The cutting seedlings of Alnus rubra were treated by nodulation+non-nitrogen Hoagland culture solution,non-nodulation+nitrate-nitrogen Hoagland solution,non-nodulation+non-nitrogen Hoagland solution,and non-nodulation+mixed-nitrogen Hoagland solution respectively,to show the different effects between nodulation and non-nodulation,and between nitrate-and mixed-nitrogen on physiological characteristics and biomass of Alnus rubra.The results indicated that nodulation markedly improved the growth and biomass,increased the chlorophyll content and adjusted the chlorophyll constituents.After nodulation,A.rubra maintained fairly high activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase,but the lowest activity of peroxide enzyme.Nitrogen forms also had remarkable effects on the physiological characteristics and biomass.

Taken young leaves and stem segments of Cephalotaxus oliveri as explants,the effects of different hormone and proportions on callus induction of Cephalotaxus oliveri were researched.The results indicated the induction rate of young stem callus were higher than that of young leaves callus.The best medium for inducing young stem callus was MS+NAA 1mg·L-1+6-BA 0.15mg·L-1+2,4-D 1mg·L-1 and the induction rate reached 100%.MS medium was more suitable for inducing young leaves callus than B5 medium.The best sterilization procedure for young stem was to soak stem for 1min in 75% alcohol and 15min in 0.1% HgCl2.

During the period from 2005 to 2007,the cultivation experiment of introduced Alnus rubra was conducted both in Liuhe in Jiangsu,and Nanlin in Anhui,respectively.The results indicated that Alnus rubra was a fast-growth tree species.Annual height growth was 3.98 m in Liuhe and 5.01 m in Nanlin,respectively,and annual basal diameter growth was 5.9 cm in Liuhe and 7.14 cm in Nanlin,respectively.The growth of height related with basal diameter significantly.Flowering and fruiting occurred after the fourth year growth.

The test showed that different plant growth regulators had different effects on the rooting rate of epicomic branches of red alder. In the experiment,cuttage with epicomic branches were treated with GGR-6,IBA and NAA at different concentrations. The results showed that GGR-6 could promote the epicomic branch to root with the suitable treatment concentration; But IBA and NAA reduced rooting rates at any concentrations. We determined the contents of endogenous hormones at different time points (0 d,20 d,30 d,37 d,42 d,45 d) during rooting process of mature branch cutting. Initial and final values of different endogenous hormones in the cuttings within the period were listed here:106.66 ng/(g·FW) and 162.9 ng/(g·FW) for IAA,16.62 ng/(g·FW) and 25.37 ng/(g·FW) for GA1/3,and 8.2 ng/(g·FW) and 22.59 ng/(g·FW) for ZR. The full data demonstrated that the levels of IAA、GA1/3、ZR presented a tendency towards "up-down-up" ,with the valley value at the 37th day. The ABA levels,176.54 ng/(g·FW) and 150.02 ng/(g·FW) for the initial and final values,showed an opposite tendency towards "down-up-down" ,with the peak value at the 37th day.

33 endophyte strains(Frankia),from Alnus rubra(LH001～LH005),A.cremastogyne(SM001～SM010),A.trabeculosa (NL001～NL006,ZP1～ZP7) and Myrica rubra(ZY1～ZY5),were dealt with in this study,focusing on isolation and culture of endophytes and morphology of hypha,vesicle,and sporangia.

【Objective】 The mycorrhizal of orchids is a nature phenomenon,but how does the fungus provides nutrition for the orchids to support the growth is the solution to manual cultivation of orchids.【Method】 Optical and electronic microscope was used to obserue CLB113 etc.【Result】 We found the pathway of infection and structure of mycorrhizal in Cymbidium goeringii,C.sinense,C.hookerianum and Dendrobium devoninum etc,which demonstrated that they had typical orchidaceous roots with velamen and thick cortical tissue.For the terrestrial orchids,the infection pathway was that fungi invaded velamen firstly and then entered cortical tissue by breaking the velamen.But for D.devoninum of orchid,the fungi entered the cortical tissues through passage cell and the colonized and infected other cells continuously by means of hypha penetrating the cell wall.【Conclusion】 Thus,it can be concluded that the mechanism of symbiosis between orchid and mycorrhizal is as follows:first,cortical tissues is infected by mycorrhizal.After the infection,there are a lot of pelotons which appear in dark color and in the irregular shapes in the cortical tissue under microscope observation.Under the electronic observation,pelotons are cell nuclear,surrounded by a group of hypha.Pelotons mainly appear in outsider layer cells of the cortical tissue and it will provide nutrients for plants when it is dissolved and absorbed.Then with more invasion and growth of young hyphae,endophytic fungi can provide nutrition for rapid growth of the plantlets.

The photosynthetic properties of two-year-old seedlings of Alnus rubra were observed under natural conditions by means of Li-6400 Photosynthesis Analyzer to explore the influence of meteorological factors upon the seedlings′ photosynthesis.The results indicated that there was difference in diurnal variation of the net photosynthetic rate,i.e.,the curve of diurnal variation of the net photosynthetic rate determined on April 24th,October 10th and November 20th was characterized by single-peak,while the curve of diurnal variation of the net photosynthetic rate determined on Junuary11th and August 9th was characterized by double-peak.The diurnal variation of transpiration course of all the dates determined was one-peak curve.By means of correlation analysis and stepwise multi-regression analysis,the correlation between net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate,the correlation between net photosynthetic rate and meteorological factors including quanta flux density,CO2 concentration,air temperature and the relative humidity of atmosphere was analyzed,and the regressive equations were formulated.

