Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a huge impact on the world, causing millions of deaths and a serious blow to the global economy. SARS-CoV-2 can attack most body tissues with devastating consequences [1]. The current global SARSCoV-2 outbreak has exposed our shortcomings in the prevention and control of infectious diseases, and there is an urgent need for rapid, large-scale and highly efficient diagnostic tools to detect infections in a timely and rapid manner with nucleic acids of virus (Fig. 1).

中国人群皮肤疾病的患病率高达40％～70％,所致健康寿命损失在所有疾病中位列第四,其中病毒性皮肤病因其较高的感染率和易复发率造成较大的疾病负担.干扰素具有抗病毒作用和免疫调节活性,是人类抵抗病毒感染最重要的免疫效应分子.

干扰素是具有抗病毒、抗增殖和免疫调节功能的糖蛋白.被广泛用于治疗许多疾病,如丙型肝炎、癌症和免疫介导的疾病,如多发性硬化症.本文回顾了干扰素作用机制,从干扰素抗病毒作用机制、病毒拮抗干扰素反应、干扰素抗增殖作用机制以及免疫调节作用等方面进行了综述.干扰素激活分子在病毒复制周期的许多阶段表现出抗病毒活性.同时,病毒已进化出多种策略逃逸或抑制天然免疫系统.补充外源性干扰素可以增强机体抵抗病毒感染.

干扰素是一类具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤和免疫调节活性的细胞因子,是先天免疫的重要组成部分.干扰素与细胞表面受体特异性结合,诱发细胞合成抗病毒蛋白发挥生物学活性.自20世纪80年代干扰素产品批准上市以来,在临床上得到广泛应用,用于治疗几十种疾病,干扰素市场需求近年来也显著增多.在应对目前的新冠大流存疫情过程中,干扰素也起到了重要作用.本文就干扰素的发现和分类、受体和信号通路、干扰素生物药的临床意义和市场概况、我国干扰素产品及临床应用以及干扰素治疗新冠五个方面进行综述.

BACKGROUND:The major infectious diseases of hepatitis B has constituted an acute public health challenge in China. An effective and affordable HBV control model is urgently needed. A national project of Community-based Collaborative Innovation HBV (CCI-HBV) demonstration areas has optimized the existing community healthcare resources and obtained initial results in HBV control.METHODS:Based on the existing community healthcare network, CCI-HBV project combined the community health management and health contract signing service for long-staying residents in hepatitis B screening. Moreover, HBV field research strategy was popularized in CCI-HBV areas. After screening, patients with seropositive results were enrolled in corresponding cohorts and received treatment at an early stage. And the uninfected people received medical supports including health education through new media, behavior intervention and HBV vaccinations. In this process, a cloud-based National Information Platform (NIP) was established to collect and store residents' epidemiological data. In addition, a special quality control team was set up for CCI project.RESULTS:After two rounds of screening, HBsAg positive rate dropped from 5.05% (with 5,173,003 people screened) to 4.57% (with 3,819,675 people screened), while the rate of new HBV infections was 0.28 per 100 person-years in the fixed cohorts of 2,584,322 people. The quality control team completed PPS sampling simultaneously and established the serum sample database with 2,800,000 serum samples for unified testing.CONCLUSIONS:CCI-HBV project has established a large-scale field research to conduct whole-population screening and intervention. We analyzed the HBsAg prevalence and new infection rate of HBV in the fixed population for the epidemic trend and intervention effect. The purpose of CCI-HBV project is to establish and evaluate a practical model of grid management and field strategy, to realize the new goal to control hepatitis B in China. To provide policymakers with a feasible model, our results are directly applicable.TRIAL REGISTRATION:The project was funded by the Major Projects of Science Research for the 11th and 12th five-year plans of China, entitled "The prevention and control of AIDS, viral hepatitis and other major infectious diseases", Grant Nos. 2009ZX10004901, 2011ZX10004901, 2013ZX10004904, 2014ZX10004007 and 2014ZX10004008.

