Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) remains a significant clinical challenge, with current treatments often inadequate for fully restoring gut health. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of synbiotics, including chitosan oligosaccharides, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium butyricum, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, in mitigating AAD in a canine model. Sixteen Beagle dogs were randomly assigned to an AAD model group or a synbiotic treatment group. Synbiotic supplementation significantly reduced diarrhea severity, improved intestinal morphology, and enhanced gut microbiota diversity. Furthermore, synbiotics upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1), thereby reducing mucosal permeability. A significant decrease in proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) further underscored the anti-inflammatory effects of the treatment. These findings suggest that synbiotics may offer a promising approach to restoring gut barrier integrity and modulating immune responses in cases of AAD. Further research is warranted to investigate the long-term impacts and underlying mechanisms of synbiotics in gut health restoration.

Objectives The goal of this investigation was to identify the main compounds and the pharmacological mechanism of the traditional Chinese medicine formulation, Gong Ying San (GYS), by infrared spectral absorption characteristics, metabolomics, network pharmacology, and molecular-docking analysis for mastitis. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities were determined in vitro. Methods The chemical constituents of GYS were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography Q-extractive mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QE-MS). Related compounds were screened from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP, http://tcmspw.com/tcmsp.php) and the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ETCM, http://www.tcmip.cn/ETCM/index.php/Home/) databases; genes associated with mastitis were identified in DisGENT. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was generated using STRING. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment screening was conducted using the R module. Molecular-docking analyses were performed with the AutoDockTools V1.5.6. Results Fifty-four possible compounds in GYS with forty likely targets were found. The compound-target-network analysis showed that five of the ingredients, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, beta-sitosterol, and stigmasterol, had degree values >41.6, and the genes TNF, IL-6, IL-1β, ICAM1, CXCL8, CRP, IFNG, TP53, IL-2, and TGFB1 were core targets in the network. Enrichment analysis revealed that pathways associated with cancer, lipids, atherosclerosis, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways may be critical in the pharmacology network. Molecular-docking data supported the hypothesis that quercetin and luteolin interacted well with TNF-α and IL-6. Conclusions An integrative investigation based on a bioinformatics-network topology provided new insights into the synergistic, multicomponent mechanisms of GYS’s anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. It revealed novel possibilities for developing new combination medications for reducing mastitis and its complications.

Hepatectomy is a common clinical procedure for the treatment of many liver diseases, and the successful recovery of a patient's liver metabolism and function after surgery is crucial for a good prognosis. The objective of this study was to elucidate the metabolic response to hepatectomy using high-throughput sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA gene, metabolomics, and proteomics data. Fecal and serum samples from beagle dogs were collected on day 0 (LH0), day 7 (LH7), and day 28 (LH28) after laparoscopic partial hepatectomy. Liver tissue samples were taken on LH0 and LH7. Dysbiosis in the fecal microbiota was explored, and host-microbiome interactions based on global metabolic and protein profiles and inflammatory processes were determined. Results showed that the relative abundance of Allobaculum and Turicibacter was decreased and that of Escherichia-Shigella was increased after hepatectomy (P < 0.05); the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthetic pathway, along with the phenylalanine and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthetic pathway, was significantly associated with liver injury. The serum metabolites l-phenylalanine and l-arginine were useful as biomarkers, and the fecal metabolite l-threonine was a signature target monitor for liver recovery. The proteomics profile revealed 412 significantly different proteins and further highlighted two key signaling pathways (mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor [PPAR]) involved in the response to liver injury. We systematically explored the metabolic mechanism of liver injury and recovery, providing new insights into effective ways to promote recovery after hepatectomy and improve liver function and long-term survival. These fundamental studies on hepatectomy will provide the basis for future advances in treatment and recovery from common liver diseases. IMPORTANCE As the largest parenchymal organ, the liver is a target for bacterial and viral infections, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, cancer, and many other diseases, constituting a serious worldwide problem. The treatment for many of these diseases involves hepatectomy. Here, we show that aberrant inflammatory processes after hepatectomy of the liver as reflected in the association between liver metabolism and gut microbiota create a grave risk. This study investigated the mechanisms of gut microbiota and host metabolism involved in liver injury and recovery after hepatectomy, using proteomics to reveal the mechanisms of postoperative liver injury and a comprehensive multi-omics approach to identify changes in metabolism after hepatectomy.

