Background It is important to use odor threshold and odor identification (OI) tests to evaluate children's olfactory function. However, there is a lack of Chinese normative data obtained in a large sample for these tests. Objective The purpose of this study was to provide normative data for Chinese children regarding olfactory threshold (OT) and OI tests, as well as combined scores, which help clinicians distinguish between normosmia and dysfunction in clinical diagnosis. Methods Olfactory testing was conducted using the “Sniffin’ Sticks” OT test and the 12-item “U-Sniff” OI test; TI score was calculated as the sum of OT and OI scores. The data were collected from 450 children between the age of 5 and 17 years. In line with previous studies, participants were divided into subgroups regarding their age: (1) 5-8 years, (2) 9-11 years, and (3) 12-17 years. Results Normative data for OT, OI, and TI score were established across different age groups. Age was found to have a significant impact on OT, OI, and TI performance. Elder children achieved higher scores compared to younger children ( P < 0.001 for all). Conclusion This study offers normative data for evaluating the sense of smell in Chinese children using both the OT and OI tests. These tests can help differentiate between a normal sense of smell and dysfunction. Combining these two tests can provide a comprehensive evaluation of the olfactory function in children.

PURPOSE:Isolated congenital anosmia (ICA) is a relatively rare condition characterized by a complete lack of olfactory perception dating from birth or early childhood. Congenital deficits in sensory systems appear to have distinct effects on brain function and nervous system pathway, but little is known about ICA. The study aims to explore the neural basis of ICA through measuring brain activation in response to olfactory stimuli and cerebral processing in patients with ICA. METHODS:Retrospective review of medical records of 11 ICA patients from two smell and taste centers. All patients who were diagnosed ICA thorough interview and medical investigation. We used olfactory pathway magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate the structural change of olfactory system, and functional MRI (fMRI) to observe the brain's response to pleasant and unpleasant olfactory stimuli (phenethyl alcohol and isovaleric acid) in 11 patients with ICA and 11 age- and sex-matched controls. Additionally, we measured EEG signals using olfactory and trigeminal event-related potentials (oERP and tERP) in response to phenethyl alcohol and CO2 stimuli, respectively. The Sniffin' Sticks test was used to evaluate the participants' subjective olfactory function. RESULTS:ICA patients showed the smaller olfactory bulb and shallower olfactory sulcus than controls. Healthy subjects showed brain activity in multiple regions associated with olfactory processing. Subjects with ICA exhibited reduced or no activation in the olfactory cortex, which is responsible for olfactory processing. Nevertheless, these subjects had activation outside the olfactory cortex, indicating functional compensation. In the case of ICA, oERP was missing in all patients while it was present in all control subjects. tERP was detected in 8 patients with anosmia, and these patients displayed higher amplitude signals in the N1 and P2 waves than the controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Congenital anosmia patients exhibit functional inactivation in the olfactory cortex and neurophysiologic deficits throughout the olfactory pathway. Our findings support the concept of distinct central nervous system abnormalities in ICA.

Objective:To observe and analyze the levels of vitamin D（VD） and their influencing factors in children undergoing adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy. Methods:A total of 147 children who received adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy in our hospital from November 2018 to March 2019 were selected as the experimental groups, gender and age matched 147 healthy children of the same period were selected as the control group. The differences of VD levels between the two groups were compared, the factors affecting VD levels were investigated, and patients with VD deficiency/insufficiency in the experimental groups were followed up postoperatively. Results:The VD levels of the experimental groups were（19.6±6.6） ng/mL and those of the control groups were （22.5±6.5）ng/mL, which was significantly different （P<0.01）. The experimental groups were divided into inflammation groups and Sleeping disorder breathing（SDB）groups. The VD levels of the two groups were （19.1±6.7）ng/mL and （21.9±6.4）ng/mL, which was significantly different （P<0.05）. Regression analysis showed that VD levels were negatively correlated with age, body mass index （BMI）, adenoid hypertrophy, tonsil hypertrophy and Anti-streptolysin O（ASO）levels （P<0.05）. VD values were remeasured one year postoperatively in 23 of 72 children in the VD deficiency/deficiency groups, and there was a statistically significant difference between preoperative and postoperative VD values[（14.3±3.9）ng/mL and （17.1±5.5） ng/mL, respectively, P<0.05]. There was a significant difference in postoperative VD value between the inflammation groups and the SDB groups[ （15.6±5.9） ng/mL and （20.5±2.1） ng/mL, respectively, P<0.05]. Conclusion:Children who underwent adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy had lower VD levels than healthy children.VD levels decreased with increasing age,BMI and ASO values,and associated with the size of adenoid and tonsil. Preoperative VD levels were lower in the inflammation groups, adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy improved VD deficiency/insufficiency status, and postoperative elevation of VD levels was more pronounced in the SDB groups.

