"撄宁"出自《庄子·大宗师》,"撄"字应解释为"损",而非历来解庄者所认为的"纷扰"."撄宁"作为庄子哲学中工夫修养论与境界描述的综合,表现了个体生命通过"损"的修养工夫实现内在超越的体道过程,这一特质遵循《庄子》一书哲学语言的表达方式,契合庄子哲学经典范畴之间的内在关联性及核心要义,并与庄子生命观的总体取向相辅相成.对"撄宁"本义的探赜,有助于理解庄子哲学的内在超越性.
This paper takes the general academic history of Goethe research in China as the research object, and takes the academic articles about Goethe research from 1878 to 2022 as the basic research literature. The publication of the academic articles about Goethe and the change of theories or methodology are taken as the division criteria, according to which Goethe’s academic history in China is divided into five historical periods, namely, the embryonic period, the initial period, the slow period, the revival period and the development period. It briefly describes the characteristics of Goethe research in various historical periods and summarizes the development trends of Goethe’s academic history in China. This research shows that Goethe research in China has experienced a process of from scratch and from small to large, and that the research subjects are expanding gradually and the special researches are from shallow to deep. At present, Goethe research in China is developing steadily.
符号性是人的本质属性,人异于动物在于普遍性开发和使用符号.基于符号的开放性和无穷衍义性,人在符号互动中逐步趋向心智发展、精神自由、意义丰满.教化即符号化,学习者在个体与社会的符号互动中建构自我.教是为了不教,一切教育都是符号教育,教育过程应该是符号互动中的自我建构,教育目的应该是基于符号的自我完善.
One of the important parts of modern “revolution” narration is the narration of the image of the revolutionaries, which is also an important channel for the historicization and richness of “revolution” narration. The images of revolutionaries in local novels from 1928 to 1932 and their gains and losses in their subsequent development have special origin significance. This paper takes the peasants’ attitude towards revolution and revolutionaries in modern local novels as the clue, and starts from the modern local novels before 1928 to explore the peasants’ estranged attitude towards revolution and the reason. It further demonstrates the inevitability that the peasants’ attitude towards revolution gradually changed under the realistic survival and class enlightenment in the rural novels from 1928 to 1932. A deep description of this process reveals the details of many complex interactions that once took place, and open up some new exploration space for the modern narrative of “revolution”.
Vocational education has significant importance to the development of education, which is directly related to the cultivation of talents, social and economic development as well as the adjustment of industrial structure. In the critical period of the new round of education reform, it’s necessary to accurately position vocational education, precisely determine the starting point for students to begin vocational education, to meet the objective needs of education reform. In this regard, the policy makers, academic circles and all sectors of society have a dispute over whether the middle school entrance examination or the college entrance examination being suitable to choose a student for vocational education. It is proved in practice that the diversion after college entrance examination can avoid the phenomenon of burying some talents, suspend the anxiety of family, and improve the professional matching level of practitioners. But it is difficult to ensure the quality of skilled talents and may exacerbate excessive education. The diversion after the middle school entrance examination can improve the learning experience of students, give families more choices, and better meet the demand for talents in social and economic development. However, it will put pressure ahead and hinder the rational flow of society. There are pros and cons to both. In contrast, the latter is still a sub-optimal option. Therefore, in the future, we need to improve the level of understanding,strengthen policy supply, and jointly promote the development of vocational education.
