Background Empathy is a cornerstone of high-quality oncology care. Newly graduated nurses undergo a critical transition from students to registered professionals, a period requiring them to simultaneously adapt to intense clinical workflows, master communication skills, and navigate the profound suffering of patients with cancer. However, the dynamic process of how empathy evolves and differentiates into distinct typological patterns during early oncology practice remains poorly understood. This study aimed to delineate the developmental stages of empathy among newly graduated oncology nurses, identify their distinct empathy archetypes, and analyze the underlying factors driving pattern formation. Methods A qualitative descriptive design was adopted. Using purposive maximum-variation sampling, semi-structured face-to-face interviews were conducted between May and June 2026 with 25 newly graduated nurses within their first 3 to 24 months of employment at Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital. Interview data were analyzed via inductive content analysis using NVivo 12.0 software. Demographic and occupational data were integrated into case matrices to support empathy pattern interpretation. This study strictly adhered to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines to ensure scientific rigor. Results Empathy development among newly graduated oncology nurses evolved through four sequential phases: Task-Oriented Clinical Adaptation, Clinical Trigger-Emotional Awakening, Active Learning-Interactive Tentative, and Boundary Integration-Pattern Differentiation. Consequently, four distinct empathy patterns were identified: Rational-Balanced Mature Empathy, Emotionally Sensitive Companionship-Expression, Efficiency-Oriented Problem-Solving, and Distanced Self-Protection. These patterns exhibited distinct behavioral profiles, corresponding to unique professional strengths, underlying risks, and tailored managerial needs. The formation and typological differentiation of these patterns were collectively driven by exposure to patient suffering, role modeling by preceptors and nurse managers, workload pressures, department climates, empathetic communication training, and personal experiences of caring for ill relatives. Conclusions Empathy development in newly graduated oncology nurses does not follow a linear trajectory; instead, it evolves dynamically through professional adaptation, encounters with suffering, interactional learning, and boundary integration, eventually differentiating into diverse patterns. Nurse managers should transition from uniform training to a precise approach that is stage-specific, pattern-tailored, and boundary-focused. These findings provide critical benchmarks for the early identification of emotional exhaustion risks, the development of stratified training, and the strategic allocation of human resources within oncology nursing services.

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aims to identify and synthesize current evidence on perceived barriers and enablers of implementing spiritual care in palliative care to end-of-life patients using the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). METHODS: Reviewer screened records identified from six electronic databases—PubMed, Embase, CLNAHL, Web of Science, ProQuest and Cochrane library-and published before July 2025. Qualitative and quantitative records reporting data on the perspectives of patients, and healthcare providers towards implementing Spiritual Care at the end of life were included. Using a mixed methods appraisal tool, the quality of the included studies was assessed. Barriers and enablers were identified and then coded into domains of the theoretical domains framework (TDF) using a combination of deductive and inductive qualitative analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies were included 13 quantitative, 7 qualitative and 7mixed-method studies. Patient perspectives were reported in 7 studies, while healthcare providers’ viewpoints were documented in 23 studies. We identified barriers and enablers in the majority of TDF domains and two other themes that did not fit into the TDF: “Providers’ Spiritual Self-Care and Reflection” and “Provider-patient’ Longitudinal relationships”. There are 16 sub-themes related to barrier factors and 16 sub-themes related to enabler factors. No relevant barriers or enablers were identified in two of the 14 TDF domains-Memory, Attention and Decision Process, and Behavior Regulation, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review identified barriers and enablers of implementing spiritual care in palliative care to end-of-life patients. Successful implementation requires a paradigm shift from "end-of-life spiritual rescue" toward longitudinal spiritual integration. Clinicians must recognize their role as behavioral catalysts who bridge the gap between patient latent needs and perceived professional boundaries. Policy efforts should focus on multidisciplinary training, the structural normalization of spiritual metrics in clinical systems, and fostering relational continuity within healthcare delivery models.