BACKGROUND:Vocal fold nodules are a common pediatric voice disorder that can adversely affect both phonation and psychosocial development. Currently, diagnosis primarily relies on invasive laryngoscopy evaluation, which limits routine application in young children. Acoustic analysis offers a promising, noninvasive alternative for identifying and monitoring vocal fold nodules. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC)-derived features for the objective, automated detection of vocal fold nodules in children. METHODS:A total of 100 children were included, comprising 50 patients with laryngoscopically confirmed vocal fold nodules and 50 age-matched controls. Sustained vowel /u/ phonations were analyzed using MFCC-based acoustic extraction. Group differences in MFCC parameters were assessed. Five machine learning models were developed to classify vocal fold nodules, and feature importance was examined using Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP). RESULTS:Children with vocal fold nodules showed significantly lower MFCC-Std and MFCC-Var values, as well as notable changes in MFCC-Min and MFCC-Skew compared with controls. Among the five machine learning algorithms, the XGBoost model demonstrated the highest classification performance, with an area under the curve of 0.7936. SHAP analysis identified MFCC-Var, MFCC-Min, and MFCC-Skew as the most influential features. CONCLUSION:The integration of MFCC-derived acoustic features with an XGBoost classifier enables accurate, noninvasive identification of pediatric vocal fold nodules. These findings support the potential application of voice-based modeling in scalable screening and therapeutic monitoring of pediatric vocal fold nodules. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3:

Background:The clinical features and diagnostic procedures of fungal otitis externa in children have been changed in recent years. This study aimed to summarize and analyze the epidemiological characteristics and evolving trends in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric fungal otitis externa over a period of 8 years. Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on children diagnosed with fungal otitis externa between January 2016 and December 2023. The cohort was assigned into two groups based on visit time: early-visit [2016-2019] and late-visit [2020-2023]. Comparisons were made regarding visit patterns, diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, and etiological characteristics. Results:A higher prevalence was noted in male patients (P<0.001). The incidence peaked between July and October, with a significant increase in the third quarter (July-September) compared to other periods (P<0.001). The early-visit group (849 cases) had a significantly greater number of patients than the late-visit group (528 cases, P=0.001), and children in the early-visit group were younger (P<0.001). In the late-visit group, the diagnostic approach shifted from fungal smears to a combination of otoscopy and microbial culture, along with increased use of triamcinolone acetonide and econazole nitrate cream due to their broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory properties. Conclusions:Fungal otitis externa occurs more frequently in male children, with a seasonal peak during summer. A decline in patient numbers was observed in the late-visit group, and the average age of the affected children was higher. Changes in diagnostic methods have influenced treatment strategies, leading to the increased use of triamcinolone acetonide and econazole nitrate cream.

