The current study investigated how semantic relatedness among items influenced mnemonic trade-offs between temporal order memory and source memory caused by perceptual event boundaries in two experiments. We used background color shifts as perceptual boundaries and respectively manipulated object images as semantically related or random (Exp1) and switched synchronously or asynchronously between perceptual boundaries and semantic relatedness shifts (Exp2). The outcomes showed that semantic relatedness among items did not eliminate, or influence mnemonic trade-offs caused by perceptual event boundaries. The effects of perceptual event boundaries on integration and separation among items in episodic memory were significantly more pronounced than that of semantic relatedness changes. Furthermore, synchronous switch between perceptual boundaries and semantic relatedness shifts enhanced the items-source memory performance. These findings underscore the impact of semantic relationship among items in an event structure on memory organization, supporting and extending the predictions of the Context Maintenance and Retrieval model.

Numerous studies have shown that people believe repeated information is more true than new information regardless of its veracity, which is referred to as the illusory truth effect. Furthermore, retrieval from memory in the absence of explicit repetition also could give rise to an illusory truth effect. It is constructive to explore how mnemonic accessibility affected the illusory truth from both sides of the accessibility continuum: enhancement and suppression. The current study explored the effect of source credibility of emotional statements on the illusory truth effect from both mnemonic enhancement and suppression in two experiments. In Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, the source credibility was respectively manipulated by explicitly informing participants and asking participants to subjectively rate them. Our results showed that retrieval practice of statements enhanced the memory for the mentioned statements, while impaired the memory for the unmentioned but related statements. Further, the mentioned statements (mnemonic enhancement statements) became more believable, but the unmentioned but related statements (mnemonic suppression statements) did not change in their truth. Additionally, the effect of two ways of getting the information of source’s credibility on the illusory truth were modulated by the emotionality of statements. These findings not only highlighted the relationship between memory and the illusory truth effect, but also revealed the effect of different ways of getting the information about source credibility and emotionality of statements on the illusory truth in a social interaction setting, which are conductive to attenuating propagation of the illusory truth for false information in the population and improving the public’s truth discernment.

BackgroundSubstance dependency affects multiple aspects of cognitive ability, and memory is one of those. This paper investigates how the process of gist and detail retrieval of positive and negative experiences affects mood and memory diffrently in people with Substance use disorders.MethodThe research involved 30 participants diagnosed with Substance Use Disorder, comprising 5 females and 25 males, aged between 18 and 50 years, selected using a purposive sampling method. To compare the effects of event type (positive and negative), recall type (Gist and detail), and recall phases on emotions and memory accuracy, a repeated measures ANOVA within-subjects design was used.ResultsThe analysis of the accuracy of gist recall for positive and negative events showed a statistically significant difference between these two factors. Positive emotions that were recalled had a higher mean value as compared to negative emotions. Whereas details recalled of negative events are more comparable to positive events.ConclusionThe finding suggests that recalling the gist and detail of positive and negative memories influences both emotion and memory. This insight supports clinical practice and rehabilitation for the treatment of substance use disorder to improve emotion regulation and cognitive functioning.

本研究采用联结再认范式考察联结记忆中感知觉水平和概念加工程度对图片优势效应的影响.实验1通过呈现清晰与模糊的词语或图片对操纵了感知觉水平,结果发现只有在清晰条件下图片优势效应才会出现;实验2则在模糊条件下通过要求被试想象两个项目之间的关系操纵了概念加工程度,结果发现在有概念加工条件下,出现了图片优势效应.结果表明:(1)降低的感知觉水平会导致联结记忆中的图片优势效应消失;(2)对模糊项目对进行概念加工会使联结记忆中出现图片优势效应.

目的:探讨在中性和消极情绪条件下,社会分享和单独分享对分享者情绪和记忆的影响.方法:将被试随机分配到中性组和消极组,观看相应的情绪视频,并且将自己所观看的视频内容与倾听者进行社会分享或单独分享.结果:①相对于单独分享,社会分享后分享者对中性事件的情绪强度上升,而对于负性事件的情绪强度显著降低.②消极组的细节回忆率显著高于中性组,而消极组要义回忆率显著低于中性组,单独分享时的细节回忆率显著高于社会分享.结论:相比较单独分享,社会分享能够降低分享者的负面情绪,而且降低对消极事件细节的记忆.

The effect of emotion on memory often leads to the trade-off: enhanced memory for emotional items comes at the cost of memory for background information. Although this effect is usually attributed to overt attention during encoding, Steinmetz and Kensinger (2013) proposed that such an effect might also be related to post-stimulus elaboration. Based on previous different viewpoints, we used the directed forgetting paradigm to further explore the effect of post-stimulus elaboration on the memory trade-off. In the meantime, we also tested the roles of background valence and item salience (high salient items were placed in the centre of backgrounds while low salient items were placed in the periphery of backgrounds) in modulating the memory trade-off. Our results showed that there was a memory trade-off when backgrounds were neutral, whereas this was no longer the case when backgrounds were negative. This indicated the memory trade-off might be affected by background valence. Meanwhile, we found post-stimulus elaboration contributed to selective memory enhancement for backgrounds, while item salience enhanced item memory performance in the memory trade-off. These findings suggest the emotion-induced memory trade-off may be a complex memory effect, which can be influenced by different factors to varying degrees.

