1 案 例 1.1 简要案情 瞿某、祝某等人自2016年8月起以回填鱼塘为由,接受了来自某城市市区的垃圾在某村进行鱼塘回填.当时垃圾倾倒区可见塑料袋、编织袋等混合垃圾,并有渗滤液浸出.在对垃圾填埋区进行表层覆土后,当地群众自行在上面种植了林木和作物.鱼塘回填垃圾过程中产生的噪声及恶臭等环境问题,引起当地群众不满并举报至政府.受当地政府委托,现对垃圾填埋造成的土壤与地下水环境损害进行鉴定.

Good urban riverfronts have both ecological and social benefits in urban planning and development. With rapid increase of urban stream rehabilitation projects in developing countries, the concept of Public Accessibility of Riverfront (PAR) has become a highlight in evaluating river ecosystem improvement. In this study the Comprehensive Index of Public Accessibility of Riverfront (CIPAR) that consists of 4 sub-indexes and 12 indicators is designed for assessing the conditions of PAR. The index system is novel for its combined consideration of riverfront accessibilities and benefits. These four sub-indexes measure (1) spatial accessibility reflecting riverfront openness and main transportation convenience, (2) visual accessibility reflecting visual field openness, (3) corridor continuity reflecting riverfront vegetation condition, water-oriented settings, and spatial continuity, and (4) amenity reflecting comfortable experience of riverfront environment and diversity of riverfront activities. Based on the questionnaire and field data collected during March 1–15, 2011, 24 reaches of the Suzhou Creek and its distributaries were assessed with CIPAR, and the urban riverfront after rehabilitation was quantified. The result showed that most of the reaches of Suzhou Creek still suffered a poor–fair PAR condition, and that among the four sub-indexes, visual accessibility got the lowest score with an average score of 0.7. The unsatisfactory PAR condition along the Suzhou Creek mainly resulted from the failure in synchronizing the planning and management of riverfront land uses and river channels in previous phase of the rehabilitation project. This case study supports the use of CIPAR to assess the effectiveness of riverfront rehabilitation project.

This paper analyzed the characteristics of urban watershed in tidal plains.Non-point source pollution management oriented urban watershed division method in tidal plain was proposed from three aspects of spatial scale,runoff mechanism and management intensity.Lingang watershed of Shanghai in China was taken as a case.The results showed that Lingang watershed can be divided into one first-class sub-watershed,13 second-class sub-watersheds and 137 third-class sub-watersheds.The spatial distribution of the second-class sub-watersheds and function divisions are almost the same,which indicates the proposed method is operable.

As Qingcaosha Reservoir is becoming a new important water source in Shanghai,its safety and water quality affects regional security and development directly.Blue-green algae bloom is one of key factors which is harmful to water safety.Simulation experiments to explore single factors of different gradients of temperature and light intensity and at the same time experiment were carried out in raw water.By those experiments and hydrological environment favorable environment for Cyanobacteria growing was studied.Microcystis aeruginosa(hereinafter called "M") and Scenedesmus quadricauda(hereinafter called "S") were used as experimental subjects,and light intensity and temperature were used as impact factors in this experiment.The results show M is more sensitive to temperature changing than S;under low light intensity M has higher adaptation and higher specific growth rate while S is more sensitive to high light intensity;doubling time of M is 20 d in raw water under condition of 3 300~6 600 lux and 24 ℃;water quality monitoring in local waters including head area and retention area should be enhanced,on the basis of which effective preventive measures should be put forward,and early warning level should be upgraded when continuous hot sunny weather is expected in summer.

The high total nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of Lake Dianshan was the key nutrient supply for cyanobacteria bloom and resulted in the eutrophication.The ranges were 3.47～4.53 mg/L and 0.18～0.24 mg/L during 2007-2009,respectively.The results of MODIS images analysis showed that cyanobacteria bloom in Lake Dianshan increased during 2007-2009,and the frequencies were 3 d,6 d and 10 d,respectively.The results also showed that the main algae aggregation areas after bloom were the centre,the northeast and the east of the lake.The average water level of Lake Dianshan was higher and the water exchanging period extended from June to September,as a result of backwater effect from Huangpu River and Taipu River.The comparison results between the daily meteorological factors variations from July to September and that on the cyanobacteria bloom dates showed that,in summer,high temperature(24.2～30.5 ℃) and long illumination hours(more than 5.9 h) were likely to accelerate the proliferation rate of cyanobacteria;low air pressure(less than 1 015 hPa),low air velocity(slower than 2.2 m/s) and little precipitation were apt to accelerate the floating up rate of cyanobacteria;heavy precipitation and high air velocity would inhibit cyanobacteria bloom.The meteorological and hydrolgocial factors would play a key role in a prediction and early-warning system of lake cyanobacteria bloom,and also be an important part of building a risk prevention system.

