Objective:To observe the effect of hawthorn red pigment (HRP) on meridian voltage in 20 volunteers over a period of 90 days. Methods:The characteristic absorption peak of HRP was determined by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy full-wavelength absorption analysis scanning, and its solution particle size was measured by Nano-ZS Malvern laser particle size analyzer. Volunteers were required to take a 100 mL HRP solution containing 4.0 g hawthorn powder three times a day after meals. The measurement time for meridian surface voltage was from 09:00 to 11:00 after breakfast, with the first administration at 09:30. Results:HRP had a characteristic absorption peak at 280 nm, and the average particle size was 137.03 ± 1.44 nm. Among the five volunteers who completed the experiment, the spleen meridian had the most significant decompression effect, with the initial voltage dropping from 14.11 to -7.25 mV on the seventh day (p < 0.05). In addition, the heart meridian voltage gained the most within 90 min, reaching 18.55 mV on the 28th day (p < 0.05), while the pericardium meridian had the greatest loss, with the maximum being 9.24 mV on the 28th day (p < 0.05) and 9.36 mV on the 90th day (p < 0.05). Conclusion:HRP has the effects of activating the heart meridian, boosting the mind, and relieving the pressure of the pericardium meridian. Regular consumption can reduce the stress on the liver, spleen, and kidney meridians, especially with a significant improvement in the spleen meridian within 28 days. This finding is consistent with the traditional efficacy of hawthorn in strengthening the spleen.

Background: It is widely accepted that the inevitable leakage of electrons from mitochondria during respiratory metabolism is managed intracellularly through a complex cascade involving the conversion and transport of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant mechanisms. However, considering that electrons can travel through various media, including biomacromolecules, do leaked electrons from the electron transport chain necessarily undergo complicated intracellular disposal processes? Here, we demonstrate that leaked electrons may actually be transported out of the cell. Methods: By expressing circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein (cpYFP), a superoxide indicator, at the microtubules, actin, and integrin of human embryonic lung fibroblasts. Results: All three corresponding transgenic strains emitted fluorescent light, illuminating an ROS pathway from mitochondria to the outer cell membrane. The fluorescent intensity was positively correlated with mitochondrial superoxide content and aerobic respiratory intensity but was independent of cytosolic ROS levels. Conclusion: These results suggest that leaked electrons are transported out of the cell in their electron form. We anticipate that our findings will serve as a starting point for revising the understanding of ROS generation and homeostasis, implicating various physiological and pathological processes.

香辛料可以改善食品品质、色泽、风味和滋味,同时有多种保健功能,可用于散寒、除湿、疏通经络等.本研究目的为以性味甘、温的甘草、桂皮和生姜为原材料,研制一款可口且能作用于经络的天然香辛料饮料.饮料配方通过6～8人组成的感官小组进行感官评价来确定.对经络的作用通过观察受试者经络电压的变化来确定.结果表明,当甘草0 mg/mL、桂皮1.5mg/mL、生姜0.5 mg/mL时,该香辛料组合饮料感官评价效果最佳.经络电压测量表明,7种香辛料组合(甘草、桂皮、生姜、甘草-桂皮、甘草-生姜、生姜-桂皮、甘草-生姜-桂皮)中生姜-桂皮组对人体经络电压作用最为突出,能够大幅度提高肝经、脾经和肾经的经络电压,显示对肝经、脾经和肾经具有特殊的作用.

Instant rice with added coarse grain (IR/CG) is a new type of coarse grain product which is self-heating and convenient to eat and has the nutritional value of coarse grains. However, its health effects are not clear yet. Therefore, in this study, the effect of IR/CG on glucose and lipid metabolism was explored in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induced by high fat diet (HFD) combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The mice were fed on HFD alone (model), its mixture with IR/CG in different ratios: 25% (low-dose IR/CG, IR/CG-L), 50% (medium-dose IR/CG, IR/CG-M), and 75% (high-dose IR/CG, IR/CG-H), IR/CG alone, or a basal diet (control). During the dietary intervention, the body mass, fasting blood glucose, food intake and glucose tolerance of the mice were measured. After the IR/CG intervention for four weeks, the organ coefficients were calculated, and the pathological changes in liver and pancreas tissues were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Fasting insulin levels, blood glucose and lipid levels, and proinflammatory cytokines levels were determined. The experimental results showed that dietary supplementation of IR/CG improved blood glucose and lipid levels in T2DM mice to different extents, and this effect was more prominent in the IR/CG-H and IR/CG groups. In addition, IR/CG-H and IR/CG significantly mitigated insulin resistance, decreased insulin secretion, glucagon and HbA1c levels, and reduced oxidative stress injury and inflammatory cytokine levels in T2DM mice. By analyzing the organ index and pathological sections of liver and pancreas tissues, it was found that IR/CG intervention could effectively alleviate liver steatosis and partially restore the structure of the pancreatic islets in mice. Therefore, the substitution of high-fat diet by IR/CG has a significant effect on regulating blood glucose and lipids in T2DM mice, which can provide a theoretical basis for the development of self-heating rice products and functional foods with coarse-grain.