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a major cause of epidemic and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Recently, human intestinal enteroids (HIEs) have been shown to support the replication of HuNoVs, and be an excellent model to study HuNoV-host interactions. We implemented the HIE system in our laboratory and investigated the global molecular events associated with the mechanism of HuNoV-host interactions. Successful replication was observed for several norovirus GII genotypes, and totally 5,376 genes with different expression in HIEs were identified during infection. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that several important pathways, especially the "Signal transduction" and "Immune system" pathways, were involved in the HuNoV-host interaction. Quantitative PCR results validated that IFN-λ instead of IFN-β was elevated in HIEs after infection. Our study showed the holistic understanding of the transcriptome events in the HIE model infected by HuNoVs, and highlighted the important role of IFN-λ signaling in the HuNoV-host interactions.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and pathogen types of viral diarrhea in children under 5 years of age in Shandong province,and provide reference for the prevention and control of viral diarrhea.Methods A total of 1 017 fecal samples were collected from all children aged 5 years and younger with diarrhea who were admitted to the sentinel hospital of Shandong province from 2012 to 2017 within 3 days.Rotavirus antigen was detected by using an ELISA method.Rotavirus G/P typing was performed by RT-PCR;Norovirus (GI and GII),Sapovirus,and Astrovirus were detected by multiplex RT-PCR,and adenovirus was detected by PCR.Results In the 1 017 fecal specimens,the overall positive rate was 51.62％ (525/1017),and viral nucleic acids were detected in at least 421 samples,and mixed virus infection was found in 104 sampes.The mixed infection accounted for 10.23％ (104/1017) of all infections.The positive detection rates of Rotavirus,Calicivirus,Adenovirus and Astrovirus were 34.22％ (348/ 1017),16.91％ (172/1017),2.56％ (26/1017),and 9.64％ (98/1017)).The total detection rate of diarrhea virus and the detection rate of Rotavirus were the highest at 12 to 17 months of age,which was 51.72％ (105/203) and 20.20％ (41/203),respectively.The positive rate of diarrhea in children aged 2 years and younger was 49.36％ (502/1017),which was much higher than the positive rate of diarrhea in children over 2 years old (2.26％ (23/1017)).The peak of viral diarrhea was found to occur between November and April of the following year.The genotype of rotavirus was dominated by G9 (82.76％),the P genotypewas dominated by P[8] (80.46％),and the G/P combination was dominated by G9P[8] (83.87％).Norovirus was the main infection in the Calicivirus (87.21％).Conclusions From 2012 to 2017,viral diarrhea in children under 5 years of age in Shandong Province was mainly caused by Rotavirus infection,followed by Norovirus.The overall prevalence of viral diarrhea in Shandong was moderate in China,and autumn and winter were the main epidemic season for viral diarrhea.

新中国成立70年来,在党中央国务院高度重视和各方共同努力下,我国公共卫生和传染病防治工作成绩显著,尤其在重大新发传染病防控领域成绩卓著,有效保障了公众健康和社会稳定,为经济发展作出了重要贡献.从2003年SARS的暴发到2013年人感染H7N9禽流感肆虐以来,新发传染病已成为全球重大公共卫生问题,日益受到中国乃至全世界各级政府、医疗卫生机构及广大医务工作者的高度重视和关注.为了有效预防和控制新发传染病,中国政府及有关部门制订和建立了一系列新发传染病防控策略、方案和指南,构建和完善了疾病监测网络体系,通过对新发传染病的早发现、早报告、早隔离、早治疗的"四早"防治工作基本要求,重大新发传染病如SARS及人禽流感的阴霾被驱散,在国际流行病学史上留下了辉煌的记载,从而推动了"健康中国"的目标向前迈进.

As the first class Ⅰ novel genetic engineering medical product in China,recombinant human interferon alpha 1b (IFNα1b) shows unique biological significance and clinical value.Especially in the field of pediatrics,IFNα1 b has been used in the treatment of viral pneumonia,viral hepatitis,bronchiolitis,herpetic angina,hand-footmouth disease and some tumors in children and shown definite efficacy and good safety.It is also used in the prevention and treatment of virus-related wheezing and major infectious diseases,such as influenza.With a greater application prospect,IFNα1b plays an important role in promoting children's health in China.Now,IFNα1b's gene and molecular characteristics,new delivery methods,and the frontier clinical research will be discussed.

