Цель – определить характер изменений содержания дофамина и его метаболитов в коре больших полушарий, гипоталамусе и мозжечке крыс при хронической алкогольной интоксикации (ХАИ) на фоне гиподинамии (ГД). Материал и методы. Опыты проводились на беспородных белых крысах-самцах массой 180-220 г. Моделирование ГД проводилось путем помещения крыс в индивидуальные клетки-пеналы, ограничивающие их подвижность, на сроки 14 и 28 суток. Для моделирования ХАИ животным предоставлялся раствор этанола в качестве единственного источника жидкости в течение 14 и 28 суток. Определение содержания компонентов дофаминергической системы (тирозина, 3,4-диоксифенилаланина, дофамина, гомованилиновой кислоты (ГВК), диоксифенилуксусной кислоты (ДОФУК) и норадреналина) проводилось с использованием ион-парной высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии. Результаты. ГД в течение 14 суток сопровождается признаками активации дофаминергической системы в гипоталамусе и коре больших полушарий головного мозга крыс. При ХАИ сроком 28 суток отмечаются признаки снижения активности нейромедиаторной системы в коре больших полушарий. Комплексное воздействие ГД и ХАИ в течение 14 и 28 суток приводит к усилению оборота дофамина в коре больших полушарий головного мозга крыс. Выводы. При комплексном воздействии ХАИ и ГД наиболее выраженные изменения наблюдаются в коре больших полушарий и сопровождаются на 14-е сутки повышением уровней ГВК и ДОФУК, а на 28-е сутки – увеличением концентрации ГВК.

Purpose of work. To determine the nature of changes in the content of dopamine and its metabolites in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and cerebellum of rats with chronic alcohol intoxication (CAI) against the background of physical inactivity (PI). Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on outbred white male rats weighing 180-220 g. Modeling of PI was carried out by placing rats in individual cages-pencil cases, limiting their mobility, for periods of 14 and 28 days. To simulate CAI, the animals were provided with an ethanol solution as the only source of fluid for 14 and 28 days. Determination of the content of the components of the dopaminergic system (tyrosine, 3,4-dioxyphenylalanine, dopamine, homovanillic acid (HVA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and norepinephrine) was carried out using ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. Results. PI for 14 days is accompanied by signs of activation of the dopaminergic system in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex of rats. With CAI for a period of 28 days, there are signs of a decrease in the activity of the dopaminergic system in the cerebral cortex. The combined effect of PI and CAI for 14 and 28 days leads to an increase in dopamine turnover in the cerebral cortex of rats. Conclusions. With the combined effect of CAI and PI, the most pronounced changes are observed in the cerebral cortex and are accompanied on the 14th day by an increase in the levels of HVA and DOPAC, and on the 28th day by an increase in the concentration of HVA.

— The levels of biogenic monoamines and their metabolites have been investigated in the hypothalamus, midbrain, and cerebellum of rats exposed to acute combined intoxication with morphine and ethanol. A single treatment of rats with ethanol and morphine caused neurotransmitter impairments in particular parts of the brain; they depended on the order of morphine and ethanol administration. The combined intoxication with ethanol and morphine led to signs of dopamine utilization only in the hypothalamus, regardless of the order of administration of psychoactive substances (PAS). During alcohol-morphine intoxication in the studied parts of the brain there was an increase in the level of metabolites of the serotonergic system. The combined action of the two surfactants largely corresponded to the effect of the last introduced substance in the midbrain and cerebellum. The combined administration of these PAS had a significant impact on parameters of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems manifested by the processes of dopamine catabolism and a decrease in the norepinephrine and serotonin concentrations in the hypothalamus and these changes were not observed after ethanol or morphine administration alone.

Введение. Изменение содержания серосодержащих аминокислот и их метаболитов – одно из патохимических звеньев алкогольной интоксикации. Цель исследования. Изучение влияния хронической и прерывистой алкогольной интоксикации на содержание серосодержащих аминокислот и родственных им соединений в плазме крови крыс. Материал и методы. 30 белых беспородных крыс массой 180-220 г. Содержание свободных аминокислот и биогенных аминов определяли методом ВЭЖХ. Результаты. 14-дневная хроническая алкогольная интоксикация сопровождается достоверным снижением уровня метионина и повышением уровня гомоцистеина в плазме крови. Концентрация глутатиона возросла на 5%. В группе прерывистой алкогольной интоксикации ПАИ-4 также повысилось содержание гомоцистеина, а в группе ПАИ-1 – гомосерина и цистатионина. Выводы. Хроническая и прерывистая алкогольная интоксикация вызывают сходные нарушения уровня серосодержащих аминокислот и их метаболитов в плазме крови крыс.