Classification system for environmental value of urban river eco-restoration(EVURER) was established based on the analysis on connotation of environmental value of urban river,and methods for evaluation were summarized.The urban river eco-restoration scheme in Changning District of Shanghai was taken as a case to study the environmental value of river eco-restoration.The value was measured by using direct market method,replacement cost method,hedonic pricing method,and contingent valuation method,et al.According to the calculation results,the cause of lacking fund for urban river eco-restoration were analyzed and mechanism of realizing environmental value of urban river eco-restoration was preliminarily studied.The result shows that:(1) the environmental value of Changning District increases significantly after restoration with total amount that is equivalent to 1.22% of GDP in this district in 2007,and the ratio of annual output to input is 14.63;(2) the external economic effects of urban river eco-restoration are significant,while the residents and businesses along the river are the biggest beneficiaries;(3) drawing up river cross-strait development plan,setting a right price for water resources,collecting of taxes and fees,and then transfering payments to the funds for urban river eco-restoration are the effective ways to realize the environmental value of urban river eco-restoration;(4) the participation of all people in river protection and more people fully understand the meaning of environmental value of urban river eco-restoration are crucial to the realization of environmental value.

<正>城市地表径流污染是指地表沉积物与大气沉降物等在降雨的淋溶和冲刷作用下,扩散性进入水体造成城市水环境质量下降的过程。地表径流是城市水体的主要面源污染之一,是造成城市内河环

The increasing pollution load played a key role in the water quality deterioration and eutrophication of Lake Dianshan. The results of pollution surveys of 1985, 1995 and 2006 showed that the inputs of nitrogen and phosphorus from upper stream origin from Lake Taihu were up to 7565.0 t and 401.0 t in 2006, respectively, accounting for more than 90% of the sum; nitrogen input from non-point source decreased by 13% to 252.6 t, and phosphorus multiplied 1.78 times to 23.3 t; the nutrient inputs from the point sources declined sharply from 1985 to 2006, and the emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus decreased from 103.0 t and 10.2 t to 8.0 t and 10.0 t, respectively; phosphorus from inner source was only 6.35 t. The analysis of the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll a indicated that eutrophication in Lake Dianshan was so high that the frequency of harmful algal blooming increased rapidly in recent years, which threatened the safety of water supply system of Shanghai. Beside the increasing pollution load, regional and stakeholder conflicts also challenged the lake management efficiency in this watershed. A sustainable lake management system was proposed in this study in order to reduce pollution load and solve the trans-boundary conflicts, including reducing point source pollution, adjusting the local economic structure and land use implementations, restoring the lakeshore buffer and setting up a new management mechanism with stakeholder involving.

In this paper,Qingxi Area of Shanghai was taken as a case to study the effects of socio-economic development on the water environment and its countermeasures.The results show that:①the socio-economy has made a rapid development between 1992 and 2008,the annual growth rate of GDP and the gross output value of industry reaches 21.6% and 19.1% respectively,moreover,floating population increases significantly;② located in water source of upper Huangpu River,the area has made great contribution to the water source protection,however,it still faces pressure by industrial pollution,agricultural pollution and domestic pollution with the rapid development of the socio-economy;③some suggestions were put forward on the upgrading of industrial structure,construction of sewage treatment system,treatment of the rural non-point source pollution and establishment of eco-compensation mechanism,to coordinate of the regional social economic development and water conservation.

Using human health risk assessment(HRA) procedures to determine the remediation or redevelopment of contaminated site has become a new research area.In the paper,based on the future land use patterns,the HRA model was applied to evaluate the health risk brought by PAHs contamination in a site for redevelopment.The results indicated that under the two exposure scenarios including the normal condition and the extreme condition,and three exposures,including inhalation exposures,dermal exposures and ingestion exposures,the carcinogenic risk brought by PAHs contamination was comparatively high,and exceed the acceptable health risk lever in several sites.Take the sensitive children for example,the risk-based PAHs remedial goal of 634 μg/kg was calculated for reducing the carcinogenic risk to acceptable level under the extreme condition.In future,with the development of environmental management,the HRA should be strengthening during urban land redevelopment.

Combined with the status of rainwater resource utilization in Shanghai,three inspirations were obtained after analyzing and comparing the successful experience of rainwater resource utilization at home and abroad.The first is to establish and improve compulsory and incentive matching policy and regulation of rainwater resource utilization to guarantee rainwater resource utilization;the second is to develop and select economy and practical technology to promote rainwater resource utilization;the third is to strengthen and implement unified and sustainable management to achieve sustainable rainwater resource utilization.