The chitosan-coated alginate gel particles (CS/SA) and chitosan-coated alginate-shellac gel particles (CS/SA/Lac) were constructed to serve as a potential oral delivery system to enhance the stability and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in this study. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), enzyme activity retention ratio (ER), particle structure, and SOD release behavior, as well as the effect of shellac, were evaluated. The best formula is determined by the percentage of total effective activity (PTEA).The results showed that CS/SA prepared by 0.30 parts per thousand chitosan, 1.00% CaCl2, 2.00% sodium alginate (M/G = 1:1, Mw: 38,857 kDa), and gelation solution pH 5.50 had the best chitosan shell, the strongest gel structure and the maximum PTEA which was 10.75 +/- 1.45%. Based on the optimal formula, addition of shellac that formed shellac-Ca2+ microspheres in the gel network was averse to SOD encapsulation, but it significantly improved the stability of SOD in gastric conditions. By adding 15.00% shellac, the PTEA reached 16.30 +/- 1.64%. At optimal formulation, SOD encapsulated in CS/SA was completely released in the stimulated intestinal fluid and accumulative release enzyme activity (EA) was 966.62 +/- 103.75 (U) after 6 h. However, the CS/SA/Lac with a low swelling ratio only released SOD in stimulated colonic fluid and the EA value reached 1692.28 +/- 101.82 (U) after 1 h. These findings demonstrated that CS/SA and CS/SA/Lac were excellent candidates for SOD oral administration, which was useful in the food and biomedical industries for developing functional products containing SOD.

Oxidative stress is generally considered inseparable from the development and exacerbation of ulcerative colitis (UC). Therefore, reducing oxidative stress has become a possible way to alleviate UC. In this study, the therapeutic effects of different doses of liposome-embedded superoxide dismutase (L-SOD) on mice with DSS-induced UC were systematically investigated. The results showed that L-SOD significantly attenuated the signs of colitis in mice, including colonic shortening, diarrhoea, bloody stools, and histopathological changes. L-SOD ameliorated DSS-induced oxidative damage, increased SOD, catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) activities, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In addition, L-SOD ameliorated the inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines and protected barrier function by promoting the expression of the tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 in the colon. Importantly, the results demonstrated a bell-shaped distribution of therapeutic effects relative to the administered dose, with an optimal dose of 150 000 U kg-1. These results indicate that L-SOD has great potential as an ingredient in functional foods for the prevention and mitigation of UC.