Background. Change of the content of sulfur-containing amino acids and their metabolites is one of the pathochemical mechanisms of alcohol intoxication. Purpose of the study. To study the effect of chronic and intermittent alcohol intoxication on the content of sulfurcontaining amino acids and related compounds in the rat blood plasma. Material and methods. Thirty white outbred rats weighing 180-220 g. The content of free amino acids and biogenic amines was determined by HPLC. Results. A 14-day chronic alcohol intoxication was accompanied by a significant decrease in the level of methionine and an increase in the level of homocysteine in the blood plasma. The concentration of glutathione increased by 5%. In the intermittent alcohol intoxication IAI-4 group, the homocysteine content also increased, as did the level of homoserine and cystathionine in the IAI-1 group. Conclusions. Сhronic and intermittent alcohol intoxications cause similar violations of the level of sulfur-containing amino acids and their metabolites in the rat blood plasma.

Введение. Опиоидная наркомания, возникшая на фоне предшествующего алкоголизма (или наоборот), – актуальная проблема в клинической практике. Изменения дофаминергической нейромедиации после отмены совместного воздействия этанола и морфина в настоящее время не ясны. Цель. Изучение метаболитов дофаминергической системы в коре больших полушарий, стриатуме и среднем мозге крыс спустя разные сроки отмены 5-суточной морфин-алкогольной интоксикации. Материал и методы. Эксперименты проведены на 43 белых беспородных крысах-самцах. С помощью метода ВЭЖХ определены уровни метаболитов дофаминергической системы после отмены совместного введения морфина и этанола. Результаты и выводы. Выраженность изменений метаболитов дофаминергической системы при морфин-алкогольной абстиненции определяется длительностью и регионом головного мозга. Через одни сутки после отмены введения обоих психоактивных веществ в стриатуме и коре больших полушарий наблюдалось снижение концентрации дофамина. В отдаленные сроки отмены интоксикации морфином и этанолом (третьи, седьмые сутки) были выявлены процессы ускорения оборота дофамина в среднем мозге и снижение концентрации нейромедиатора в стриатуме.

Введение. Растущая индустриализация сопровождается снижением двигательной активности человека, а хронический стресс предрасполагает к употреблению алкоголя. Сочетанное воздействие данных факторов негативно влияет на физиологические и биохимические процессы в организме. Цель. Определить состояние компонентов дофаминергической системы в гипоталамусе и стриатуме крыс при острой алкоголизации на фоне гиподинамии. Материал и методы. Эксперимент проведен на крысах-самцах массой 180-200 г, которых после гиподинамии сроком 7, 14 и 28 суток подвергали острому воздействию этанола (25% раствор) в дозе 3,5 г/кг массы. Содержание компонентов дофаминергической системы определяли методом ВЭЖХ. Результаты. Выявлено снижение активности дофаминергической системы в стриатуме на седьмые сутки гиподинамии с последующей ее активацией при увеличении срока гиподинамии. В гипоталамусе на ранних сроках гиподинамии и при остром воздействии этанола изменения компонентов дофаминергической системы слабо выражены, однако в последующем наблюдалась активация оборота дофамина. Выводы. Сочетанное действие гиподинамии и острого потребления этанола сопровождается изменениями дофаминергической системы, более выраженными в стриатуме, чем в гипоталамусе. В целом острая алкогольная интоксикация на фоне гиподинамии оказывает стимулирующий эффект на медиаторы дофаминергической системы в гипоталамусе и стриатуме только на длительных сроках гиподинамии (28 суток).

Background. The growth of industrialization is accompanied by a decrease in human motor activity, and chronic stress increases the risk of alcoholism. The combination of these factors has a negative effect on the physiological and biochemical processes in the body. Purpose of work. To determine the state of the components of the dopaminergic system in the hypothalamus and striatum of rats during acute alcoholization against the background of hypodynamia. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on male rats weighing 180-200 g, which, after hypodynamia for a period of 7, 14 and 28 days, were once injected with 25% alcohol at a dose of 3.5 g / kg. The content of the components of the dopaminergic system was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results. The striatum is characterized by a decrease in the activity of the dopaminergic system on the 7th day of hypodynamia, followed by its activation with an increase in the period of immobilization to 28 days. In the hypothalamus in the early stages of hypodynamia with subsequent OAI, the changes are poorly expressed, however, on the 28th day, dopamine turnover is activated. Conclusions. The combined effect of acute alcohol intoxication and hypodynamia leads to more pronounced changes in the dopaminergic system in the striatum than in the hypothalamus. Acute alcohol intoxication has a stimulating effect on the dopaminergic system of the hypothalamus and striatum only for long periods of hypodynamia (28 days).