Background: This study examined how physical and psychological symptoms, coping styles, and quality of life (QOL) were interconnected during the first year after surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and sought to identify central symptoms and temporal pathways associated with QOL. Methods: This prospective cohort study enrolled 210 patients undergoing surgery for HCC for the first time between September 2021 and May 2022. Participants were assessed at admission (T1), discharge (T2), and 1 month (T3), 6 months (T4), and 12 months (T5) after surgery. Measures included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Cancer Fatigue Scale, Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary. Contemporaneous networks and cross-lagged panel networks (CLPNs) were estimated, and network centrality, accuracy, and stability were evaluated. Results: In the contemporaneous networks, physical fatigue had the highest expected influence (EI) at T1 and T3, emotional fatigue at T2, and sleep duration at T4 and T5. Daytime dysfunction at T1, confrontation coping at T2, and resignation coping from T3 to T5 had the highest bridge EI. In the CLPNs, higher scores on the FACT-Hep hepatobiliary cancer subscale were negatively associated with subsequent physical fatigue, cognitive fatigue, and poor sleep efficiency across several intervals. Depression had the highest out-EI during the early postoperative period, whereas physical fatigue had the highest out-EI during mid-term recovery. Resignation coping was an important bridge during later recovery. Conclusion: The relationships among physical and psychological symptoms, coping styles, and QOL changed across the first postoperative year. Disease-specific QOL, depression, fatigue, sleep, and coping styles may represent stage-specific targets for supportive care. These temporal associations should be confirmed in larger, multicentre studies before being used to guide targeted interventions.

To identify the classes of sleep quality trajectories in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and analyze differences in patient characteristics across these classes and to explore the relationship between sleep quality trajectory and quality of life (QOL) in patients. A total of 205 patients completed sleep quality assessments at four time points (before surgery and 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery). Classes of heterogeneous sleep quality trajectories were identified using a latent class mixed-effects model. The differences in the characteristics of patients across classes were identified by unordered multicategorical logistic regression. The relationship between sleep quality trajectory and QOL was assessed using a generalized estimation equation model. Three latent classes of sleep quality trajectories were identified in HCC patients: persistent good sleep (19.5

Background Depression is prevalent among individuals with cancer. This prospective cohort study aims to examine the relationships between depressive symptoms and both quality of life (QoL) and treatment efficacy in patients with intermediate or advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who are receiving immunotherapy. Methods A cohort of 156 patients with intermediate or advanced HCC who were receiving immunotherapy was included in the analysis. Depressive symptoms were evaluated utilizing the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS), whereas the secondary outcomes were the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), overall survival (OS), and QoL. Results Nearly half (48.7%) of the patients exhibited depressive symptoms. Over a median follow-up period of 10 months, patients with depressive symptoms had significantly lower PFS (HR 4.31, 95% CI: 2.75–6.76) and significantly shorter OS (HR 5.39, 95% CI: 1.84–15.82). Furthermore, the ORR and DCR were notably lower in patients with depressive symptoms (ORR 10.5% compared with 37.5%; DCR 52.6% compared with 91.2%). QoL scores were significantly lower at all assessed time points for patients with depressive symptoms, indicating worse overall well-being. Conclusions Depression is significantly associated with the efficacy of immunotherapy in HCC patients and is negatively associated with both clinical outcomes and QoL. Addressing mental health is essential for optimizing treatment strategies and improving overall patient outcomes in this population.