奶牛乳腺炎给奶牛养殖业造成了严重的经济损失,传统的抗生素疗法具有一定局限性,长期滥用抗生素还会导致耐药菌株出现、治疗效果下降、乳汁药物残留等问题,进而威胁人类的健康.抗菌肽(AMPs)是一种具有广谱抗菌、抗病毒、抗真菌作用的小分子多肽,是多细胞生物免疫系统的重要组成部分.AMPs作为抗生素替代品,在医药、食品和畜牧生产中具有良好的应用前景.本文简述了 AMPs的来源、生物学作用和机制,并着重介绍了 AMPs对奶牛乳腺炎的调节作用、在奶牛乳腺炎防治中的应用现状以及AMPs的开发和应用策略,为AMPs作为抗生素替代品在奶牛乳腺炎防治中的进一步开发和应用奠定理论基础.

【Objective】Three-dimensional reconstruction and 3Dprinting techniques were used to construct a three-dimensional model of the liver in Beagle dogs to provide three-dimensional data and morphological basis for the diagnosis,treatment and related surgery of liver diseases in dogs,and at the same time,it laid a foundation for the dose reduction and use of experimental animals and improving animal welfare．【Method】A female 8-month-old healthy Beagle dog weighing 14.5kg was intravenously injected with iohexol after general anesthesia,and two-dimensional image data were collected from the liver of the dog by 128-slice spiral computed tomography（CT）,followed by digital segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction using IPS software,and images were measured using the Touch Viewer software.Finally,the reconstructed data were transmitted to a 3D printer to generate 3D printer models of portal vein,hepatic vein,hepatic artery and other tissues one by one,and finally the 3D physical model of the dog liver was obtained after coloring,layer optimization and assembly processing．【Result】 The threedimensional reconstruction model of the liver constructed by CT enhanced angiography data had realistic shape and strong stereoscopic sense,could be arbitrarily scaled and rotated at an angle in the three-dimensional space,and could be mapped plane by adjusting the threshold to form a section of each site or separately display the direction and distribution of the hepatic artery,hepatic vein,portal vein,and bile duct,which was convenient to observe the spatial location of each vascular structure and display the complex local anatomical structure of the liver.Touch Viewer measurements showed the volume of the liver was 556.14 mL with a surface area of 600.85cm~2 and the volume of the gallbladder was 12.67mL with a surface area of 32.47cm~2.The 3D printer model showed that the vascularity of each tissue was clear and bright in color,which was basically consistent with the digital three-dimensional model,and a more real and ideal liver model was obtained．【Conclusion】Three-dimensional reconstruction and 3D printing technology could successfully construct a canine liver model,which could visually display the complex three-dimensional shape and spatial structure of the liver and could be used as a good simulation platform and practical tool for digital and precise pet medicine as well as veterinary anatomy and imaging teaching.

随着我国居民生活水平的不断提高,宠物作为家庭伴侣动物的角色越来越重要.2020年中国宠物犬和猫的总体饲养数量已经超过1亿只,犬和猫的数量基本接近,其中猫的饲养数量增长速度甚至超过了犬.考虑到猫的营养需求以及乳产品的营养特点,本文通过分析幼猫的生理特性,综述了猫乳的主要营养成分及其对幼猫生长发育、局部和全身免疫功能的影响,以期探讨猫乳及猫代乳品未来的研究研究和发展方向.