Pediatric vocal cord nodules and laryngopharyngitis are common childhood voice disorders. Previous studies have shown that novel acoustic indices developed based on Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) demonstrate promising value in assessing hoarseness in adults. We therefore explored the value of these new acoustic parameters in the detection of vowel sounds in pediatric patients with vocal cord nodules and laryngopharyngitis. Study design Cross-sectional study. Methods A total of 100 children aged 3-9 years who underwent fiberoptic laryngoscopy at the Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Capital Center for Children's Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China, between May 2024 and January 2025 were included in the study. The control group comprised children free of laryngeal abnormalities via fiberoptic laryngoscopy. The laryngopharyngitis group included those diagnosed with laryngopharyngitis through fiberoptic laryngoscopy evaluation. The vocal cord nodules group included those diagnosed with vocal cord nodules through fiberoptic laryngoscopy. Clinical histories and vowel samples were collected from all participants. MFCC features, including mean, variance, standard deviation, median, percentiles (25th, 75th), maximum, minimum, skewness, and kurtosis, were computed using the librosa package in Python 3.10. Subsequently, Kruskal-Wallis H tests followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons were performed to identify parameters that significantly discriminated between the vocal cord nodule, normal control, and laryngopharyngitis groups. Result The MFCC-Std and MFCC-Var values in children with vocal cord nodules were significantly lower than those in the control group, while the MFCC-Std and MFCC-Var values in children with laryngopharyngitis were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusion The MFCC-Std and MFCC-Var significantly decreased in children with vocal cord nodules and significantly increased in children with laryngopharyngitis. MFCC-Std and MFCC-Var may serve as potential indicators for screening vocal cord nodules.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy (T&A) in pediatric patients with prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and coagulation factor deficiency. Methods: A prospective study was admitted to the children undergoing T&A at our institution between October 2019 and January 2020, specifically focusing on preoperative coagulation function. Within this group, we identified 5 patients exhibiting prolonged APTT and coagulation factor deficiencies, constituting the experimental group, and 10 patients matched by gender and age with normal blood coagulation function were selected as the control group. Comparative analyses between the two groups were conducted, focusing on surgical duration, intraoperative bleeding volume, duration of hospital stay, and postoperative complications such as active bleeding across the groups. At the six-month postoperative mark, a reassessment of coagulation functions and factor assays was conducted within the experimental group. Results: No statistically significant differences were discovered in terms of surgical duration or bleeding volume when comparing the experimental subgroups with their respective control counterparts. Furthermore, there were no incidences of postoperative active bleeding observed in any of the groups. Notably, postoperative APTT values (32.7 +/- 1.7s) exhibited a significant disparity compared to preoperative levels (43.7 +/- 1.8s, p < 0.01). Coagulation factors demonstrated normalization, evidenced by a significant difference in postoperative Factor XII levels (40.2 +/- 5.4%) compared to preoperative levels (63.1 +/- 5.9%, p < 0.01). Conclusion: Prolonged APTT with FXII factor deficiency does not show a significant bleeding tendency and is not a contraindication for T&A surgery. Post T&A surgery, children with abnormal coagulation function and deficient clotting factors show significant improvement compared to pre-surgery. It is important to consider that chronic inflammation in adenoids and tonsils may contribute to the prolongation of APTT and the manifestation of Factor XII deficiency.

Background Numerous investigations have examined the potential link between allergic rhinitis (AR) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, some studies show no association between the two diseases. The connection between these two conditions remains inconclusive. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analysis exploring the correlation between AR and ADHD. Methods We conducted systematic searches of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ERIC, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL databases, up to the year 2023. Subsequently, we conducted a meta-analysis using R 4.2.2, where we computed the pooled odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval to assess the relationship between AR and ADHD within studies exhibiting similar characteristics. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated by computing the value using the Cochrane Intervention Manual’s guidelines. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted by stratifying the study population according to gender, age, etc. Sensitivity analysis was performed by systematically removing individual studies. Results In this systematic review, we incorporated 12 eligible studies, collectively encompassing a sample size of 530,360 participants. Within the included studies, heterogeneity was observed, and the utilization of a random-effects model demonstrated a noteworthy correlation between children with ADHD and the presence of AR. Similarly, children with AR exhibited a significant correlation with the occurrence of ADHD. We also found some relationships in subgroup analyses. Conclusion A substantial correlation is evident between AR and ADHD in children and adolescents. AR may potentially contribute as a risk factor for the onset of ADHD, and conversely, ADHD may heighten the likelihood of developing AR.

