Total body irradiation (TBI) is a technique that irradiates the entire body of the patient. It serves as a conditioning regimen prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for hematological diseases. Its primary functions include killing residual tumor cells, immunosuppression, and creating space in the bone marrow for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Currently, the main methods of implementing TBI include extended distance fixed field irradiation, volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT-TBI), and segmented irradiation. In this paper, based on our clinical experience, we review the technical characteristics and relevant research progress of these three methods.

The fatty acid profiles of ruminant-derived products are closely associated with human health. Ruminal microbiota play a vital role in modulating rumen biohydrogenation (BH). The aim of this study was to assess the influence of dietary supplementation with phlorotannins (PTs) extracted from Sargassum on rumen fermentation, fatty acid composition and bacterial communities by an in vitro culture study. The inclusion of PTs in the diet increased dry matter digestibility and gas production, and reduced ammonia-N concentration and pH. PT extract inhibited rumen BH, increasing the content of trans-9 C18:1, cis-9 C18:1, trans-9 and trans-12 C18:2 and reducing C18:0 concentration. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that PTs caused an obvious change in rumen bacterial communities. The presence of Prevotella decreased while carbohydrate-utilizing bacteria such as Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Ruminococcus, Selenomonas, Ruminobacter and Fibrobacter increased. Correlation analysis between rumen FA composition and the bacterial microbiome revealed that Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, Anaerovorax, Ruminococcus, Ruminobacter, Fibrobacter, Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group and Clostridia_UCG-014 might have been involved in the BH process. In conclusion, the results suggest that the inclusion of PTs in the diet improved rumen fermentation and FA composition through modulating the rumen bacterial community.

Tea tree oil (TTO) plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties. In postpartum dairy cows, dry matter intake (DMI) is dramatically decreased, resulting in lipid metabolism disorder and the systemic pro-inflammatory response. However, the effects of TTO on glucolipid metabolism and immunity in postpartum dairy cows remain uninvestigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of TTO on production performance, serum biochemical indicators, and immunity in postpartum dairy cows. Our results demonstrate that DMI tended to increase (p = 0.07) in the total mixed ration (TMR) diets supplemented with 0.01% TTO/dry matter (DM) basis relative to that in the control group. The 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM) content in the 0.01% and 0.02% TTO groups showed an increase (p = 0.09) compared with that in the control. Remarkably, the levels of globulin (GLO) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were elevated (p < 0.05) in the TMR diet supplemented with 0.02% TTO compared to those in the control group. The TTO caused no profound changes in cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), or low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Notably, 0.02% TTO increased (p < 0.05) the serum glucose concentration relative to that in the control group. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that TTO could improve glucolipid metabolism and enhance immunity in postpartum dairy cows. It may be a novel resolution strategy for body condition recovery and the improvement of milk performance.

试验旨在通过体外培养奶牛乳腺组织,利用qRT-PCR,探究茶树油对感染金黄色葡萄球菌的奶牛乳腺组织炎症因子基因水平表达量变化的影响.试验分为2组:对照组为奶牛乳腺组织贴壁后添加2 mL含有金黄色葡萄球菌的培养基;茶树油组为奶牛乳腺组织中添加含0.05％茶树油和金黄色葡萄球菌(1×106 CFU/well)的培养基.结果显示:与对照组相比,茶树油组奶牛乳腺上皮细胞白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA表达量均极显著减少(P<0.01),Toll样受体2(TLR-2)显著下降(P<0.05),白细胞介素-8(IL-8)mRNA的表达量显著增加(P<0.05),β-酪蛋白(β-casein)mRNA表达量显著增加(P<0.05).研究表明,0.05％茶树油可以有效减少奶牛乳腺组织炎性因子mRNA的表达量,提高β-casein基因水平.茶树油作为一种天然提取物由吸收进入乳腺,可以在预防乳房炎和抗炎方面发挥重要作用.