Objective To evaluate the effect of JY adjuvant,which is composed of IL-2 and chitosan,on the immune response for mucosal immunization with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 L1 virus-like particles (HPV16 + 18 L1 VLP).Methods Mice were immunized three times with HPV16 + 18 L1 VLP in the presence or absence of JY adjuvant by intramuscular and intranasal routes,respectively.Subsequently,experiments were undertaken to detect serum IgG antibody,neutralizing antibody and respiratory tract washes sIgA antibody titers and cellular immune response.Results Following intranasal immunization,serum IgG antibody titers were much higher in HPV16 + 18 L1 VLP with JY adjuvant group than that in VLP without adjuvant group (P ＜ 0.01),after intramuscular immunization,serum IgG titers induced by VLP with or without JY adjuvant were the same; following intramuscular immunization,neutralizing antibody titers induced by adjuvant-containing HPV16 + 18 L1 VLP were higher than those by adjuvant-free VLP,following intranasal immunization,only serum neutralizing antibody was detected in adjuvant-containing VLP group; after intranasal immunization,lung washes sIgA concentration were much higher in HPV16 + 18 L1 VLP with JY adjuvant group than that in VLP without adjuvant group (P ＜ 0.05) ; following intranasal and intramuscular immunization,respectively,the number of spot forming cells were much higher in HPV16 + 18 L1 VLP with JY adjuvant group than that in VLP without adjuvant group (P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.05,respectively).Conclusion JY adjuvant enhanced the cellular,humoral and mocosal immunities induced with HPV16 + 18 L1 VLP by intranasal route,while showed no significant influence of the adjuvant was seen in the group immunized by intramuscular route.

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) causes acute respiratory infections in children. The prevalence and clinical characteristics of hMPV were determined in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children in Changsha, China. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or PCR was employed to screen for both hMPV and other common respiratory viruses in 1,165 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens collected from children with lower respiratory tract infections from September 2007 to August 2008. All PCR products were sequenced, and demographic and clinical data were collected from all patients. Seventy-six of 1,165 (6.5%) specimens were positive for hMPV, of which 85.5% (65/76) occurred in the winter and spring seasons. The hMPV coinfection rate was 57.9% (44/76), and human bocavirus was the most common virus detected in conjunction with hMPV. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 94.7% of the hMPV detected were of subgroup A2, 5.3% were subgroup B2, and none belonged to either the A1 or B1 subgroups. No significant differences were found in terms of the frequency of diagnosis and clinical signs between either the co- and mono-infection groups, or between patients with and without underlying diseases. It was concluded that hMPV is an important viral pathogen in pediatric patients with lower respiratory tract infections in Changsha. Only hMPV genotypes A2 and B2 were co-circulating in this locality; human bocavirus was the most common coinfecting virus, and coinfection did not affect disease severity.

<正>2014年2月,西非Ebola出血热疫情暴发,感染及死亡人数都达到历史新高,引起公众及学界极大关注。《科技导报》2014年第32卷第24期"本刊专稿"栏目刊登了Ebola出血热文章,该文引发了我的思考。我想从以下几方面谈谈我的认识:1)Ebola出血热在非洲的流行,是世界卫生组织(WHO)成立以来最难对付的一种传染病。正如WHO总干事Dr Margaret Chan 2014年9月18日在联合国安理会上的发言中指出的,这不仅是公共卫生的危机,还是一场社会危机,一场人道

Background Human adenovirus (HAdV) is an important agent causing respiratory tract infection in children. Information on the epidemiological and clinical features of HAdV is limited in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in China, especially those of a novel genotype, Ad55. Methods In total, 1169 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children younger than 14 years with ARTIs between November 2006 and November 2009. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to screen HAdVs. All PCR-positive products were sequenced. Results 74 of 1169 (6.33%) specimens were positive for HAdVs. Among positive cases, AdV3 (58/74) was detected most frequently, followed by AdV11 (10/74), AdV2 (2/74), AdV7 (2/69), AdV6 (1/74), and AdV1 (1/74). AdV55 was found in one case. The incidence of HAdV infection peaked in children aged 3–7 years. The most common clinical diagnosis was upper respiratory infection, and the most common syndrome was fever and cough.The comparison of HAdV and RSV group revealed that Children infected with group AdV were significant older than children infected with group RSV, had more fever but less frequently wheezing, and cough, crackles, and cyanosis, The duration of hospitalization between the AdV group and RSV group was not significant, but a greater frequency of LRTIs was observed in RSV group. Conclusions HAdV is an important viral agent in children with ARTIs in Lanzhou City, China. Multiple HAdV serotypes co-circulated with Ad3, which was predominant in this 3-year study. The novel AdV55 genotype was found in one case. No fixed seasonal rhythm could be identified.

Objective To detect the risk factors of recurrent wheeze in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections.Methods Clinical data of 1165 children with acute lower respiratory infections were used by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis.Results Univariate analysis showed children′s age,atopy,RSV,HRV infection,gender are associated with wheezing in children with acute lower respiratory infections;further multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that small age,atopy,RSV,HRV infection,male are high risk factors of wheeze in children with acute lower respiratory infections.Conclusion The children of acute lower respiratory infections with small age,atopy,RSV,HRV infection,and male have high risk factors of wheeze,and there should be intensive assessment and reasonable control.