: Associative memory is generally impaired with age in older adults. It continues to be controversial about the mechanism of age-related associative memory deficit, whether the age-related associative memory deficit is a specific deficit caused by impaired binding function or a global deficit of information representation caused by impaired global cognitive function. The specific deficit view represented by the Associative Deficit Hypothesis (ADH) proposed by Naveh-Benjamin (2000) believed that the age-related associative memory deficit was associated with a deficit of specific processing processes for encoding and retrieving the binding of items in older adults. However, the global deficit view represented by the DRYAD model proposed by Benjamin (2010) suggested that the age-related associative memory deficit was linked to the global deficit in memory fidelity in the elderly. Both the ADH and the DRYAD model predict that associative memory will be impaired in older adults, but these two theories have their own different assumptions, corresponding empirical evidence, and some potential limitations. In addition, the factors affecting the age-related associative deficit were discussed from two aspects: the characteristics of the stimuli and participants. Future studies should not only focus on the cognitive mechanism and influencing factors of the age-related associative deficit, but also pay more attention to its practical application and clinical guiding value.

情绪对联结记忆的影响已成为近期研究的焦点,但尚未得出一致结论.本研究采用复合情绪图片,通过2个实验,分别从项目、背景的情绪性及背景呈现方式两个角度对复合情绪图片的项目-背景联结记忆进行了研究,结果发现:(1)项目和背景的情绪性会对项目记忆产生不同影响,但两者都会抑制项目-背景的联结记忆;(2)背景的重复呈现与预先呈现都能促进复合图片项目-背景的联结记忆,但无法消除情绪对项目-背景联结记忆的影响.本研究发现注意窄化理论并不能完全解释情绪对联结记忆的影响.

Traditionally,the recognition of facial expression was studied by using isolated faces,which was affected by the categorical theory of emotion.In fact,in real life,facial expression always occurs in context.The result of facial expression recognition could be ambiguous when observer typically viewed face in isolation without any other cues.Recently many researches investigated how context may influence the facial expression processing.Numerous studies found context effect in recognition of facial expression,namely visual scene,body expression,emotional concept and surrounding other faces all shaped the facial expression processing.Evidence from ERPs and eye movements showed that facial expression was combined with both of emotional visual scene and body expression during the early stage of processing,and to some degree,was automatic.But none of these studies investigated the role they played simultaneously.Moreover,studies of context effect in recognition of facial expression seldom investigated the recognition of visual scene directly by using memory paradigm.Given that emotional concept may provide a top-down constraint in facial expression recognition,in the current study,we increased number of emotion labels for a better understanding of the context effect.Two experiments were conducted in this study,both of them adopted a 2 (facial expression:disgust,fear)×2(emotion congruent between face and context:congruent,incongruent) within-subject design.Stimuli were made up by images of disgust and fear (low level of perceptual similarity) facial expression,visual scene and body expression.All participants were required to label an emotion word for the face which was shown against backgrounds of visual scene (Expl) or both visual scene and body expression (Exp2).Experiment 1 aimed to study the effect of emotion congruent between facial expression and visual scene on facial expression recognition.On the basis of experiment 1,experiment 2 added congruent or incongruent body expression to investigate whether body expression disturbed the effect of visual scene on facial expression recognition.Results of the two experiments indicate that:(1)The influence of visual scene on facial expression recognition is still significant when increased the number of emotion labels;(2)Participants would rely more on visual scene and remember the scene more often when emotional facial expression is shown against an incongruent visual scene;(3)The effect of visual scene on facial expression recognition can be influenced by body expression,but the emotion of visual scene still play an important role in recognition of negative facial expression

Objective:To explore whether there is mood congruency effect of involuntary autobiographical memories among different mood undergraduates.Methods:Totally 60 college students were induced to generate positive,negative or neutral mood by emotional pictures and music.Vigilance task paradigm was used to induce involuntary autobiographical memory in the present experiment.All participants were asked to rate the pleasantness of involuntary autobiographical memories,then the memory proportion of different valence was calculated.Two raters who had not taken part in the experiment were instructed to divide the objective memory contents into positive,negative and neutral three types.Furthermore,the number of involuntary autobiographical memories recalled was evaluated according to the valence of objective memory contents.Besides,all participants were asked to rate the mood state at the end of the experiment.Results:There was no significant difference in pleasantness ratings among different mood college students (P ＞ 0.05).There was a significant interaction between mood state and the valence of objective memory contents (P ＜ 0.01).Further examination of the interaction suggested the number of positive memory contents recalled was greater in positive state compared with neutral state [(6.3 ±5.5) vs.(2.8 ±2.2),P ＜0.01].However,there was no difference in the number of negative memory contents and neutral memory contents among different mood states (Ps ＞ 0.05).Additionally,no matter the pleasantness ratings was positive or negative,there was no significant correlation between the proportion of memories and mood state rated at the end of the experiment (r =0.29,-0.13,Ps ＞ 0.05).Conclusion:It suggests that there does not exist mood congruency effect of involuntary autobiographical memories among college students in different mood states.Even in negative mood state,their involuntary autobiographical memories would still display a kind of "optimistic bias".