茶副产物是指经过浸提生产茶饮料的残渣或生产成品茶弃去的残渣,其营养成分和活性物质丰富,在反刍动物营养、抗氧化和预防疾病等方面有极大利用价值.将茶副产物应用于反刍动物生产,可以缓解我国优质牧草原料短缺、人畜争粮的局面,并且很大程度上还能降低饲养成本.因此,本文总结了茶副产物的常规营养价值、主要活性物质以及在反刍动物生产中的利用研究进展,为更好地将茶副产物利用于反刍动物生产提供理论依据.

Tea tree oil (TTO) plays an important role in lipid metabolism, alleviating the inflammatory responses. Fatty liver is associated with lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, leading to inflammation. However, there is very limited information on the effects of TTO on lipid accumulation, and inflammation in bovine hepatocytes. This study aimed to evaluate whether TTO alleviates palmitic acid (PA)-induced lipid accumulation in bovine hepatocytes. Hepatocytes isolated from mid-lactating Holstein cows were pretreated with 100 μM PA for 72 h. Cells were either pretreated with PA alone (PA group) or with PA followed by 0.00625% TTO treatment for 12 h (PT group). Expression of fatty acid oxidant genes increased (P < 0.05) while fatty acid synthesis genes decreased (P < 0.05) in the PT group compared with the PA group. PA treatment resulted in increased (P < 0.05) expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), but these increases were less in the PT group (P < 0.05). Compared to the PA group, expression of phosphorylated (p)-p65 and p-inhibitor κBα (p-IκBα) was suppressed (P < 0.05) by TTO treatment. TTO treatment limited (P < 0.05) the increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevented (P < 0.05) a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential observed in response to PA treatment. Expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress genes was reduced (P < 0.05) in the PT group compared with the PA group. Our results suggest that TTO treatment attenuates the effects of PA in hepatocytes, leading to fatty acid oxidation, decreased fatty acid synthesis, suppressed inflammatory response, and reduced ER stress. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that TTO treatment may be a promising therapeutic approach to imbalanced lipid homeostasis, inflammation and ER stress in dairy cows shortly before and after calving.

为探究在泌乳奶牛日粮中添加大蒜素对奶牛生产性能、乳成分、瘤胃发酵参数和血清生化指标的影响,本研究选择生理状态相近的中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛32头,随机分为4组,每天分别补充大蒜素0 g、50 g、100 g和150 g,测定生产性能、乳成分、瘤胃发酵参数和血清生化指标.结果表明,添加大蒜素提高了奶牛采食量(P<0.05),150 g/d组在正饲期60 d时产奶量提高(P<0.05),100 g/d组在正饲期30 d时乳脂率显著增加(P<0.05);添加大蒜素降低了体细胞数和碱性磷酸酶含量(P<0.05),提高了总挥发性脂肪酸含量(P<0.05)和免疫球蛋白A、免疫球蛋白G含量(P<0.05).100 g/d组血清中总蛋白和球蛋白含量显著升高(P<0.05).综上,大蒜素改善了奶牛生产性能、乳品质,提高了免疫机能.

为探究不同蛋白水平日粮对荷斯坦公犊牛糖异生的影响,选取年龄和生理状态相似的10头荷斯坦公犊牛(平均为5月龄,体重(172.80±7.16)kg),随机分为2组,每组5头,分别饲喂粗蛋白水平为15.05％和21.02％的颗粒料日粮,预试期7 d,正试期56 d.通过葡萄糖试剂盒测定血清和肝脏葡萄糖含量,液相色谱测定氨基酸含量,qRT-PCR分析肝脏糖异生途径关键基因的mRNA表达量.结果表明,与低蛋白水平组(15.05％)相比,日粮中高蛋白水平组(21.02％)显著提高血清和肝脏中葡萄糖含量(P＜0.05),且显著提高Gly、Asp、Ala、Ser、Leu、Lys、Phe、Ile、Val、Tyr、Pro、Arg、Glu 和 His的含量(P＜0.05),且显著提高了(P＜0.05)PCK1、PCK2、PC和PGC1A的mRNA表达量.综上所述,日粮中高蛋白水平(21.02％)可增加肝脏中氨基酸的含量以及糖异生途径关键基因的mRNA表达,进而加快葡萄糖的生成,进一步为犊牛提供能量.