OBJECTIVETo explore the viral etiology of acute low respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) among hospitalized children in Changsha of Hunan Province of China.METHODSNasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from 1165 hospitalized children with ALRTI in Changsha from September 2007 to August 2008. Respiratory syncytin virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), influenza virus A (IFVA), influenza virus B (IFVB), parainfluenza 1-3 (PIV 1-3), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), human coronaviruses NL63 (HCoV-NL63), and human coronaviruses HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Adenovirus (ADV) and human bocavirus (HBoV) were detected by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR). WU polyomaviruses (WUPyV) and KI polyomaviruses(KIPyV) were detected by nested PCR. The positive samples further underwent genetic sequencing.RESULTSAmong the 1165 nasopharyngeal aspirates, viruses were detected in 871 samples (74.76%), among which RSV (27.03%) was the most common virus, followed by HRV (17.33%), PIV3 (13.73%), HBoV (8.67%) and hMPV (6.52%). The overall positive rate of viral detection showed no significant differences between males and females (X2=2.241, P=0.134), whereas the positive rates of PIV3, hMPV, and HBoV in males were higher than in females. The positive rate of viral detection showed significant differences among different age groups (X2=10.934, P=0.027), and the highest positive rate was noted in the age group of 6 months to 1 year. Furthermore, the overall positive rate of viral detection showed a significant difference in term of seasonal distribution, with a peak prevalence in winter.CONCLUSIONSVirues predominate in the etiology of pediatric ALRTI in Changsha, and RSV, HRV and PIV3 are the main viruses for ALRTI. HBoV and hMPV have become increasingly important. Viral infection-associated ALRTI shows a prevail in the age group of 6 months to 1 year as well as in winter.

广东人非常务实，把务实和前瞻结合起来，需要桥梁，而广东省创新科研团队则是提供这样的具体平台来发扬我们务实的作风，产出前瞻性成果。引进创新团队的主要目的是从技术层面上把发现与发明转化为经济效益，所以甄选团队时我们非常关注团队有什么项目，能否有实质性的创造，非常注重团队的科研成果转化能力。……

Patient-reported QOL during radiation treatment for prostate cancer is not well described. Further, there is concern for increased acute urinary symptoms during post-prostatectomy RT because of inclusion of a portion of the bladder in the treatment target. We analyzed QOL results collected prospectively from consecutive patients treated at our institution from 2010-2012 with image-guided, intensity-modulated RT in the definitive vs. post-prostatectomy settings. Forty-nine men receiving definitive RT to median 79 Gy and 55 men post-prostatectomy RT to median 66.6 Gy were included. Weekly during RT, patients completed a validated QOL instrument, reporting the frequency of gastrointestinal (GI: diarrhea, urgency, pain, bleeding, cramping, mucus, tenesmus) and genitourinary (GU: ease of flow, nocturia, frequency, dysuria, urgency, and incontinence) on a 4 to 5-point Likert scale. In this instrument, a score of ≥ 3 is associated with clinically meaningful distress. Differences in symptom severity between definitive RT vs. post-prostatectomy RT patients at weeks 1 and 8 were evaluated using the Wilcoxon sign-rank test. Median ages were 66 (definitive RT) and 63 (post-prostatectomy RT) years. There was no significant difference in patient-reported GI symptom development in the two patient groups, and approximately 30% of patients reported clinically meaningful GI symptoms by week 8 (Table). GU symptoms were different at start of RT (week 1) in the 2 groups; more definitive RT patients had slow urinary flow (p = .04) and dysuria (p = .03) than post-prostatectomy RT patients. GU symptoms worsened in both groups during RT; change in symptoms between Week 8 and Week 1 in the two groups are not significantly different (data not shown). These results provide patient-centered QOL data to inform physicians and patients regarding the incidence of acute GI and GU symptoms during image-guided, intensity-modulated radiation treatment for prostate cancer. We do not show evidence of worse GU symptom development in post-prostatectomy patients.Poster Viewing Abstract 2411; TableCumulative incidence of clinically significant GI and GU symptoms (score ≥3) for weeks 1 and 8 (partial list)Week 1Week 8GI SymptomsDefinitive RT (%)Post-prostatectomy RT (%)p valueDefinitive RT (%)Post-prostatectomy RT (%)p valueDiarrhea4.56.30.7234.534.2> 0.99Urgency4.64.20.9330.033.30.76Pain4.60.00.1418.012.10.49GU SymptomsSlow flow20.56.30.0453.528.60.03Frequency9.38.50.9045.261.50.14Dysuria9.10.00.0346.526.50.07Urgency25.010.40.0760.555.60.66Incontinence2.32.10.9410.310.3>0.99 Open table in a new tab