溃疡性结肠炎(UC)是一种特发性肠道疾病,发病率不断上升,且治疗药物都存在不同程度的副作用.研究发现胶原蛋白肽可缓解UC症状,并且安全、健康.然而,目前研究主要局限于UC的预防作用,缺少对其治疗作用的研究.鳗鱼皮富含胶原蛋白,而鳗鱼头一般在加工中被丢弃,造成资源浪费,目 前缺少对鳗鱼皮胶原蛋白水解物的研究.本研究尝试利用鳗鱼头中的鱼皮提取胶原蛋白并进行水解,希望得到对UC具有治疗作用的鳗鱼皮胶原蛋白水解物(CH),提高鳗鱼加工副产物的利用价值.研究发现鳗鱼皮所含胶原蛋白丰富,占鱼皮湿重的27.87％,纯度较高且主要为Ⅰ型胶原蛋白,可作为胶原蛋白的优质来源.对胶原蛋白进行酶解,得到具有抗氧化活性的CH,并给药UC模型小鼠,结果显示:与阳性对照和模型组相比,CH可以安全健康地降低UC模型小鼠的DAI评分至0,并改善结肠状态;结肠组织病理切片表明CH可以恢复黏膜上皮完整性,减轻炎性细胞浸润;结肠组织氧化应激指标表明CH可以降低结肠组织MDA含量(0.75 nmol/mg pro)和MPO活性(0.11U/g tissue),并通过提高 GSH 含量(22.92 umol/g pro)和 SOD(693.61 U/g pro)、CAT(1.69 U/g pro)、GPx(141.29 U/g pro)3种抗氧化酶活性来提高结肠组织抗氧化能力,降低氧化应激水平,从而治疗UC.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme found in most food sources, might be a candidate to reduce oxidative damage to intestinal barrier, thereby ameliorating the vicious circle between hyperglycemia and the oxidative damage. Here we report the oral administration of SOD, liposome-embedded SOD (L-SOD), and SOD hydrolysate to type 2 diabetic model rats to confirm this hypothesis. Oxidative damage severity in model rat intestine was indicated by malondialdehyde level, GSSG/GSH ratio, and antioxidant enzyme activity. The damage was significantly repaired by L-SOD. Furthermore, blood glucose and related indexes correlated well not only with oxidative damage results but also with indexes indicating physical intestinal damage such as colon density, H&E staining, immunohistochemical analysis of the tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 in the colon, as well as lipopolysaccharide and related inflammatory cytokine levels. The order of the magnitude of the effects of these SOD preparations was L-SOD > SOD > SOD hydrolysate. These data indicate that orally administered SOD can exhibit glucose-lowering effect via targeting the intestine of diabetic rats and systemic lipopolysaccharide influx.

利用基因工程技术将人源Cu,Zn-SOD与EC-SOD的C末端肝素结合结构域(HBD)的编码序列进行密码子优化并人工合成,然后电转化至毕赤酵母进行表达.单因素实验表明,与现有研究的一些重组EC-SOD相比,其比活力提高了1.30～3.78倍.正交分析得最佳摇瓶条件为诱导时间为5 d,初始pH值为5.2,诱导剂量的体积分数为1.0％,酶活可达1120.2 U?mL-1,是初始酶活的2.94倍;这些结果表明,SOD-HBD融合蛋白在一定程度上解决了重组EC-SOD表达量低的问题,为重组EC-SOD蛋白的推广与应用提供重要的物质基础条件.

为使气调包装卤鸡爪得到较长的货架期,以菌落总数为指标,通过单因素试验,研究卤煮后鸡爪冷却温度、包装环境温湿度对成品货架期的影响.同时,以菌落总数结合感官评分为指标,通过单因素试验,研究包装前紫外杀菌对卤鸡爪货架期和感官风味的影响.结果表明:为降低成品储存期菌落总数,延长货架期,卤煮后鸡爪应冷却至10℃以下,包装间温度应低于10℃、湿度应低于55％R H.包装前卤鸡爪进行紫外杀菌能使未紫外杀菌产品的货架期从小于12 d延长至14 d,且不影响产品的感官风味.研究结论亦可用于指导非后杀菌酱卤肉制品的生产,特别对延长中央厨房熟肉制品货架期的生产过程控制有重要的参考价值.

It has been revealed that numerous nanoparticles are formed during the boiling preparation of traditional Chinese medical decoctions and culinary soups. They may possess physiological effects different from those of constituent components and are worth paying attention to but are barely noticed and investigated as of yet. In this study, six groups of nanoparticles, whose size ranged from 57 to 300 nm, were successfully isolated from the decoction of Isatis indigotica Fort. root, according to their particle size by the means of size-exclusive chromatography. All of the obtained nanoparticles have a high content of polysaccharides, which distinguishes them from the disclosed BLG protein nanoparticles. They also have high similarities in other compositions, surface charge, and stimuli responses. However, four out of these six nanoparticles (F2, F3, F4, and F5) exhibited significant antiviral activity against influenza virus H1N1, and their antiviral activities and cytotoxicity towards MDCK cells varied with their sizes. It suggested that the antiviral efficacy of BLG decoction could also be from its nanoparticles besides its well-known antiviral phytochemicals. It also implied that the biological effects of these polysaccharide nanoparticles, including cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, may be correlative with the physicochemical properties, especially the particle size.