目的 探讨鼻咽癌(NPC)患者外周血循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)变化与治疗效果和预后的关系.方法 回顾性分析在本院接受同步放化疗的35例NPC者,采用两两配对样本的非参数检验法分析患者治疗前后的CTC数目差异.根据细胞形态大小将CTC分为大细胞CTC和小细胞CTC,根据8号染色体数目分为三倍体、四倍体和多倍体(五倍体及以上)三类,比较患者治疗前后大小细胞差异与患者疗效的关系.以无进展生存期为预后评价指标,采用Kaplan-Meier法分析患者治疗前后CTC差值与预后的关系.结果 NPC患者治疗前后CTC变化与年龄、性别、TNM分期、WHO分型、外周血EB病毒抗体和转移情况无关(P>0.05).在部分缓解患者中,同步放化疗后CTC水平有所下降,特别是三倍体和四倍体的小细胞CTC下降明显(P<0.05).治疗前后三倍体CTC差值与预后相关且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 NPC患者外周血CTC亚型水平与患者疗效和预后相关,动态监测患者外周血CTC水平对于NPC治疗指导和预后预测具有一定的临床意义.

为筛选出适合在苏中地区种植的青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)品种,本试验对4个青贮玉米品种进行全株青贮,比较青贮品质和瘤胃降解特性.试验结果表明:'雅玉8号'全株玉米青贮的乳酸含量较高(P＜0.05),pH值、氨态氮含量和乙酸含量低于'扬大109'(P＜0.05).全株玉米青贮的瘤胃干物质有效降解率由高到低依次为'康源01号'(40.98％)、'扬大109,(39.25％)、'雅玉8号'(37.69％)和'牧场06号'(35.29％).瘤胃中性洗涤纤维有效降解率由高到低依次为'扬大109'(29.91％)、'雅玉8号'(28.75％)、'牧场06号'(27.12％)和'康源01号'(21.20％).综上所述,在本试验选取的4个青贮玉米品种中,'牧场06号'是最适宜在苏中地区推广种植的青贮玉米品种.

[目的]本试验旨在探究洋葱皮和奶牛常规饲喂的粗饲料(苜蓿干草和燕麦草)在奶牛瘤胃中的降解规律差异,为洋葱皮作为反刍动物饲料资源开发提供理论依据.[方法]选择3头装有瘤胃瘘管体况良好的荷斯坦干奶牛为试验动物,3种饲料原料采集后粉碎,测定干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、粗灰分(Ash)含量.采用尼龙袋法测定3种原料的DM、CP、NDF、ADF的4、8、12、24、36、48、72 h的瘤胃降解率及降解参数.[结果]洋葱皮与苜蓿干草、燕麦草的DM含量无显著差异;苜蓿干草的CP含量显著高于洋葱皮和燕麦草(P<0.05);洋葱皮的NDF含量与苜蓿干草无显著差异,且二者显著低于燕麦草(P<0.05);洋葱皮的灰分含量显著高于其它2种粗饲料(P<0.05).洋葱皮的NDF和ADF 24 h内瘤胃降解率高于苜蓿干草和燕麦草;苜蓿干草的DM有效降解率最高(P<0.05),且洋葱皮与燕麦草之间无显著差异;CP有效降解率为苜蓿干草>燕麦草>洋葱皮(P<0.05);洋葱皮的NDF有效降解率显著高于苜蓿干草(P<0.05),3种原料的ADF含量和有效降解率无显著差异.[结论]洋葱皮的CP可降解特性与燕麦草相近,而NDF的可降解特性较好,具有作为非常规粗饲料资源被开发利用的潜力.