Objective The main objective of this study was to explore the prevalence and clinical characteristics of human coronavirus NL63 infection in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) in Changsha.Methods Nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) samples were collected from 1185 hospitalized children with ALRTI at the People's Hospital of Hunan province,between September 2008 and October 2010.Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to screen for coronavirus NL63,which is a 255 bp fragment of a part of N gene.All positive amplification products were confirmed by sequencing and compared with those in GenBank.Results The overall frequency of coronavirus NL63 infection was 0.8％,6 (60％) out of the coronavirus NL63 positive patients were detected in summer,2 in autumn,1 in spring and winter,respectively.The patients were from 2 months to two and a half years old.The clinical diagnosis was bronchopneumonia ( 60％ ),bronchiolitis ( 30％ ),and acute laryngotracheal bronchitis( 10％ ).Four of the 10 cases had critical illness,4 cases had underlying diseases,and 7 cases had mixed infection with other viruses. The homogeneity of coronavirus NL63 with those published in the GenBank at nucleotide levels was 97％-100％.Conclusion Coronavirus NL63 infection exists in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Changsha.Coronavirus NL63 infections are common in children under 3 years of age.There is significant difference in the infection rate between the boys and the girls:the boys had higher rate than the girls.The peak of prevalence of the coronavirus NL63 was in summer.A single genetic lineage of coronavirus NL63 was revealed in human subjects in Changsha.Coronavirus NL63 may also be one of the lower respiratory pathogen in China.

There is increasing recognition of the importance of patient-reported QOL as an outcome in cancer treatment. However, to date, limited research has examined the relationship between radiation dose-volume parameters and patient-reported acute genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) symptom development during IGRT for prostate cancer. We analyzed the relationship between dose-volume parameters of the rectum and bladder with prospectively collected patient-reported QOL. One hundred four men with prostate cancer who received radiation therapy to a median 75 Gy at our institution from 2010 to 2012 were included. Weekly during treatment, patients completed a validated questionnaire assessing severity of GI (diarrhea, urgency, bleeding, pain, cramping, mucus, and tenesmus) and GU (ease of flow, dysuria, nocturia, frequency, urgency, and incontinence) symptoms on a 4 or 5-point Likert scale. The association between dose-volume parameters and maximum GI and GU symptom scores was examined using Spearman's correlation. Median age was 64 years, and 72% of patients had clinical T1c or T2a disease. The percent volume of bladder receiving at least 75 Gy and 80 Gy was significantly associated with overall GU symptom score (V75: correlation coefficient .27, p = 0.005; V80: coefficient .30, p = 0.001). GI symptom score was significantly associated with V60 (coefficient .22, p = 0.03) and V65 (coefficient .26, p = 0.007) of the rectum. The proportions of bladder and rectum receiving higher doses of radiation were significantly associated with patient-reported acute GU and GI symptoms during IGRT for prostate cancer. A better understanding of the relationship between dose-volume parameters to surrounding organs and patient-reported QOL may allow physicians to improve radiation planning to optimize patient outcomes.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the prevalence and clinical characterization of HCoV-NL63 (NL63) in children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in Lanzhou with other respiratory viruses. The prevalence of HBoV1 in ALRTI was obviously city,China. METHOD:From November 2006 to October 2009,1169 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) were collected from children under 14 years old with ARTIs. Samples were screened for NL63 using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing. Demography and clinical information were recorded. RESULT:NL63 was detected in 35 (2.99%) of the 1169 children. The peak of the positive rate were in August, September 2007, July, August 2008 (23.53%,17.65%, 50%, 33.33% separately). There are no NL63 positive samples was detected in December, 2007 to February 2009. 25 (25/35, 71.43%) were co-infected with other respiratory viruses, and human rhinovirus (HRV) were the most common additional respiratory virus. No significant differences of infective rate of NL63 was found between < or = 3 years age group and > 3 years age group. Bronchiolitis and pneumonia were the most frequent diagnoses in NL63 positive patients and the major symptoms were fever and cough in our study. Between the monoinfection group and the coinfection group of NL63-positive patients, no differences were found in symptoms and clinical diagnoses except symptoms of gastrointestinal. CONCLUSION:HCoV-NL63 is an important pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection in children in Lanzhou city. The peak of HCoV-NL63 infections was in summer. There were annual differences in the prevalence of HCoV-NL63. HCoV-NL63 infections existed a high rate of mixed infection, and mixed infection does not increase the severity of the disease.