下凹式绿地是一种具有渗蓄雨水、削减洪峰流量、减轻地表径流污染等优点的生态型排水设施。对不同设计参数的下凹式绿地雨水渗蓄能力的计算和分析表明:下凹式绿地面积比例f、绿地下凹深度Δh、绿地土壤稳定入渗速率K和设计暴雨重现期P是影响其雨水渗蓄效率N的主要因素。经分析计算,一般情况下的下凹式绿地设计参数选择范围为:绿地面积比例10%～30%,下凹深度0.1～0.3m,土壤稳定入渗速率大于5×10-7m/s,设计暴雨重现期可选择一年、三年和五年一遇标准。

After defining of the concept of river health, and analysing of the characteristic indexes (ISC, RHP and USHA) of river health prevailing in other countries, attempts were made to assess river health in five different aspects, i. e. hydrology, morphology, riverside, physical and chemical properties of water quality, and aquatic life with an index system recommended to consist of 5 primary indices and 17 secondary indices. A data collection method taking into account reaches, measuring sites and transects was designed and a five-grade system including "excellent, good, marginal, poor, very poor" was established for assessment of river health. The above-described theories and methods were applied to the case study of a river in Shanghai, and the results reveal that this system is workable in assessing health or environmental conditions of rivers.

Based on the comparison of urban rainwater resource utilization management systems of Germany,USA and Japan,four inspirations to set up Chinese urban rainwater resource utilization ma-nagement system and to realize the ecological environment functions of rainwater resource were drawn.The first is to establish nationwide law and rule to guarantee rainwater resource utilization;the second is to support development of rainwater resource utilization technology to promote rainwater resource utilization;the third is to establish economic adjustment and control means to motivate rainwater resource utilization;the fourth is to establish uniform specialized functional management department to standardize rainwater resource utilization.

The judgement criterion of black and odorous water,especially how to choose the key indicators is the base of black and odorous water prediction,assessment and restoration.Based on the theories of black and odorous water,the present researches and the background of river water quality in the urban districts of Shanghai,a new criterion was established.The new criterion is composed of five indexes,including DO,COD_(Mn),BOD_5,NH_3N and TP.DO≥2 mg/L,COD_(Mn)≤15 mg/L,BOD_5≤20 mg/L,NH_3-N≤8 mg/L and TP≤0.8 mg/L are the limited values of the quantitative indexes based on the single identification indexes and comprehensive identification indexes.

相对于建设项目来说,规划具有更高的综合性、宏观性和前瞻性,因此,规划环评工作也面临更多的不确定性和可变因素.我国目前的规划环评研究难点主要集中于环境评价与不同类型规划本身的理论与技术特点的结合问题,由于规划环评开展时间尚短,缺乏实践经验累积,实际工作开展中难免存在一些问题.我们对上海市2003-2005年间完成的24本规划环境影响评价报告书进行分析,提出了提高规划环境影响评价有效性的建议.

Urban soil pollution has been posing a great risk to urban eco-environmental sustainability and people health. Its control and management has turned out to be a new problem in our environmental management. In the paper, comparison was made between China and the USA in urban soil pollution control and management system. Such problems as the control and management of urban soil pollution lagging behind the control and management of urban atmosphere and water pollution, lack of a special law system for soil pollution prevention, absence of industrial guides for soil environmental impact assessment and standards for soil pollution assessment, nontransparency of information about soil pollution, poor consciousness of public participation in soil pollution control, and shortage of knowledge of how to identify soil pollutants and accurate determine degrees of contamination and amounts of the pollutants, and how to define the liability of polluters and raise soil pollution disposition funds, were considered to be the main weaknesses in urban soil pollution control and management. And some suggestions were presented for improvement in the aspects of institutional framework, legislation and policy, technological means and identification of economic liability for control of urban soil pollution.

Water pollution incidents have been gradually become major threats to the safety of the areas of urban water supply both in domestic and international cities.This paper summarized the advance of water pollution incident research from 4 respects,such as source of risk,vulnerability of source water areas,emergency assessment of incidents,and mechanism of early warning.Finally,it put forward some proposes including strengthening study on the field of vulnerable water area,stressing the key points on the emergency assessment and early warning technology and mechanism of incident,and intensifying basic theory and technology study and case analysis of pollution incident occurred in the areas of urban water supply.

目前在土壤(底泥)污染物质对环境影响的评价中,Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数法是应用广泛、在国际上影响较大的评价方法之一.以上海为例,对典型污染行业土壤的物理性质、pH值以及重金属污染进行了调查分析,并采用Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染进行了潜在生态风险研究.研究结果表明,典型污染行业土壤总体上受到了原有生产过程排污的影响,重金属污染主要集中于印染、电池制造、电镀、发电厂以及石油加工等企业;产生潜在生态危害的主要是重金属汞、镉,而铅、铬、锌、镍、砷等重金属多属于轻微危害水平.同时,提出了典型污染行业土壤污染防治的全过程控制对策.

On the basis of comprehensive investigations and monitoring,research results about ecological and environmental present situations of Liwa creek were introduced in this paper.Technological solutions for water pollution control and ecological restoration were discussed alsc.