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) is a complex disease in which gene-environment interactions contribute to its pathogenesis. Epigenetic modifications, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of mRNA, play important roles in regulating gene expression in multiple physiological and pathological processes. However, the function of m6A modification in AR and the inflammatory response is poorly understood.MethodsWe used the ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide to induce an AR mouse model. Nasal symptoms, histopathology, and serum cytokines were examined. We performed combined m6A and RNA sequencing to analyze changes in m6A modification profiles. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing qPCR (MeRIP-qPCR) were used to verify differential methylation of mRNAs and the m6A methylation level. Knockdown or inhibition of Alkbh5 in nasal mucosa of mice was mediated by lentiviral infection or IOX1 treatment.ResultsWe showed that m6A was enriched in a group of genes involved in MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, we identified a MAPK pathway involving Map3k8, Erk2, and Nfκb1 that may play a role in the disrupted inflammatory response associated with nasal inflammation. The m6A eraser, Alkbh5, was highly expressed in the nasal mucosa of AR model mice. Furthermore, knockdown of Alkbh5 expression by lentiviral infection resulted in high MAPK pathway activity and a significant nasal mucosa inflammatory response. Our findings indicate that ALKBH5-mediated m6A dysregulation likely contributes to a nasal inflammatory response via the MAPK pathway.ConclusionTogether, our data show that m6A dysregulation mediated by ALKBH5, is likely to contribute to inflammation of the nasal mucosa via the MAPK signaling pathway, suggesting that ALKBH5 is a potential biomarker for AR treatment.

Objective:To assess the presentation of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis（AFRS） in children and the role of long-term comprehensive therapy of endoscopic surgery combined with drug therapy. Methods:The 3 children with AFRS were routinely examined by nasal endoscopy, CT scan, MRI scan and allergen detection before surgery, and mycological and histomathological examination were performed on the secretions in the sinus and the mucosa of the affected sinuses. All the 3 patients underwent endoscopic surgery, preoperative and postoperative treatment with oral and nasal corticosteroid, nasal irrigation, and individualized anti-allergy therapy and immunotherapy. The patients were followed up for 3 to 12 months. Results:All 3 children had nasal polyps and headache, and 2 children had exophthalmos and facial asymmetry. There were typical CT and MRI findings on imaging. Serum total IgE were all elevated, and 2 cases were positive for fungal SIgE. All 3 children underwent endoscopic surgery. Fungal hyphae and spores were found in 1 child, and other fungi tests were positive in another 2 children. Postoperative facial asymmetry was relieved spontaneously, and mucosal swelling and polypoid changes were observed in 2 children. Conclusion:AFRS is a specific type of chronic rhinosinusitis that is not uncommon in children. Early diagnosis, prompt operation, standardized treatment and long-term follow-up are very important in the diagnosis and treatment of AFRS in children.

目的 评估尘螨过敏的过敏性鼻炎患儿进行舌下免疫治疗的短期疗效.方法 回顾性分析2019年至2020年就诊于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科,应用粉尘螨舌下特异性免疫治疗满6个月的患儿,分析其治疗前后的视觉模拟量表评分(VAS)、鼻部总症状评分(TNSS)、总用药评分(TMS)、症状药物联合评分(CSMS).结果 共纳入50例过敏性鼻炎患儿,平均(7.7±2.7)岁.治疗前VAS、TNSS、TMS、CSMS评分分别为(5.5±1.6)分、(5.5±2.2)分、(3.0±0.1)分、(4.3±0.6)分,治疗后6个月上述评分分别为(2.5±1.4)分、(2.2±1.6)分、(0.6±1.1)分、(1.2±1.2)分,治疗后较治疗前各评分均有下降(P＜0.05).结论 粉尘螨舌下免疫治疗对于尘螨过敏性鼻炎的患儿短期疗效较好.

本文报道首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院收治的1例颈深部脓肿患儿的诊疗经过。患儿女，2岁，家长诉“睡眠增多5 d，头痛伴发热4 d”，初诊于神经内科，后经专科查体及影像学检查确诊为颈深部脓肿后转入耳鼻喉科治疗。予经咽后壁脓肿穿刺引流手术联合敏感抗生素抗感染治疗后患儿痊愈出院。儿童颈深部感染有时早期临床表现不典型，易漏诊或误诊。