Background. Opioid addiction, which has arisen against the background of previous alcoholism (or vice versa), is an urgent problem in clinical practice. The change in dopaminergic neuromediation after the withdrawal of the combined effect of ethanol and morphine is currently not clear what was the goal for our study. Purpose. Study of metabolites of the dopaminergic system in the cerebral cortex, striatum and midbrain of rats after different periods of withdrawal of 5-day morphine-alcohol intoxication. Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on 43 white outbred male rats. Using the HPLC method, the levels of metabolites of the dopaminergic system were determined after the withdrawal of the combined administration of morphine and ethanol. Results and conclusions. The severity of changes in metabolites of the dopaminergic system during morphinealcohol withdrawal is determined by the duration and region of the brain. One day after the withdrawal of both psychoactive substances in the striatum and cerebral cortex, a decrease in the concentration of dopamine was observed. In the long-term periods of abolition of intoxication with morphine and ethanol (3, 7 days), the processes of acceleration of dopamine turnover in the midbrain and a decrease in the concentration of the neurotransmitter in the striatum were revealed.

We investigated the levels of biogenic monoamines and their metabolites in the rat hypothalamus, midbrain and cerebellum in acute complex intoxication with morphine and alcohol. The distinctive features of neurotransmitter disorders in various parts of the rat brain under a single exposure to ethanol and morphine, as well as the differences between acute morphine-alcohol and alcohol-morphine intoxication were established. Complex intoxication with alcohol and morphine resulted in signs of dopamine consumption only in the hypothalamus, regardless of the order of alcohol and morphine administration. Under conditions of alcohol-morphine intoxication an increase in the level of metabolites of the serotonergic system was noted in the investigated parts of the brain. In the midbrain and cerebellum the manifestation of combined action of ethanol and morphine is mainly determined by the effect of the last of the administered substances. There are features of changes in the indices of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in these experimental conditions, confirmed by the processes of dopamine catabolism and a decrease in the norepinephrine and serotonin concentration in the hypothalamus, which are not observed under individual action of ethanol and morphine.

Recently, there have been more and more indications of alcoholic pathology burdened by drug use and vice versa. It is evident that the dopamine system plays an important role in the development of addiction when using drugs and alcohol. Experimentally, the long-term combined effect of psychoactive substances on neuromendatory changes in the dopaminergic system in the brain is poorly understood and requires more detailed consideration.The aim of the study was to examine the changes in the dopaminergic system in the hypothalamus and midbrain of rats during chronic alcohol intoxication, as well as a complex administration of morphine and ethanol.The experiments were carried out on white outbred male rats. Using the HPLC method, the levels of dopamine and its metabolites were determined in the regions of the brain during chronic alcohol intoxication, as well as with a combined administration of morphine and ethanol with various durations (7, 14 and 21 days).Chronic alcohol intoxication led to the signs of acceleration of the dopamine turnover only in the hypothalamus on the 7th and 14th days and its accumulation during three weeks of alcoholization. In the midbrain, a decrease in the concentration of the neurotransmitter was revealed when ethanol was injected for 7 days. Co-administration of surfactants was accompanied by slightly different changes: complex 7- and 21-day alcohol-morphine intoxication is accompanied by the dopamine accumulation in the hypothalamus and the decrease in the neurotransmitter turnover in the midbrain on the 14th and 21st days.

Background. Cases of combined consumption of surfactants (alcohol and opiates) in both the adult population and adolescents are quite common at present. An important role in the functional activity of the central nervous system is played by neuroactive amino acids, the level of which changes under the influence of psychotropic substances.Purpose. To study the content of neuroactive amino acids in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, midbrain and cerebellum in acute alcohol and morphine intoxication, as well as the complex administration of these substances.Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on white outbred male rats. Using the HPLC method in different parts of the brain, the levels of neurogenic amino acids were determined in acute alcohol and morphine intoxication, as well as their complex administration in different sections.Results. Acute complex morphine-alcohol intoxication is accompanied by manifestation of excitation processes in the striatum and hypothalamus, as well as inhibition in the midbrain. Alcohol-morphine intoxication leads to an increase in the content of GABA in all brain regions studied except the hypothalamus.Conclusion. Morphine-alcohol intoxication is accompanied by a decrease in the glycine content in the striatum, as well as an increase in its concentration in the midbrain and the level of glutamate in the hypothalamus. Alcohol-morphine intoxication leads to an increase in GABA levels in the cerebral cortex, striatum, midbrain and cerebellum.