本试验旨在探究镇静药物右美托咪定联合乙酰丙嗪对比格犬的镇静效果,以确定减轻宠物在临床诊疗过程中因精神状态改变而干扰兽医诊断的途径.选用5只健康比格犬进行轮换肌内注射,2 μg/(kg·bw)右美托咪定(DEX)分别联合0、10、15 μg/(kg·bw)和20μg/(kg·bw)乙酰丙嗪(ACE),观察2种药物互作对比格犬生理、镇静和苏醒状况的影响,试验间隔期为7 d.结果显示:与DEX组相比,2DEX-15ACE组和2DEX-20ACE组比格犬镇静评分显著增加(P＜0.05),能够产生中度镇静效应并持续30 min,产生深度镇静效应并持续20 min;试验结束后,试验比格犬平稳苏醒,呼吸顺畅.与DEX组相比,联合用药组比格犬的体温和心率多显著下降(P＜0.05),且在正常参考值范围内;联合用药组比格犬的呼吸次数和平均血压未见显著影响(P＞0.05).与对照组相比,联合用药组比格犬的血气检测相关指标PCO2和HCO3-、肝肾功能5项指标未见显著影响(P＞0.05).因此,2μg/(kg·bw)右美托咪定联合15 μg/(kg·bw)或20 μg/(kg·bw)乙酰丙嗪可诱导镇静的协作效应,适用于犬只临床常规检查以及牙科、外伤处理等简单操作的镇静保定.

The hypoxic microenvironment of cryptorchidism is an important factor in the impairment and fibrosis of Sertoli cells which result in blood-testis barrier (BTB) destruction and spermatogenesis loss. Recent studies have shown that melatonin, a well-known pineal hormone exerts beneficial effects against pathological fibrosis in a various of organs. However, it is still unknown whether melatonin can regulate hypoxia-induced fibrosis of Sertoli cells. In this study we evaluate melatonin levels, and its synthesizing enzymes, AANAT and HIOMT expression patterns in canine cryptorchidism and contralateral normal testis. Results show abdominal testes presented low melatonin levels and AANAT and HIOMT expression compared with testes located in the scrotum. Moreover, we established a hypoxia-induced fibrosis model in canine Sertoli cells induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and found that melatonin inhibited the EMT markers expression and ECM production as well as Hif-1α expression of Sertoli cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, use of Lificiguat (synonyms YC-1, Hif-1α inhibitor) to interfere with the Hif-1α pathway showed a similar effect with melatonin suppression of the fibrosis in Sertoli cells. The results indicate that melatonin supplementation can alleviate the fibrosis process of Sertoli cells caused by hypoxia, which is associated with regulating the inhibition of Hif-1α signaling.

目的 探讨小型猪肺部三维重建模型建立方法及3D打印模型的应用.方法 4头巴马小型猪行全身麻醉做肺部CT血管成像,获取数据采用MIMICS软件重建肺段组织结构,3D打印肺部脉管的实体模型.结果 基于CT血管成像数据重建的三维模型,清晰展现小型猪肺部血管和支气管3～4级分支的解剖结构,并显示叶裂和部分段间平面,可任意旋转和缩放.结论 利用三维重建和3D打印技术可成功创建巴马小型猪肺部解剖结构模型,为比较医学研究和胸外科手术培训材料提供基础.

乳汁作为哺乳动物幼儿时期主要的营养物质来源,其成分对下一代早期的生长发育具有重要影响.长期以来人们对乳汁的研究主要集中在蛋白质,脂肪,碳水化合物等一些常规的营养物质上,并且认为母乳是一种无菌的生物液体.近些年来随着高通量测序技术及数据分析方法等的不断进步,大量基于16S rRNA基因的研究使得微生物生态学得到了快速发展,得益于宏基因组测序技术在母乳方面的应用,已经证明母乳中含有丰富的微生物.