目的 探讨改良Lund-Kennedy(MLK)鼻内镜评分系统在慢性鼻炎患者评估中的意义.方法 回顾性纳入2019年12月起至2021年2月就诊于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科诊断为慢性鼻炎(包括过敏性鼻炎和非过敏性鼻炎)的患者,记录患者人口学特征、视觉模拟量表评分(VAS)、鼻部总症状评分(TNSS)及MLK评分等.结果 共纳入58例慢性鼻炎患者,包括过敏性鼻炎39例(67.2％),非过敏性鼻炎19例(32.8％);平均年龄(5.8±2.6)岁;女性17例(29.3％),男41例(70.7％).在所有慢性鼻炎患者中MLK与VAS(r=0.33,P=0.01)及TNSS均具有相关性(r=0.34,P=0.01).在过敏性鼻炎患者中,MLK与VAS、TNSS均有相关性(r=0.34、r=0.36,P<0.05);但在非过敏性鼻炎患者中,未观察到MLK与症状评分有相关性.进一步分析发现MLK与鼻塞(r=0.34,P=0.01)、流涕(r=0.34,P=0.01)症状具有相关性,且与鼻塞+流涕总和相关性更强(r=0.41,P=0.00),而与鼻痒、喷嚏症状无明显相关性.结论 MLK鼻内镜评分系统与症状评分有相关性,医生MLK鼻内镜下评分可作为预测慢性鼻炎,包括过敏性鼻炎患儿症状严重程度的一项辅助检查.

目的 提出儿童甲状舌管囊肿分型以及据此选择性保留舌骨的手术方式.方法 在2015年1月～2019年12月46例儿童甲状舌管囊肿手术中,根据瘘管与舌骨的关系分为Ⅰ型(瘘管与舌骨无明显连接)、Ⅱ型(瘘管与舌骨紧密连接但可完整分离)和Ⅲ型(瘘管穿过舌骨).对Ⅰ型1例(2.2％)和Ⅱ型26例(56.5％)行保留舌骨的改良Sistrunk术,对Ⅲ型19例(41.3％)行切除舌骨的传统Sistrunk术.结果 行改良Sistrunk术27例,传统Sistrunk术19例,2组手术时间分别为(60.4±6.5)、(60.5±6.9)min,术中出血量分别为(21.5±7.1)ml、(25.5±6.9)ml,均无并发症发生.2组随访时间分别为(19.4±16.0)、(22.4±17.4)月,复发率分别为3.7％(1/27)、5.3％(1/19).结论 在仔细观察甲状舌管囊肿瘘管走行的基础上,对瘘管未穿舌骨的病例行保留舌骨的改良甲状舌管囊肿切除术是可行的,不增加术后复发率.

上气道咳嗽综合征(upper airway cough syndrome, UACS)是指鼻腔、鼻窦炎性疾病引起鼻分泌物倒流至鼻后和咽喉等部位,直接或间接刺激咳嗽感受器,导致的以咳嗽为主要临床表现的慢性疾病.全国多中心研究表明 UACS 的发病率仅次于咳嗽变异性哮喘(cough variant asthma,CVA),是慢性咳嗽的第二位病因 [1].国外有研究显示,在 3 ～ 8 周的亚急性咳嗽患者中,UACS 患者占 1/3;在大于 8 周的慢性咳嗽患者中,UACS 占 24％ ～ 41％ [2].因此对于以咳嗽为主诉且病程较长的患者特别是儿童患者,应警惕该病的存在.由于 UACS 病因复杂,发病机制尚不明确,为临床诊断、鉴别带来一定困难.目前国内外关于 UACS 的较深入临床研究报道较少.本文通过总结 UACS 的病因、发病机制及诊断鉴别等,以期提高临床医生对本病的认识和诊断思维.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of hypothermic saline application for pediatric coblation tonsillectomy on postoperative pain. Methods: Forty-eight children with adenotonsillar hyperplasia underwent tonsillectomy +/- adenoidectomy. 24 children were in the HTS group (which used hypothermic saline as the coblation medium in operation), the other 24 children with the same age were in the control NTS group (who use normothermic saline as the coblation medium). All children and their parents were asked to complete a daily questionnaire for 7 days following their surgery. Results: Significant differences were observed when comparing the two outlet water temperatures of the coblation wand both at ablation power and at coagulation power (p = 0.000). Children in HTS group got lower scores than those in the NTS group (p < 0.05). No side effects were observed. Conclusions: Using hypothermic normal saline as the media of coblation wand is potential for reduce post-operative pain in pediatric patients while also having no detrimental financial or medical effects on said patients.