Background and Aims: Various conversion therapy options have become available to patients with unresectable HCC, but which conversion therapy is optimal for which type of patient is controversial. This study compared the efficacy and safety of TACE alone or combined with immune checkpoint and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Approach and Results: Data were retrospectively compared for patients with initially unresectable HCC who underwent conversion therapy consisting of TACE alone (n=459) or combined with immune checkpoint and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (n=343). Compared to the group that received TACE alone, the group that received triple conversion therapy showed significantly higher rates of overall survival (HR 0.43, 95%CI 0.35–0.53). In addition, triple therapy was associated with significantly longer median progression-free survival (15.9 vs. 8.0 mo, p <0.001). These results were confirmed in matched subsets of patients from each group. However, subgroup analysis confirmed the results only for patients with HCC in intermediate or advanced stages, not in an early stage. Those who received triple conversion therapy had a significantly higher rate of hepatectomy after conversion therapy (36.4 vs. 23.5%, p <0.001). Among those who underwent hepatectomy after conversion therapy, triple therapy was associated with a significantly higher rate of complete tumor response (32.1 vs. 11.1%, p <0.001). However, it was also associated with a significantly higher frequency of serious adverse events (35.6 vs. 27.0%, p =0.009). Conclusions: Combining TACE with immune checkpoint and tyrosine kinase inhibitors was associated with significantly better survival and conversion efficacy than TACE alone among patients with intermediate or advanced unresectable HCC.

Background The prognostic significance of the aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio in hepatocellular carcinoma remains uncertain. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the association between the AST/ALT ratio and prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy, and to explore the role of underlying liver diseases as mediators. Methods This retrospective study included patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent hepatectomy between January 2014 and January 2018 at two Chinese hospitals. The maximally selected rank statistic and g-computation approach were used to quantify and visualize the association between the AST/ALT ratio and overall survival or recurrence-free survival. The role of mediators (chronic hepatitis B, hepatic steatosis and liver cirrhosis) was analysed. Results Among the 1519 patients (mean(s.d.) age at baseline, 50.5(11.3) years), 1309 (86.2%) were male. During a median follow-up of 46.0 months, 514 (33.8%) patients died and 358 (23.6%) patients experienced recurrence. The optimal cut-off value for the AST/ALT ratio was 1.4, and the AST/ALT ratio greater than or equal to 1.4 was independently associated with a 39.0% increased risk of death and a 30.0% increased risk of recurrence (overall survival: hazard ratio (HR), 1.39; 95% c.i. 1.15 to 1.68; recurrence-free survival: HR, 1.30; 95% c.i. 1.12 to 1.52) after adjusting for confounders. Chronic hepatitis B significantly mediated the association of the ratio of AST/ALT with both overall survival and recurrence-free survival (20.3% for overall survival; 20.1% for recurrence-free survival). Conclusion The AST/ALT ratio greater than or equal to 1.4 was associated with shorter overall survival and recurrence-free survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy, and chronic hepatitis B may play a role in their association.

To assess the independent and combined associations of tumor-related psychiatric symptoms (TRPS) with dynamic health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy and to identify related patterns of health behaviors. This prospective study included patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy between September 2021 and May 2022. Independent and combined associations between TRPS and HRQL were identified by generalized linear model and weighted quantile sum model, respectively. Trajectories of HRQL were identified by latent class mixed model. Among the 205 patients, 174 (84.9

Background Individuals who are overweight or obese often develop insulin resistance, mediation of the association between body mass index (BMI) and stroke risk through the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) seems plausible but has not been investigated. This study aims to examine whether TyG mediates associations of BMI with stroke risk and the extent of interaction or joint relations of TyG and BMI with stroke outcome. Methods The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, initiated in 2011, is a nationally representative, ongoing prospective cohort study involving 8 231 middle-aged and older Chinese adults without a stroke history at baseline. Exposures examined include BMI and the TyG, the latter being the logarithmized product of fasting triglyceride and glucose concentrations. The primary study outcome is stroke incidence, as determined through self-reports, with a follow-up period extending from June 1, 2011, to June 30, 2018. Results Of the 8 231 participants, 3 815 (46.3%) were men; mean (SD) age was 59.23 (9.32) years. During a median follow-up of 7.1 years, 585 (7.1%) participants developed stroke. The TyG was found to mediate the association between BMI and incident stroke, proportions mediated were 16.3% for BMI in the 24.0–27.9 kg/m 2 group and 53.8% for BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m 2 group. No significant multiplicative and additive interactions were found between BMI and TyG on incident stroke (Additive: RERI = 1.78, 95% CI − 1.29–4.86; Multiplicative, HR = 1.40, 95% CI 0.86–2.27). HRs for individuals with BMI ≥ 28.0 kg/m 2 and quartile 4 of TyG compared with those with BMI < 24.0 kg/m 2 and quartile 1 of TyG were 2.05 (95% CI 1.37–3.06) for incident stroke. Combining BMI and TyG enhanced predictive performance for stroke when compared to their individual (AUC BMI+TyG vs AUC BMI vs AUC TyG , 0.602 vs 0.581 vs 0.583). Conclusions TyG appeared to be associated with stroke risk and mediates more than 50% of the total association between BMI and stroke in middle-aged and older Chinese adults. Public health efforts aiming at the reduction of body weight might decrease the stroke risk due to insulin resistance and the burden of stroke.