BackgroundBovine metabolism undergoes significant changes during subclinical mastitis, but the relevant molecular mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study we investigated the changes in milk microbiota and metabolites after intramammary infusion of matrine-chitosan hydrogels (MCHs) in cows with subclinical mastitis. MethodsInfusions were continued for 7 days, and milk samples were collected on days 1 and 7 for microbiome analysis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolite profiling by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. ResultsMCHs significantly decreased the somatic cell count on day 7 compared to day 1, and the Simpson index indicated that microbial diversity was significantly lower on day 7. The relative abundance of Aerococcus, Corynebacterium_1, Staphylococcus and Firmicutes was significantly decreased on day 7, while Proteobacteria increased. In the milk samples, we identified 74 differentially expressed metabolites. The MCHs infusion group had the most significantly upregulated metabolites including sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, flavonoids and fatty acyls. The mammary gland metabolic pathways identified after MCHs treatment were consistent with the known antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of matrine that are associated with glycerophospholipid metabolism and the sphingolipid metabolic signaling pathways. ConclusionThese insights into the immunoregulatory mechanisms and the corresponding biological responses to matrine demonstrate its potential activity in mitigating the harmful effects of bovine mastitis.

一直以来,戴尔沃牛奶抗生素检测试剂盒(Delvotest SP NT)广泛应用在奶牛养殖基层的原奶抗生素残留检测中.其原理是嗜热芽孢杆菌抑制法,该方法是国际抗生素残留检测的"金标准".通过应用Delvotest SP NT对青霉素G、头孢氨苄、林可霉素3种抗生素的灵敏度进行验证,并确定试剂盒常规到货验证的方法,总结操作注意事项,以便牧场在实际生产过程中更好的应用.

皮脂腺瘤是一类起源于成熟的皮脂细胞和生发细胞的常发生于皮肤组织的肿瘤,临床上良性居多,恶性的皮脂腺癌较为少见.常用的诊断方法有细胞学检查与组织病理学检查等,治疗方法多以手术切除为主.本文以北京宠爱国际动物医院奥运村分院的一例患外耳道皮脂腺瘤的斗牛犬为病例样本,详细分析了该病例的临床症状、实验室检查、影像学检查、组织病理学检查、外科手术治疗(直耳道切除术)及预后康复情况,以期为日后类似病例的诊断及治疗提供有价值的临床参考.

犬产后感染是指母犬在分娩时或产褥期内生殖道受病原体感染,引起局部和全身的炎性反应.病程常呈急性经过,对动物机体造成了严重伤害,治疗不及时常引起动物死亡.该病主要是细菌经尿生殖道上行性感染、难产时助产感染和血行性感染导致,致病菌通常为革兰氏阴性菌.胎衣不下、胎儿滞留、分娩环境卫生差、子宫弛缓等常易诱发产后感染.本文以海关总署北京缉私犬基地一例3岁马里努阿犬产后感染为病例样本,详细分析了该病的主要症状、诊疗思路、诊断方法和手段以及愈后评估的情况,以期为工作犬繁育机构提供关于种母犬产后感染的诊治和预防的临床参考.

[目的]为了探明缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)在犬乳腺肿瘤中的表达情况.[方法]采用病理组织学方法对从宠物临床收集的20例疑似犬乳腺肿瘤的样本进行肿瘤性质的鉴定,利用免疫组织化学技术检测犬乳腺肿瘤中HIF-1α的差异表达.[结果]在不同犬乳腺肿瘤组织中均能检测到HIF-1α的表达,其阳性部位主要分布于肿瘤细胞的胞浆和胞核中,呈现典型的黄色或黄褐色的特异着色.HIF-1α在恶性犬乳腺肿瘤组织中的表达显著高于良性组织(P＜0.05),阳性表达率为85.7％.[结论]HIF-1α在肿瘤恶性变中起着重要的作用,对肿瘤诊断和预后评价有重要的参考意义.

试验旨在研究牛至油对种鸡生产性能及新城疫抗体水平的影响及其作用机理.试验选取体重、产蛋率相近的50周龄健康罗曼粉父母代种鸡1 080只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复54只鸡.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别按基础日粮质量分数的0.010％、0.015％、0.020％添加10％牛至油预混剂,预试期7d,正式试验期40d.结果 表明:牛至油对种鸡生产性能有促进作用,0.010％、0.015％、0.020％牛至油组的产蛋率分别提高了10.82％(P＜0.01)、5.73％(P＜0.05)和7.96％(P＜0.05);0.01％牛至油组料蛋比较对照组降低4.97％(P＜0.05);牛至油组种蛋合格率、受精率及孵化率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);第15 d时,0.010％牛至油组新城疫HI抗体水平高于对照组(P＞0.05),第30d时,0.010％、0.015％组新城疫HI抗体水平较对照组分别升高9.76％(P＞0.05)和2.44％(P＞0.05).试验表明,在种鸡日粮中添加10％牛至油预混剂能够改善种鸡生产性能、繁殖性能和新城疫HI抗体水平,且以添加量为0.010％时效果最佳.