The aim of the study was to establish the effect of experimental chronic circulatory failure on the levels of biogenic monoamines, their precursors, and their metabolites in rat brain structures. Thirteen weeks after experimental narrowing of the abdominal aorta to 1 or 0.7 mm, the levels of biogenic monoamines, their precursors, metabolites, kynurenine, and kynurenic acid were measured by reverse phase HPLC in rat brain structures. It was found that circulatory failure is accompanied by a decrease in the synthesis and functional activity of a mediator in the serotonergic system, which was evaluated using the level of the final metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. In the cerebral hemispheres, this may be partially related to deficiency of the precursor. The activation of kynurenic acid synthesis in the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem is also likely. Changes in the indices that characterize central catecholaminergic systems were less pronounced.

Conclusions. There are central and peripheral metabolic mechanisms of formation of morphine intoxication. The received data have important practical value and contribute significantly to understanding biological mechanisms of formation of this disease. These results can be theoretical justification for elaboration of methods of effective diagnostics and treatment of morphine addiction.

Исследовано состояние основных нейромедиаторных систем головного мозга крыс при хронической и прерывистой алкогольной интоксикации, а также в условиях коррекции последней препаратами аминокислот. Выявлены нарушения нейромедиации в коре больших полушарий и полосатом теле экспериментальных животных на фоне непрерывного введения этанола и при различных вариантах прерывистой алкогольной интоксикации (ПАИ-1 и ПАИ-4). Введение крысам аминокислотой композиции Тритарг (внутрижелудочно в дозе 175 мг/кг 2 раза в сутки 3 дня 2 цикла) сопровождалось нормализацией содержания норадреналина в ткани полосатого тела, а введение Титацина (внутрижелудочно 250 мг/кг 2 раза в сутки 3 дня 2 цикла) приводило к снижению уровня аспартата, увеличенного при ПАИ-4, в данном отделе головного мозга.

The pool of key neuromediators and some neurotransmitter amino acids has been investigated in cerebellum, hypothalamus, and midbrain of rats exposed to chronic and different variants of intermittent alcohol intoxication. The most pronounced changes have been found in midbrain. Chronic alcohol intoxication (CAI) caused an increase in the concentrations of tyrosine, dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), noradrenaline, tryptophan, serotonin, GABA, and aspartate in this part of the rat brain. Intermittent alcohol intoxication with 4 days interval (IAI-4) was accompanied by an increase in the content of tyrosine, and noradrenaline. Intermittent alcohol intoxication with 1 day interval (IAI-1) resulted in the increase in the concentrations of tyrosine, DOPAC, noradrenalin, tryptophan, GABA, glycine, and aspartate. The effect of the amino acid compositions Titacin and Tritarg has been studied for the first time under conditions of IAI. The amino acids composition Titacin had a pronounced normalizing effect in the midbrain of rats with IAI-1. The results of this study can serve as a basis for further development of new approaches for treatment of alcoholism.

Background. In narcological practice, the problem of opioid dependence complicated by alcoholism occupies one of the main positions among serious diseases. Purpose. To study the parameters of dopaminergic and serotonergic systems in the cerebral cortex and the striatum of the rat brain with a single comprehensive administration of morphine hydrochloride and ethanol. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on male rats. The following groups were formed: the controls, those with acute alcohol intoxication, those with acute morphine intoxication, those receiving morphine followed by ethanol administration 12 hours later, those receiving ethanol followed by morphine administration 12 hours later. Results. A joint single administration of ethanol and morphine led to changes in the serotonin system in the cerebral cortex and in the striatum. To a lesser extent these combinations of psychoactive substances influenced on the changes in the dopamine system in the studied brain regions. Conclusions. The combined use of surfactants can lead to unpredictable metabolic changes in the central nervous system.

Background. Assessment of students' knowledge is one of the key tasks of any educational system. The aim of the study is to identify the significance of testing in a multipurpose system of means of assessing students' knowledge. Material and methods. Statistic analysis of the relationship of the results of computer testing, the examination score and the average annual score. Results. A positive correlation was revealed between all pairs of the compared indicators. For students of the Faculty of General Medicine high strength of relationship was noted for the average annual score ↔ examination score and testing ↔ examination score. For students of the Medical Faculty for International Students, the tendencies of interdependence of the indicators are similar, the strength of relationship is less pronounced. Conclusions. Computer testing should be used in complex with other tools of assessment of academic achievements.