目的:系统评价国内外原发性肝癌(primary liver cancer,PLC)患者抑郁症状的发生率.方法:计算机检索PubMed、Embase、The Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据库和维普数据库,收集关于国内外PLC患者抑郁症状发生率的文献,检索时限为建库至2022年4月.2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入文献的偏倚风险后,采用Stata 16.0软件进行Meta分析.结果:共纳入20篇文献.Meta分析结果显示,国内外PLC患者抑郁症状的发生率为47.1%(95%CI 38.7%～55.5%).亚组分析结果显示,研究地域为国内、年龄＜60岁、收入水平低、无工作、肿瘤分期为Ⅳ期、治疗前、筛查工具为HADS的患者抑郁症状发生率更高.结论:PLC患者抑郁症状的发生率较高.

BackgroundWe aimed to assess differences in intestinal microflora between patients with operable hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) with microvascular invasion (MVI) and those without MVI. Additionally, we investigated the potential of the microbiome as a non-invasive biomarker for patients with MVI.MethodsWe analyzed the preoperative gut microbiomes (GMs) of two groups, the MVI (n = 46) and non-MVI (n = 56) groups, using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing data. At the operational taxonomic unit level, we employed random forest models to predict MVI risk and validated the results in independent validation cohorts [MVI group (n = 17) and non-MVI group (n = 15)].Results beta diversity analysis, utilizing weighted UniFrac distances, revealed a significant difference between the MVI and non-MVI groups, as indicated by non-metric multidimensional scaling and principal coordinate analysis. We also observed a significant correlation between the characteristic intestinal microbial communities at the genus level and their main functions. Nine optimal microbial markers were identified, with an area under the curve of 79.76% between 46 MVI and 56 non-MVI samples and 79.80% in the independent verification group.ConclusionThis pioneering analysis of the GM in patients with operable HBV-HCC with and without MVI opens new avenues for treating HBV-HCC with MVI. We successfully established a diagnostic model and independently verified microbial markers for patients with MVI. As preoperative targeted biomarkers, GM holds potential as a non-invasive tool for patients with HBV-HCC with MVI.

目的 系统整合恶性肿瘤患者对善终认知的质性研究,为开展高质量的肿瘤临终护理,提高恶性肿瘤患者死亡质量提供依据.方法 计算机检索相关文献数据库,检索有关恶性肿瘤患者对善终认知的质性研究.使用2016版JBI循证卫生保健中心质性研究质量评价标准对文献进行方法学质量评价,采用汇集性Meta整合法对结果进行整合.结果 共纳入16篇文献,提炼出62个研究结果,归纳成11个新的类别,综合成4个整合结果:了解恶性肿瘤诊断及治疗信息并参与临终治疗决策;保持积极心态并为死亡做准备,实现舒适、体面的死亡;不成为家人的负担,并完成对家人的嘱托;得到家庭、宗教、医护团队和社会的支持.结论 临终关怀医护人员应尊重恶性肿瘤患者的知情权并帮助患者参与临终治疗决策,通过高质量的临终护理和多学科协作的临终关怀模式满足患者身、心、社、灵的需求,帮助患者实现善终.

