizational means;Secondly,strikes should take place online and disrupt the production of value on digital platforms,thus threatening digital power with digital power.The issue of labour time is still an important aspect of the struggle of the working class.In the digital capitalist era of the21st century,striving for less labour time is an inevitable requirement for digital workers to lead a better life.Approaches such as platform cooperatives and digital commons are concrete utopias that transcend digital capitalism and move towards digital socialism.
An international consumption centre city is characterized by consumption,and the essence is supply.To cultivate and build an international consumption centre city,it is necessary to implement the new development concept,lead and create new demand with high-quality new supply,and take into account the hierarchy and inclusiveness of consumption,local and global,uniqueness and large homogeneity.Besides,based on the development of new economic forms and digital economy,it also needs to seek the target direction from the demand characteristics on the consumption side,and start to consolidate high-quality supply from three aspects:service supply,factor concentration and cultural infiltration.This will help to build a foundation for high-quality supply,promote high-quality economic development,and develop a distinctive path for fostering the construction of an international consumption centre city in the new era.
With his comprehensive and in-depth study of the Great Depression and the theoretical systembased on it,Ben Bernanke,winner of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Economics,led the Federal Reserve to success-fully cope with the financial crisis and implement loose monetary policies to recover the economy.This articlestarts from Bernanke’s research findings on the Great Depression,systematically reviews his economic theo-ries,policy proposition and regulatory concepts,and absorbs their scientific components to explain China’seconomic problems,so as to provide references and lessons for the regulatory authorities to further improve thenational macroeconomic governance and control system,especially the central bank’s monetary policy,en-hance regulatory effectiveness and efficiency,and establish a safety line to prevent systemic financial risks.
Based on their zeal and urgency to save the country,novelists of the late Qing Dynasty introduced science and technology into their creative practice to varying degrees,thus forming a technological utopian narrative in their novels that“only matter is a merit”.With the aim of rescuing the real crisis,the themes of this narrative are reflected in the dream of a strong nation and the dream of civilisation respectively.The technological utopian narrative in the late Qing fiction shows the emergence of the novelists’ modern rational spirit through the accessibility and realisability of the national vision with certainty.However,the“scientism”of the technological utopian narrative ignores ideological resources beyond science and technology,making the novelists’ perception of the ideal inevitably biased.
Literature is a product of the times, with both commonality and individuality. During the Jian’an period, CAO Cao issued three orders to seek virtue, breaking the programmed talent selection method of the Han Dynasty, which was based on the standard of moral and essay, and a large number of dense and distinctive literati stood out. The political groups of CAO Cao, LIU Bei and SUN Quan, especially under the command of CAO’s father and son, gathered many scholars who were good at literature and had excellent rhetoric,thus forming a wonderful literary picture of the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty, which was distinguished by their literary talents. The three families returned to the Jin Dynasty, and the only thing that could be relied upon by descendants of extinct countries finding positions in the Luoyang City was their own talents,and most of their individual talents and abilities were reflected in their literary creations and even their literary styles with florid language and up-and-down deep feeling, which led to the emergence of the Jin Dynasty’s literary characteristics of carving and decorating the algae, and the uprightness and steepness of their talents. In the unfortunate times, poets are fortunate, and in the late Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin dynasties, the flow of talents presents a colorful literary landscape in the history of traditional Chinese literature because of the talent for literature.
Labor relations depend on the corresponding coordination mechanism to maintain the operation and keep it stable and orderly. Since the founding of New China, the labor relations coordination mechanism has undergone transmutation from a planned economy to a market economy, showing significant logical tensions. In terms of dynamic composition, it follows the evolutionary logic of unifying government-led compulsory changes with market-induced induced changes. In terms of generative variables, it runs through the evolutionary logic of combining exogenous embedding and endogenous evolution. In terms of structural form, it is an evolutionary logic of constructive remodeling and iterative evolution. The evolutionary logic of these three aspects is the coordinate system for understanding the evolution of the coordination mechanism of labor relations in the new China. In order to improve, optimize and perfect the coordination mechanism of labor relations in the new era, it is necessary to look at the logical framework accumulated in history and grasp it as a benchmark, so as to continuously promote the coordination mechanism of labor relations to become more mature and more definite.
With the wide application of digital technology, countries have created new types of digital service trade barriers while promoting the digitalization of service trade. Using the Digital Services Trade Restriction Index（DSTRI） released by OECD during 2014-2021, this article compares the level of restriction and the trend of change in major global economies, and conducts theoretical analysis and empirical tests on the political, economic and cultural determinants of digital services trade barriers based on the political economy framework of trade protection. The results of the study find that global barriers to digital services trade have been on the rise in recent years in general, and the restrictions are mainly concentrated in the areas of infrastructure and connectivity. Moreover, it is also found that countries with stronger competitiveness in digital services trade, better digital infrastructure, higher levels of economic freedom and less cultural differences with other countries tend to set lower barriers to digital services trade. Finally, the five categories of restrictions, that are infrastructure and connectivity, electronic transactions, payment systems, intellectual property rights, and other barriers, are regressed separately, and grouped by country development level and digital economy development level. And it is found that there is more significant heterogeneity in the determinants of digital services trade restrictions across subcategories.
Personal credit information not only has personality value, but also contains significant property value, which has become an important resource for the development of financial industry in the new era. It has significant theoretical and practical value for the development of personal credit information based on the right to transfer personal information to the financial industry. Therefore, it is necessary for China to learn from the practical experience of transferring personal credit information to develop related industries in foreign countries, for which it is necessary to build a perfect legal system for transferring personal credit information as support and guarantee. The methods and paths to legalize the transfer of personal credit information are as follows,to incorporate credit information into the scope of personal information in the Personal Information Protection Law and the Civil Code by means of law amendment or legal interpretation; to improve the system of the right to transfer personal information, and to incorporate the right to transfer personal information into the system of the right to determine personal information in Article 1037 of the Civil Code, so as to ensure that this right is protected by the Civil Code. Meanwhile, the concept of credit information should be improved in the regulations of the credit card industry, and a new personal credit information management industry should be established,with entry standards and business conduct regulation. Starting from this, we will promote the improvement of the relevant legal system and expect to expand the application of the right to transfer personal information to more industries in the future, so as to promote the development of related industries through data sharing.