情绪对记忆具有增强或者削弱的作用,这已为大量研究所证实,但这些研究大都是针对单个的项目记忆而言的.联结记忆是对记忆中不同元素或项目之间关系的记忆,情绪对联结记忆的影响近年来才开始受到关注,而且不同研究得出了不同结论.本文对情绪增强或削弱联结记忆的相关研究及理论解释做了整合分析,指出情绪影响联结记忆会受到许多因素的制约.最后,从进一步发现并分析情绪影响联结记忆的制约因素、拓宽情绪影响联结记忆的研究范围及进一步探讨情绪影响联结记忆的认知神经机制方面指出了未来研究的方向.

: Based on the retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm, socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting focuses on how the selective retrieval of the speaker according to his own memory influences the listener’s memory under social settings. This becomes a new field of social memory research.The impacts of several factors including the involvement levels of listener, the characteristics of the speaker, social relationship between speaker and listener, search strategy during retrieval, emotional valence and individual differences for socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting were investigated by many studies with different kinds of materials.Lots of researches demonstrated that socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting not only promoted the memory convergence of group members, but also promoted the propagation in a small sequence of social interactions, which both have great influences on the formation of collective memory. Further studies should be conducted to explore influence factors, underlying mechanisms, related brain substrates and applications of socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting in social settings.

目的:探讨不同羞耻倾向个体对不同情绪自传体记忆的定向遗忘特点.方法:以高、低羞耻倾向大学生各 30名为被试,使用正性、负性和中性线索词诱发被试的自传体记忆,采用项目法定向遗忘范式,从自传体记忆的具体性这一角度探讨高低羞耻倾向个体自传体记忆定向遗忘特点.结果:①高、低羞耻倾向个体在遗忘条件下对概括和具体的自传体记忆的回忆率都显著低于记住条件下;②高、低羞耻倾向个体对负性词诱发的自传体记忆的回忆率要显著低于中性和正性词;③高羞耻倾向个体对负性词引发的具体的自传体记忆的回忆率低于低羞耻倾向个体,而高、低羞耻倾向个体对概括的自传体记忆的回忆率差异不显著.结论:高、低羞耻倾向个体不论在具体和概括的自传体记忆上都表现出了定向遗忘,个体的羞耻倾向和自传体记忆的情绪性会影响具体的自传体记忆的定向遗忘.

长期以来,关于面孔表情识别的研究主要是围绕着面孔本身的结构特征来进行的,但是近年来的研究发现,面孔表情的识别也会受到其所在的情境背景(如语言文字、身体背景、自然与社会场景等)的影响,特别是在识别表情相似的面孔时,情境对面孔表情识别的影响更大.本文首先介绍和分析了近几年关于语言文字、身体动作、自然场景和社会场景等情境影响个体对面孔表情的识别的有关研究;其次,分析了文化背景、年龄以及焦虑程度等因素对面孔表情识别情境效应的影响;最后,强调了未来的研究应重视研究儿童被试群体、拓展情绪的类别、关注真实生活中的面孔情绪感知等.

有意遗忘是指个体主动忘记无用和过时的信息,本质是记忆的主动抑制,包括定向遗忘和压抑遗忘.定向遗忘中的记忆抑制既发生在编码阶段也发生在提取阶段,脑机制研究支持编码抑制理论和提取抑制理论;压抑遗忘中的记忆抑制是通过前额-海马神经环路实现的,体现在No-think诱发前额区域的激活增强和海马的激活减弱.未来应重视定向遗忘和压抑遗忘的脑机制差异、记忆抑制和其他心理活动抑制之间的差异、创伤个体的有意遗忘研究和记忆控制神经网络的可塑性研究.

本研究使用负性情绪视频片段作为实验材料,采用词表法定向遗忘范式,用2个实验分别考察了内容与自我关联性对负性情绪要义和细节记忆的定向遗忘及其权衡的影响.研究结果表明:(1)材料内容上的关联性没有导致定向遗忘的出现.在内容关联条件下,遗忘提示只增加了要义记忆没有增加细节记忆;(2)自我关联性导致了对负性情绪记忆的定向遗忘,表现为遗忘组的回忆成绩低于记住组;(3)关联性对细节和要义记忆有不同的影响,自我关联性使得被试的细节回忆率更高,但要义回忆率却更低,表现出明显的要义-细节权衡.