癌症患者多存在睡眠障碍,长期的睡眠障碍会加重患者的疼痛、疲乏、心理痛苦等症状,严重影响患者的生活质量和预后.本文从癌症患者睡眠障碍轨迹研究对象特点、评估工具选择、评估时间点选择、资料分析方法、睡眠障碍轨迹变化特点及相关影响因素6个方面展开综述,为癌症患者精准、个性化的睡眠管理提供参考.

目的 探讨基于心理资本理论的心理干预对肿瘤医院护士工作倦怠、敬业度和离职意愿的影响.方法 采用便利抽样的方法,于2018年12月-2019年12月选取笔者所在医院的护士88人,将其随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各44人,观察组给予基于心理资本的心理干预,对照组给予常规心理干预,采用护士心理资本量表、工作倦怠量表、敬业度量表和离职意愿量表评估2组护士干预前后心理资本、工作倦怠、敬业度和离职意愿水平.结果 干预6个月后,观察组的心理资本、敬业度均高于对照组(t=-21.789,P<0.001;t=-33.980,P<0.001),工作倦怠、离职意愿得分均低于对照组(t=11.963,P<0.001;t=11.400,P<0.001).结论 实施基于心理资本理论的心理干预,可提高肿瘤医院护士心理资本、敬业度水平,改善工作倦怠、离职意愿.

Background: Age was important prognostic factors for operable hepatocellular carcinoma patients. The aim of the present study was to assess the difference in gut microbiota in patients with operable hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) at different ages; to investigate the features of the microbiota and its function associated with different ages; to provide a preliminary look at effects of the gut microbiota dimension on prognostic. Methods: From September 2020 to May 2021, patients with HBV-HCC were able to undergo liver resection and were recruited consecutively and divided into the younger age group (age <45 years) (Y.AG) (n=20), middle age group (age from 45 to 65 years) (M.AG) (n=13) 45-65 years, and older age group (age >65 years) (O.AG) (n=20). The relationships between gut microbiota and different ages were explored using 16S rRNA gene sequencing data. PICRUST2 was used to examine the metagenomic data in PHLF patients. Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for the data analysis. Results: Pairwise comparison between the three groups showed that the a- diversity of Y.AG was significantly higher than that of O.AG (ACE Index, P=0.017; chao1 Index, P=0.031; observed_species Index, P=0.011; and goods_coverage Index, P=0.041). The beta-diversity in the 3 groups differed significantly (stress =0.100), while the composition (beta-diversity) differed significantly between the Y.AG and the M.AG (stress =0.090), the M.AG and the O.AG (stress = 0.095), and the Y.AG and the O.AG (stress =0.099). At the genus level, 7 bacterial genera were significantly enriched in the O.AG compared with the Y.AG, of which Streptococcus, Blautia, Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-003, and Fusicatenibacter represented the major variances in O.AG microbiomes. Eleven genera were significantly increased in the O.AG, of which Prevotella, Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium, Ruminiclostridium, and Phascolarctobacterium represented the major variances in the O.AG. The Y.AG and the O.AG were predicted by PICRUSt2 analysis, which found 72 pathways related to differential gut microbiome at the genus level. Redundancy analysis showed that 7 environmental factors were significantly correlated with intestinal microorganisms, especially in the Y.AG compared with the O.AG. Conclusions: Analysis of gut microbiota characteristics in patients of different ages could ultimately contribute to the development of novel avenues for the treatment of HCC at different ages.

目的 探讨中晚期肝癌患者术前疲乏与术后生活质量的关联性.方法 选取2019年9月—2021年8月在广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院首次接受手术治疗的144例中晚期肝癌患者为研究对象.采用简易疲乏量表、生活质量核心量表对患者进行调查,了解中晚期肝癌患者术前疲乏发生情况和术后1个月的生活质量,并分析两者关联性.结果 术前无疲乏患者41例(28.5％),轻度疲乏患者61例(42.4％),中重度疲乏患者42例(29.1％).轻度疲乏组和中重度疲乏组总体健康水平及各功能领域得分均低于无疲乏组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);中重度疲乏组总体健康水平及各功能领域得分均低于轻度疲乏组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).多重线性回归分析显示,患者术前疲乏状态与术后总体生活质量及各功能领域得分呈负相关.结论 中晚期肝癌患者术前疲乏程度越高,术后生活质量越差,医护人员应在术前对患者的疲乏症状采取积极有效的干预措施,优化术前状态,以提高患者术后生活质量.