为研究蛹虫草整株粉、子实体粉和菌丝体粉的抗氧化性及其对经络体表电位的影响,测定了3种蛹虫草粉的DPPH自由基清除能力和氧自由基清除能力(ORAC).召集40名健康志愿者按随机数字表法分为4组,空白组饮用100 mL蒸馏水,蛹虫草整株粉组、子实体粉组、菌丝体粉组各取相应粉末10 g冲泡于100 mL的蒸馏中饮用.选取志愿者同一条经络上的合穴和原穴作为经络体表电位的测量点,均以合穴为正极,原穴为负极,记录服用过程中经络体表电位的变化.蛹虫草整株粉、子实体粉和菌丝体粉的DPPH自由基清除能力值分别是(25.97±1.39)、(14.34±1.68)、(19.56±0.80)μmol/g(以Trolox质量计);ORAC值分别是(16.85±1.13)、(6.21±0.76)、(10.39±0.88)μmol/g(以Trolox质量计).蛹虫草整株粉可以降低肺经、胃经、脾经、肾经、心包经、胆经和肝经的体表电位,提高小肠经的体表电位;子实体粉可以降低脾经和肾经的体表电位,提高小肠经的体表电位;菌丝体粉可以降低肾经和大肠经的体表电位,提高胃经、心包经和胆经的体表电位.抗氧化能力由高到低依次为蛹虫草整株粉、菌丝体粉和子实体粉,3种蛹虫草粉都能特异性的影响人体的经络体表电位.研究结果旨在为评价不同蛹虫草部位对人体的功效差异提供一定参考.

目的 研究铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo)的体外抗氧化活性及通过测量经络电压探索铁皮石斛的归经作用.方法 测定铁皮石斛汤剂的氧化还原电位值、pH值、总抗氧化能力.召集20名健康志愿者按随机数字表法分为2组,试验组(服用铁皮石斛汤剂,8g铁皮石斛粉冲泡于80 mL水中),对照组(饮用等量水),每组10名.服用药物前后进行人体经络电压的测量,选取12条经络上(肺经、肝经、脾经、肾经、胃经、心经、大肠经、胆经、心包经、三焦经、小肠经、膀胱经)的合穴和原穴作为经络电压的测量点,均以合穴为正极,原穴为负极,记录经络电压的变化.结果 通过pH的测定结果可以看出铁皮石斛呈现弱酸性.与蒸馏水比较,铁皮石斛氧化还原电位降低,抗氧化能力及总抗氧化能力升高(P＜0.01).在经络电压测定中,与对照组比较,试验组大肠经、胆经、心包经、三焦经、小肠经和膀胱经的电压升高,肺经、肝经、脾经、肾经、胃经和心经的电压则无显著变化.结论 铁皮石斛对可以显著增加大肠经、胆经、心包经、三焦经、小肠经和膀胱经所属的六腑经络的电压,对肺经、肝经、脾经、肾经、胃经和心经所属的五脏经络的电压则无显著作用.经络电压的变化规律与铁皮石斛的抗氧化性具有一定的关联.

根据中国古代的经络医学发展历史和现代经络学研究的结果,本文提出了关于经络的五个假说,并尝试解释经络的生物学起源、经络的主要作用、经络的生物分子组成、经络在人体内的位置、古代中医发现人体经络的过程以及针灸的治病原理等,籍此希望对进一步应用科学手段研究经络的物质基础有所帮助.

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是生物体内产生的一种主要抗氧化酶,能够针对性清除呼吸代谢产生的超氧阴离子自由基.牛奶中自身含有SOD,SOD也被作为食品添加剂加入乳制品中,用于提高产品的抗氧化性,具有保健的作用.为了研究SOD强化奶片的抗氧化性,以及从对人体经络电压作用的角度研究其功能,对奶片(1.00 g奶粉)和SOD强化奶片(0.99 g奶粉+0.01 g 2.53×106 U/g SOD酶)分别进行氧化-还原电位(ORP)、DPPH自由基清除能力、SOD活力检测.召集20名健康志愿者,随机分为两组进行双盲试验,奶片组合服1片奶片,SOD强化奶片组则含服1片SOD强化奶片.实时记录志愿者左侧12条经络,并且在监测的第25 min开始含服,含服前、后一共记录85 min.实验结果显示,与奶片相比,SOD强化奶片的SOD活性和还原性(ORP值降低)显著增加,在质量浓度为1.250 mg/mL与1.562 mg/mL时,可增加对DPPH自由基的清除率,在3.125 mg/mL时则降低对DPPH自由基的清除率.经络电压监测结果显示:针对肺经和胆经经络电压,奶片没有影响,而SOD强化奶片有影响;针对大肠经、脾经、小肠经、膀胱经、三焦经和肝经经络电压,奶片有影响,SOD强化奶片的影响更强;针对胃经、心经、肾经和心包经经络电压,奶片和SOD强化奶片都有一定的影响,且作用相似.