选用微胶囊作为改性材料,采用热压机层压成型工艺制备出微胶囊层间增韧T300碳纤维/环氧树脂(CF/EP)复合材料.通过双悬臂梁(DCB)Ⅰ型层间断裂试验评估了CF/EP复合材料的增韧效果.利用超声导波技术对普通CF/EP复合材料和增韧CF/EP复合材料层间力学性能进行评价.通过SEM对CF/EP复合材料层间断面微观形貌进行观察,以揭示微胶囊的增韧机制,同时对超声导波检测结果进行辅助说明.结果 表明,微胶囊以团聚形式分布在层间基体中,可以有效提高CF/EP复合材料的层间断裂韧性.微胶囊的填充改变了CF/EP复合材料层间基体特性,增加了导波传播过程中的衰减,导致响应信号峰值降低.同时,团聚的微胶囊改变了CF/EP复合材料对于中心频率125 kHz五峰波激励的振动响应,导致中心频率在信号频谱中的幅值低于普通CF/EP复合材料.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">为研究不同水平铜源对奶牛生产性能、抗氧化能力和铜代谢的影响,采用双因素试验设计,包括2种铜源（硫酸铜、赖氨酸铜和谷氨酸铜的1∶1络合物）,铜源的不同添加水平分别为0、3.5和7.0mg/kg,2种铜源共用对照组,添加量均以铜元素计。选择80头胎次、泌乳天数和产奶量相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为5组,每组16头,预试期2周,正试期12周。每2周测定干物质采食量（DMI）,每周测定产奶量和乳成分,每4周测定血清抗氧化指标,试验期最后3d进行铜代谢试验。结果表明:铜水平为3.5和7.0mg/kg组DMI和产奶量显著高于对照组（P&lt;0.05）,铜水平为3.5和7.0mg/kg组间DMI和产奶量无显著差异（P&gt;0.05）,2种铜源间DMI和产奶量无显著差异（P&gt;0.05）;铜水平为3.5和7.0mg/kg组乳脂率显著低于对照组（P&lt;0.05）,不同水平铜源对乳蛋白率、乳糖率和总固形物无显著影响（P&gt;0.05）;铜水平为3.5和7.0mg/kg组铜蓝蛋白（CER）活性显著高于对照组（P&lt;0.05）,铜水平为7.0mg/kg组CER和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性显著高于3.5mg/kg组（P&lt;0.05）,2种铜源间CER和SOD活性无显著差异（P&gt;0.05）;铜水平为3.5和7.0mg/kg组粪铜和铜沉积率显著高于对照组（P&lt;0.05）,铜水平为7.0mg/kg组粪铜和铜沉积率显著高于3.5mg/kg组（P&lt;0.05）,赖氨酸铜和谷氨酸铜的1∶1络合物组铜沉积率显著高于硫酸铜组（P&lt;0.05）。综上所述,饲粮中添加铜可以提高奶牛产奶量和抗氧化能力,赖氨酸铜和谷氨酸铜的1∶1络合物相较于硫酸铜具有更高的铜沉积率,从生产性能和环境保护角度看,添加3.5mg/kg的赖氨酸铜和谷氨酸铜的1∶1络合物效果最好。</span>

铜作为动物机体的必需元素,是机体内一系列酶的重要组成部分,对反刍动物的免疫力、造血功能、抗氧化能力、瘤胃发酵和生产性能具有重要作用.文章综述铜的分类、需求量、生理功能和铜在反刍动物生产方面的研究进展,旨在为铜在反刍动物中的合理应用提供参考.

培养具有创新思维和创新能力的人才是新时代对人才培养提出的必然要求.课程教学作为人才专业技能培养的主阵地,对人才专业创新思维和创新能力有至关重要的影响.本文以饲料加工工艺与设备课程教学中某一小节内容为例,通过对创新教学设计的阐述,明确了创新教学的实施策略和实现路径,旨在表明:若要培养创新人才,必须创新教学模式,激活学生的思维,提升学生分析问题和解决问题的能力.

