"英雄"是在中国本土文化中孕育生成的词汇,最晚于西汉初年出现,走过整个帝制时代,见证了现代中国的形成与发展,其内涵的演变与近代中国国家建设进程密不可分.王朝时期,"英雄"主要指才智和胆识超群的杰出人物.自奉"替天行道"的"英雄"延揽能臣良将式"英雄"建国兴邦,并行帝王驾驭之术,使其恪守人臣之本分.清末西潮东渐,传统秩序遭遇总体性危机,建设独立富强的现代民族国家成为核心议题.近代中国国家建设的艰巨任务促使国人召唤多重面相的"英雄":召唤"过渡时代之英雄"以引领近代国家转型,召唤"中华民族之英雄"以形塑民族认同,召唤"芸芸平等之英雄"以为国家建设之基石."英雄"概念由此得到了极大的丰富与拓展.

1949年以来,英模塑造与宣传是执政党形塑民众理想人格、增进政治认同的重要方式,本文通过对江苏六所高校新生的价值观调查,梳理了青年学生对英模的认知、情感、评价和认可内化情况.结果显示:英模在大学生中的知晓度和可信度评价总体上较高,正面情感认同明显,且有相当一部分英模被大学生视为自己心目中的英雄,但调查结果也暴露出当下青年学子的英模观正在发生变化,其中有些问题值得严肃面对和认真反思.

在当代中国政治生活中,领导小组作为一种议事协调机制长期存在于各级党政部门.通过其独特的组织和权力结构与相关政治主体之间的互动,领导小组不断延续发展,并逐渐生长为一种显见的亚正式制度,与中国现代国家的建构进程有着密切的逻辑关联.本文尝试对领导小组类型的演变进行梳理,并从中考察其与现代国家成长之间的内在关系.

通过分析2012年最新一组数据,我们发现,在中国社会现代化背景下,从家人、亲朋好友、同学、同事到陌生人,中国人之间的信任呈现出逐步递减的差序格局.已有研究者指出,对陌生人的普遍信任与民主价值存在正相关关系,而基于社会交往同心圆内圈的特殊信任则与民主价值无涉.较高的普遍信任会促进和活跃公民的政治参与,而现有文献中呈现的中国人的高信任度绝大多数来自同心圆的内圈信任,使得信任与民主价值之间因果关系的链接出现断裂.本文的分析是社会资本理论跨文化应用的一次尝试.

个人主观幸福感不仅受到心理、社会以及经济因素的影响,还直接受制于政治运作,包括公共物品供给的质量、政治信任程度以及政府的廉政建设状况。在当下中国,公民对政府的信任是直接影响主观幸福感的最稳定因素。而民众对宏观经济态势、政府所提供的公共物品例如社会治安、医疗卫生等的满意度并不直接影响公民的主观幸福感,只有当对这些公共物品质量的评价转化为政治信任之后才会对主观幸福感产生效应。腐败的横行会直接削弱每个个体的幸福感知,政府行为对于提升个人幸福有不可推卸的责任。

随着国家的理性化成长,领导小组逐渐演变为中国政治生活中一种显见的亚正式制度,在相关政府部门间架构起较为有效的协调沟通机制。然而,现实中也不乏对领导小组的诟病。本文将"领导小组制度"作为客观分析对象,以中央防治血吸虫病工作领导小组为个案,发掘制度建构、延续与变迁的动力,认为未来应以制度化和有效性的动态平衡为意旨来规范领导小组制度,使之既能符合国家法治化要求,又能发挥其灵活沟通的优势。

It is of great significance to explore highly institutionalized and effective coordinative mechanism among government agencies to improve governance abilities in contemporary China.The leading groups,which are prevalent within governments at all levels,are important joints for Chinese political operation due to their unique organizational and power structures.It could concentrate administrative resources,as well as coordinate and guide public affairs transcending departments or regions in an effective manner.With rational growth of the state,the leading groups are turned into institutionalized gradually;this provides opportunities for the construction of government agencies coordinative mechanism with Chinese characteristics,as well as the high level of institutionalization and effectiveness.

Publicizing and honoring role models as part in the political life in P.R.C has never failed to attract attention.It is essentially a major means for the state power to have public mobilization and political socialization. It is of great significance for the Party and the central government to achieve the political agenda and objectives in certain period,maintain the national and social stability,and boost the state legitimacy.This practice is deeply rooted in the Chinese traditional political culture and award mechanism,the successful experience in publicizing role models in Yan'an period and the examples set by the Soviet Union.Since the founding of P.R.C,it has been a bridge between state power and the people in the construction of a modern China.

In the process of modernization since the 1960s,Singapore has gradually established the political system of authoritarianism which is an intervenient between the limited totalitarianism and the limited democracy.The forming of the authoritarianism results from the comprehensive interaction of the geographical,social,cultural,historical,political and international factors which are uniquely rooted in the political ecosystem of Singapore.It is because of this unique feature that the political system which corresponds to the history of Singapore and meets its actual needs promotes Singapore's modernization.Along with the economical development in Singapore,the formation of the middle class,the rise of civil society and the reform of the ruling party itself,great changes have taken place in the political ecosystem of Singapore,and democracy is inevitably growing up under the authoritarian order.

电子民主有利于凸显政府的服务功能,使公民的政治参与更具平等性和主动性,同时也存在代表性和适用范围的广泛性等方面的问题。电子民主的逐步发展和完善,已呈现出与政府体制改革紧密结合的趋势。在信息时代,随着以电子民主为代表的直接民主的完善,代议制民主有可能被取代。