目的 探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)伴哮喘患儿睡眠监测的特点.方法 选取2010年1月至2012年10月首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院收治的96例OSAHS患儿,其中伴哮喘的OSAHS组和单纯OSAHS组各48例,对两组的睡眠监测结果进行回顾性分析.结果 OSAHS伴哮喘组在快速眼动睡眠期(rapid-eye movement,REM)的呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index,AHI)为(13.42±6.84)次/h,明显高于非哮喘组[(9.64±7.07)次/h],差异有统计学意义(P=0.010).两组的平均SpO2虽无明显变化,但伴哮喘的OSAHS组Sp02下降最大值[(13.96±4.36)％]明显高于单纯OSHAS组[(10.29±3.93)％],差异有统计学意义(P=0.000).REM期SpO2下降的最大值组间比较差异有统计学意义[(14.29±5.57)％比(10.63±4.47)％,P=0.000];在非快速眼动睡眠期(non-rapid-eye movement,NREM),两组的AHI、SpO2下降最大值组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).中重度OSAHS伴哮喘组比中重度单纯OSAHS组在REM期有更高的AHI[(19.70±8.10)次/h比(12.50±7.12)次/h,P=0.016],轻度OSHAS两组的REM期、NREM期的AHI的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 伴哮喘的OSAHS患儿睡眠事件多发生在REM期,REM期有更高的AHI以及更显著的SpO2下降,使得伴哮喘的OSAHS患儿微觉醒和睡眠片段化增加,REM期睡眠减少,对患儿生长发育有更大危害,应主张积极手术.

雾化吸入是一种药物输送方法,以吸入呼吸道的雾状气溶胶形态给药,广泛用于治疗上、下呼吸道疾病.当代雾化吸入疗法始于19世纪.1858年法国人Sales-Girons发明一种手动施压将药液泵成雾状用于经口吸入的装置.不久后利用文丘里(Venturi)效应的喷雾器问世,这一原理目前仍然广泛使用于现代雾化吸入装置[1,2].20世纪50年代开始,随着超声雾化机及计量吸入喷剂的发明,吸入给药被广泛应用于临床,目前已经成为呼吸道疾病治疗领域重要手段.

Objective This study aimed to assess the visit characteristics of children with acute laryngitis in Beijing and the correlation of the visit characteristics with meteorological parameters and air pollutants. Methods Information pertaining to children with acute laryngitis who were treated at the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) department of Capital Institute of Pediatrics between 2013 and2017, including age, gender, diagnoses, medications, and so on was collected; the visit characteristics of children with acute laryngitis in Beijing during those five years were analyzed, and those characteristics and the meteorological parameters, such as average air temperature, average air pressure, average relative humidity, and average wind speed, as well as major environmental pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, O3) in Beijing during the study period. The SPSS 20.0 statistical package program was used to analyze the data. Results The ENT department of the Capital Institute of Pediatrics treated a total of 3 286 children with acute laryngitis between 2013 and 2017, and the male/female ratio was about 2 ∶ 1; children with acute laryngitis were commonly younger than 4 years of age (69.42％); of those children, those aged 1-2 years accounted for the largest proportion in terms of department visits, and the incidence tended to decrease gradually with age; after the age of 8 years, the incidence plateaued, and the gender differences were not evident. The number of department visits during those five years was 854, 662, 790, 574, and 406, respectively, showing a decreasing trend year by year, which was similar to the decreasing trends of PM2.5 and PM10; however, the seasonal characteristics, peak and valley seasons of department visits, and peak and valley months were all different in those years; there was a significant correlation between the seasonal visits and average PM2.5 and CO (r value: 0.490, 0.547, respectively; P＜ 0.05), but there was no significant correlation between the seasonal visits and meteorological factors (average air temperature, average air pressure, average relative humidity, and average wind speed), as well as the major environmental pollutants (PM10, SO2, NO2, O3); there was also no significant correlation between daily or monthly visits and daily or monthly average values of those parameters. Conclusion Evident age patterns and gender differences were noted among children with acute laryngitis in Beijing, and the incidence tended to decrease gradually with age; there was a significant correlation between the seasonal visits and average PM2.5 and CO.