乳腺肿瘤是犬常见的肿瘤之一,与其遗传、品种、年龄和激素等因素有关[1].程序性死亡受体-1(Programmed death receptor-1,PD-1)/程序性死亡配体-1(Programmed death ligand-1,PD-L1)信号通路与肿瘤逃逸有关,在乳腺肿瘤的发展过程中有着重要作用.近年来,PD-1/PD-L1信号通路在人类医学上迅速发展,这也为犬乳腺肿瘤的研究提供了参考.

为了研究3种不同添加剂替代抗生素对蛋鸡的应用效果,试验将1 500只280日龄海兰褐蛋鸡随机分为5组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1,2,3,4组分别在基础日粮中添加0.015％土霉素、0.02％微生态制剂、0.2％黄腐酸和0.1％中草药提取物,试验在鸡舍温度28.6 ℃情况下进行4种添加剂对海兰褐蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质的影响研究,试验期为30 d.结果表明:试验2,3,4组鸡平均产蛋率和料蛋比均优于对照组和试验1组,其中料蛋比差异显著(P＜0.05);在蛋品质方面,试验2,3,4组蛋中脂肪含量和胆固醇含量均低于对照组和试验1组,其中试验4组脂肪含量比对照组低13.42％,差异显著(P＜0.05);试验2,3,4组鸡蛋中蛋白质含量均比对照组和试验1组高,差异显著(P＜0.05).说明3种添加剂(0.02％微生态制剂、0.2％黄腐酸和0.1％中草药提取物)均可替代抗生素用在蛋鸡生产中.

Objective:To detect the expression of Raf,including B-Raf and Raf1,in different canine mammary tumor tissues,and to explore their roles in canine mammary tumors.This study will provide some basically theoretical references for clinical diagnosis and treatment in animal tumor cases.Methods:In this study,the characteristics of tumor cases were identified by histopathology,and their different expressions of Raf1 and B-Raf in canine mammary tumor were detected by immunohistochemical staining.Results:The positive expression rate of Raf1 was 94.74%(18/19),the positive expression rate of B-Raf protein was47.37%(9/19).The expression of Raf1 in tumors were higher than B-Raf significantly(P0.01).The expression of Raf1 in different canine mammary tumors showed no significant difference,but the expression of Raf1 in intraductal carcinoma and invasive breast cancer was marginal significant difference(P=0.072).Conclusion:Over expression of Raf1 and B-Raf may promote the development of canine mammary tumors.Raf1 plays more extensive role in malignant change of tumor,and it might be a sensitive marker applying in veterinary clinic.

为探讨0.25 mL奶牛细管冻精解冻后的最佳保存环境和适宜的输精时段,本试验对奶牛细管冻精40℃下20 s解冻后在0℃～4℃,14℃～16℃,25℃～27℃下分别保存2,4,6,8,10h的活力进行了测定.结果表明:在本次实验中,奶牛细管冻精解冻后在0℃～4 ℃和14℃～ 16℃保存到10h精子活力0.434±0.0167和0.423±0.0196与初解冻精子活力(0.441±0.030)差异不显著(P＞0.05);在25℃～27℃随保存时间延长精子活力呈下降趋势,保存6h精子活力和初解冻相比差异显著(P＜0.05),保存8,10h差异极显著(P＜0.01).从而得出,奶牛细管冻精解冻后在0℃～4℃和14℃～16℃保存10h以内,精子活力仍然维持在一个较高水平,符合输精要求,在此温度和时间范围内进行长距离携带,对精液质量影响小,可以达到预期的输精效果;环境温度在25℃左右时,冻精解冻后宜于6h以内进行输精.