为研究槲皮素对脂多糖(LPS)刺激下山羊瘤胃上皮细胞抗氧化和抗炎的影响,先将山羊瘤胃上皮细胞在添加0、5、10、20、40、60、80、120、160和320μg·mL?1槲皮素的基础培养基中培养6 h后,通过检测细胞活性,确定80μg·mL?1为槲皮素后续试验浓度.然后分成4组,山羊瘤胃上皮细胞在基础培养基(对照组,Con)和基础培养基[分别加入1μg·mL?1的LPS(L)、80μg·mL?1槲皮素(Q)以及1μg·mL?1 LPS和80μg·mL?1槲皮素(L+Q)]中培养6 h后,测定相关指标.结果显示:1)与Con组相比,L组瘤胃上皮细胞的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低(P<0.05),而丙二醛(MDA)浓度显著升高(P<0.05);Q组瘤胃上皮细胞的CAT、SOD、总抗氧化力(T-AOC)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性极显著升高(P<0.01),而MDA浓度显著降低(P<0.05).与L组相比,L+Q组瘤胃上皮细胞的CAT、SOD、T-AOC和GSH-PX活性显著升高(P<0.05).2)与Con组相比,L组瘤胃上皮细胞因子IK、趋化因子配体5(CCL5)、CXC趋化因子配体6(CXCL6)、CXCL8、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和IL-1β 的mRNA相对表达量极显著升高(P<0.01).与L组相比,L+Q组瘤胃上皮细胞IK、CCL5、CXCL6、CXCL8、IL-6、TNF-α和IL-1β的mRNA相对表达量极显著降低(P<0.01).3)与Con组相比,L组瘤胃上皮细胞Toll样受体2(TLR2)、核转录因子κB(NF-κB)、髓样分化因子88(MyD88)和转录因子3(IRF3)的mRNA相对表达量显著升高(P<0.05),Q组瘤胃上皮细胞Toll样衔接蛋白(TOLLIR)和TLR 4的mRNA相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05).与L组相比,L+Q组瘤胃上皮细胞TLR 2、NF-κB、MyD 88、TOLLIR和TLR 4的mRNA相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05).综上所述,槲皮素能够提高山羊瘤胃上皮细胞的抗氧化和抗炎症性能,促进细胞增殖.

畜牧业统计监测是畜牧业生产的基础性工作,是各级畜牧兽医部门制定和落实政策的基本支撑,是提高行业监管水平的重要抓手.对照部省畜牧业统计监测工作任务和畜牧业高质量发展要求,江苏省部分地区在数据质量、直报率、生产形势分析等方面仍存在短板.为进一步提升畜牧业统计监测工作水平,强化统计监测数据对产业发展的指导作用,笔者分析了江苏省畜牧业统计监测工作现状,并对面临的挑战进行了深入剖析,提出了做好畜牧业统计监测工作的措施建议.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Delineating organs at risk (OARs) on computed tomography (CT) images is an essential step in radiation therapy; however, it is notoriously time-consuming and prone to inter-observer variation. Herein, we report a deep learning-based automatic segmentation (AS) algorithm (WBNet) that can accurately and efficiently delineate all major OARs in the entire body directly on CT scans. MATERIALS AND METHODS:We collected 755 CT scans of the head and neck, thorax, abdomen, and pelvis and manually delineated 50 OARs on the CT images. The CT images with contours were split into training and test sets consisting of 505 and 250 cases, respectively, to develop and validate WBNet. The volumetric Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and 95th-percentile Hausdorff distance (95% HD) were calculated to evaluate delineation quality for each OAR. We compared the performance of WBNet with three AS algorithms: one commercial multi-atlas-based automatic segmentation (ABAS) software, and two deep learning-based AS algorithms, namely, AnatomyNet and nnU-Net. We have also evaluated the time saving and dose accuracy of WBNet. RESULTS:WBNet achieved average DSCs of 0.84 and 0.81 on in-house and public datasets, respectively, which outperformed ABAS, AnatomyNet, and nnU-Net. WBNet could reduce the delineation time significantly and perform well in treatment planning, with clinically acceptable dose differences compared with those in manual delineation. CONCLUSION:This study shows the feasibility and benefits of using WBNet in clinical practice.