目的 总结肿瘤患者失眠评估与护理干预的最佳证据,为改善肿瘤患者失眠症状提供实践依据.方法 计算机检索UpTo Date、JBI循证实践数据库、美国国家综合癌症网络、医脉通、PubMed、中国知网等数据库中有关肿瘤患者失眠评估与护理干预的指南、专家共识、临床决策、最佳实践、证据总结、系统评价和Meta分析,检索时限为建库至2021年4月22日.由2名研究者对纳入的文献进行方法学质量评价后,进行证据的提取和归纳.结果 纳入12篇文献,包含3篇指南、1篇专家共识、1篇临床决策、3篇证据总结、4篇系统评价.汇总了关于失眠筛查与评估、评估工具、转诊、睡眠健康教育、心理干预、运动干预和中医护理7个方面的24条证据.结论 肿瘤科医护人员应定期筛查和评估肿瘤患者失眠状况,并根据临床实际组建多学科团队,结合患者意愿和睡眠情况提供适宜可行的干预措施,以改善患者睡眠质量.

目的 检索、评价并总结终末期肿瘤患者呼吸困难管理的最佳证据.方法 系统检索UpToDate、BMJ最佳临床实践、 澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所循证卫生保健中心数据库、Cochrane Library、PubMed、Embase、中国知网等数据库中关于终末期肿瘤患者呼吸困难管理的证据,包括指南、证据总结、临床决策、推荐实践、系统评价、专家共识及Meta分析.检索时限为建库至2021年9月30日.由2名研究者进行文献质量评价和资料提取,并结合专业人员的判断,进行证据汇总.结果 共纳入9篇文献,其中指南4篇,临床决策2篇,推荐实践1篇,证据总结1篇,系统评价1篇.汇总了关于症状筛查与评估、转诊、沟通与决策、非药物干预、药物干预、综合干预6个方面的20条证据.结论 终末期肿瘤患者呼吸困难管理的证据可协助临床医护人员管理患者呼吸相关症状,为提升医院临终关怀质量提供循证依据.

抑郁是肿瘤患者高发的情绪障碍,近年来这种不良情绪被认为可降低肿瘤免疫细胞活化率,抑制免疫细胞分泌细胞因子,加剧机体炎症状态,阻断相关通路.抑郁通过扰乱肿瘤免疫微环境的动态稳定,促进肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸甚至基因突变,使得肿瘤发生侵袭、转移,对疾病进程及死亡率造成不良影响.肿瘤免疫微环境是一个精细而复杂的动态系统,目前关于抑郁影响其免疫机制的研究尚停留在相关免疫细胞及部分通路方面,但有关两者相互作用调控肿瘤发生发展的机制仍有待深入研究.

Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are diagnosed when the disease is already at an advanced stage, so they are not eligible for resection and their prognosis is poor. The combination of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with immune checkpoint inhibitors or tyrosine kinase inhibitors can improve unresectable HCC to the point that patients can be treated with surgery. Here we describe two cases of such "conversion therapy". One patient was a 52-year-old man in Child-Pugh class A with treatment-naive HCC whose 11.3-cm tumor had invaded the middle hepatic vein and right branch of the portal vein. He was treated with TACE plus camrelizumab, and radical resection was performed 3 months later. No evidence of recurrence was observed during 5-month follow-up. The other patient was a 42-year-old man in Child-Pugh class A with HCC involving a 11.4-cm tumor and severe liver cirrhosis. The patient was treated with TACE and lenvatinib, but the embolic effect after one month was unsatisfactory, so the regional treatment was changed to hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy and transcatheter arterial embolization. Radical resection was performed 2 months later, and no recurrence was evident at 1-month follow-up. These cases demonstrate two conversion therapies that may allow patients with initially unresectable HCC to benefit from resection.