Red yeast rice is a traditional Chinese medicine and food that has been purported to color food, ferment, and lower cholesterol. In order to study the antioxidative capacity of red yeast rice and the effects on electrical potential difference (EPD) of 12 acupuncture meridians, the pH value, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), ABTS, FRAP, T-SOD, and particle size distribution of red yeast rice were analyzed. 20 volunteers were recruited and randomly divided into two groups, the red yeast rice group (10 g red yeast rice and 40 g water) and control CK group (50 g water). The left 12 acupuncture meridians' EPD was real-time monitored. Samples were taken at the 10th minutes. The whole procedure continued for 70 minutes. It is shown that the pH value of the red yeast rice was 4.22, the ORP was 359.63 mV, the ABTS was 0.48 mmol Trolox, the FRAP was 0.08 mmol FeSO4, the T-SOD was 4.71 U, and the average particle size was 108 nm (7.1%) and 398.1 nm (92.9%). The results of 12 acupuncture meridians' EPD showed that the red yeast rice can significantly affect the EPD of stomach, heart, small intestine, and liver meridians.

Abstract In order to elucidate the substantial effect and underlying mechanism of endogenous collagen on the texture development of fish balls, the structural and gelling properties of eel muscle collagen (EMC) under different heat treatments, as well as their effects on texture of eel ball, were investigated. EMC resulted in significant improvement of eel ball texture via gelling ability, filler effect, and interaction with starch. Under mild heating below 90°C for 30 min, the structural and physicochemical changes of EMC varied gradually, resulting in improved storage modulus of starch‐containing myofibrillar gel, a mimic of eel ball. However, overheating (100°C, 30 min) induced EMC degradation and significantly decreased the gel formation and the improvements in textural properties. Supplementation of EMC to eel balls significantly improved its gel strength, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness, as well as uniformity and tightness of the microstructure. These results suggest the texture development of eel ball can be regulated by heat‐induced structural changes, as well as structure–function relationship of collagen, compared with previous studies on myofibrillar proteins and exogenous gelatin; and they may provide texture‐related insights to the quality control of fish balls and diverse heat‐treated products of surimi containing collagen.

桦褐孔菌,常称为白桦茸,又叫作西伯利亚灵芝,是一种具有良好的抗氧化功效的保健食品.为了研究桦褐孔菌的抗氧化性和归经作用,测定桦褐孔菌水提粉的SOD活力、总抗氧化力和氧化还原电位值.召集30名志愿者并分为两组,分别服用桦褐孔菌水提粉制备的菌汤和添加SOD蛋白的菌汤,志愿者每日服用100 mL,连续服用24 d,记录左、右两侧的24条经络电压的变化.试验结果表明:桦褐孔菌水提粉有很强的抗氧化性,当志愿者服用桦褐孔菌粉和SOD桦褐孔菌粉24 d后,能够显著提高心经、心包经和肺经电压,而且添加SOD蛋白的桦褐孔菌粉能够显著提高脾经、膀胱经、肝经的电压.以上结果与已报道的桦褐孔菌的功效描述基本吻合.

自由基是带有不配对电子的基团,有研究表明体内自由基水平的改变会导致体内生物电发生变化,并能在体表电生理信号(经络穴位电压值)中得以体现.本研究选取正山小种红茶茶汤作为研究对象,测定正山小种茶汤氧化还原电位值、ORAC值,并与茶汤含量相同的茶多酚和茶多糖标准溶液相关数据作比较.跟踪记录30名志愿者饮用4种受试溶液前、后90 min内的体表电生理信号.结果显示:受试者饮用茶汤及茶多酚、茶多糖溶液,体表电生理信号均出现明显变化,且饮用这3种样品造成的体表电生理信号的变化规律存在显著差异,表明这3种受试溶液在体内的抗氧化强度、归经及机制上都存在显著差异.体表电生理信号测定有望成为一个快速、直接反映食物-人体相互作用的新方法,并为食物有效成分的研究提供新的手段.