<span id="ChDivSummary" name="ChDivSummary" class="abstract-text">本试验旨在研究茶树油（TTO）对脂多糖（LPS）诱导的奶牛瘤胃上皮细胞（BRECs）炎症因子表达的影响。利用CCK-8法测定浓度为0 （对照）、0.006 25%、0.012 5%、0.025%、0.05%、0.1%的TTO对BRECs活力的影响,每组6个重复,根据试验结果筛选出TTO的适宜浓度为0.05%,以此浓度做后续试验。再利用实时荧光定量PCR、蛋白质印迹法,分别探究BRECs中炎症因子在基因水平以及蛋白水平表达量的变化。试验分为4组:对照组不添加TTO和LPS;TTO组仅添加0.05%的TTO;LPS组仅添加1μg/mL LPS;LPS+TTO组添加1μg/mL LPS和0.05%TTO,每组6个重复。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,添加0.05%TTO显著提高BRECs的活力（P&lt;0.05）;添加0.1%TTO显著抑制BRECs的活力（P&lt;0.05）。2)与对照组相比,TTO组白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和Toll样受体-4（TLR-4）的基因表达量均显著降低（P&lt;0.05）,LPS组白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、IL-6、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、TNF-α、TLR-4基因表达量显著升高（P&lt;0.05）;与LPS组相比,在LPS中添加TTO显著降低IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、TLR-4的基因表达量（P&lt;0.05）。3)与对照组相比,LPS可以提高核因子-κB（NF-κB）通路中p65、磷酸化-p65（p-p65）蛋白表达量,添加LPS+TTO与仅添加LPS相比可以降低p65、p-p65蛋白表达量。综上所述,低浓度的TTO可以提高BRECs的活力,抑制LPS诱导的BRECs炎症信号通路NF-κB相关蛋白表达,进而抑制促炎因子产生。</span>

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of different levels of N-Hydroxymethyl Methionine Calcium (N-HMM-Ca) on the performance, milk quality and rumen fermentation of lactating Holstein cows. 30 lactating Holstein dairy cows were blocked according parity, milk yield and lactation stage, and randomly assigned to 5 groups, 6 in each group. 0, 0.15%, 0.30%, 0.75%, and 1.50% N-HMM-Ca were added to the diet on a dry matter basis. The experiment was continued up to 56 d, including 14 d of adaptation period and 42 d of experimental period. The results showed: 1) Dietary supplementation of 0.15% N-HMM-Ca significantly increased milk production (P < 0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the lactose rate and milk protein rate were significantly increased in the range of 0.15% to 0.75% (P < 0.05). 3) The apparent digestibility of Crude protein, Ether extract, Calcium and Phosphorus was not affected by the level of N-HMM-Ca, but the 0.15% group significantly increased the apparent digestibility of ADF and NDF (P < 0.05). 4) There was no significant relationship between the pH, VFA and MCP content of rumen fluid and the level of N-HMM-Ca (P > 0.05). 5) The 0.15% group increased the relative expression of Fibrobacter succinogenes、Ruminococcus albus、R. flavefaciens (P < 0.01). In summary, the addition of 0.15% N-HMM-Ca to the diet of lactating dairy cow can effectively improve the production performance, milk quality, and feed digestion as well as utilization. Therefore, it is recommended to add the N-HMM-Ca to the diet of lactating dairy cow and a suitable dose is 0.15%.