Characteristics of water consumption by transpiration of three common gardrn shrub species in Changsha,namely,Sabina vulgaris,Euonymus japonicus cv.Aureo-ma and Ligustrum vicaryi,were systematically studied by using such equipments as Lico 6400 Portable Photosynthesis System and BP-3400 Precision Balance.Finally indicated: The transpiration rates of the shrubs are low in the morning and dusk,high at noon as a single peak or double peaks.The transpiration rate of Sabina vulgaris changes gently in the diurnal variation;Euonymus japonicus cv.Aureo-ma and Ligustrum vicaryi changes a lot,both are low at 7:00-9:00 or 15:00-17:00,high at 11:00-15:00.The daily water consumption rate of Sabina vulgari and Euonymus japonicus cv.Aureo-ma in autumn are higher than it in summer but that of Ligustrum vicaryi in autumn is lower than in summer.Whether in summer or autumn,the daily water consumption rate of Sabina vulgari is the lowest among the three shrub species.

The seeds and the top of stalk of terrestrial orchid as explants were cultured on medium.The tissue culture of terrestrial orchid were studied.The results were as follows: The best culture medium for seed germinate of terrestrial orchid was 1/2 MS+NAA 0.3 mg/L+IBA 3.0 mg/L +active carbon(AC) 2 g/L+1 g/L(culture liquid of the orchifd from Thailand);The best medium in inducing protocorm was 1/2 MS+NAA 0.4 mg/L+6-BA 3.0 mg/L +(AC) 2 g/L+fresh coconut juice(CM) 250 mL/L+1% glucose+micro-vitamin C,The best medium in adventitious buds induced was 1/2 MS+NAA 0.4 mg/L+6-BA 4.0 mg/L +AC 2 g/L;The best medium in rooting of adventitious buds was 1/2 MS+NAA 0.2 mg/L+AC 2 g/L.

In a culture experiment,shoot apexes were the best explant and 1/2 MS was the best basal medium.Adventitious buds and calli were induced from shoot apexes of Clematis 'Multi-Blue'which were cultured on solid 1/2 MS medium containing 0.5 mg·L-1TDZ+0.01 mg·L-1NAA+2% sucrose and 0.8 mg·L-1TDZ+0.5 mg·L-1NAA+2% sucrose,respectively.The induction rate of buds was up to 200.8% after one month and the buds were vigorous.Somatic embryos were obtained from the grey yellow lumped and granular calli through succesive transfer culture.The induction rate of somatic embryos was up to 60%,and it can be developed to normal seedlings in the same medium.

The results of cultivated experiment of Aluns rubra Bong.In the Nanjing region showed that the environment,such as sunlight,temperature and moisture was the key factors in the livability of seedlings.The growth of height of one-year old seedlings showed the curve of “S” and the rhythm of“slow-fast-slow”during the year.No obviously differences of the stem diameter closing to the ground of seedlings between the Jiangning site and the Liuhe site had been observed.Alunus rubra B.has the characteristics of rapid growth,extensive adaptability,and it could be a suitable tree species for popularizing and development.

The seeds of Alnus rubra. treated with PEG at different concentrations in this paper,Statistics. dealed with the effect of treatment on the vegetal status of one-year old seedlings. The results showed that:(1) In the same growth condition,PEG had extraordinary effects on heights and basal stem diameters of one-year old A.rubra seedlings dominated at the growth prophase, but no clear effects were observed on the random seedlings. PEG had more remarkable effects on the number of nodules in the rootage than the diameter of ultimate nodular clusters,but the number of fibre and the nodular distance in the undermost rootage from the earth′s surface were no obviously influenced;(2)The heights had obvious difference in one-year old A.rubra seedings. PEG could notably focus the heights on the similar heights of one-year old A.rubra seedings, comparing to the seeds unused PEG.

The main problem in tissue culture of terrestrial orchids lies in low survival rate after transplantation,slow growth,delayed blossom and no blossom,which has something to do with lack of symbiont mycorrhizal fungi.The CLB111,CLB113(from wild Cymbidium goeringii and MLX102(from wild Cymbidium sinense) proved to be good mycorrhizal fungi strains for C.goeringii through inoculation,biomass measurement,re-isolation and micro-observation of root chip.The three strains mentioned above were inoculated into the roots of plantlets of C.goeringii.After four and half months of symbioses culture,plantlets showed a normal leave color,well developed root system.The fresh biomass of C.goeringii inoculated with CLB111,CLB113 and MLX102 increased by 70.6%,70.2% and 68.6% respectively while that of control is 45.6%.The statistics showed that the difference between inoculation group and control group was significant,the fresh weight increment of CLB111,CLB113 and MLX102 was greatly different from that of control(α=0.01).

184 representative fungi strains were isolated from 89 orchid plants of 11 varieties from 8 major orchid distribution areas in Yunnan Province. 65 strains among them showed higher infection frequency or had been reported as endophytic mycorrhiza fungi.18 groups out of the 184 isolated strains were classified according to colonal morphology,hyphal characteristics,fruiting organ, spore morphology and derivation fruiting body,which respectively belonged to Orchidaceous rhizotonias,genera of Rhizoctonia,Chaetomium,Trichoderma,Fusarium,Diplococcoium,Acremonium,Sarcinella,Papulaspora,Trichosporiella,Microascu and other genera of Hyphomycetes,as well as Gliomastix murorum,Mycena,Cafenularia piceae species.

The microstructures of 4 types of Cymbidium goeringii roots, i.e., roots of seedlings produced from sterilized tissue culture, roots of seedlings produced from tissue culture inoculated with mycorrizal fungi, young nutritive roots and mature roots of the wild seedlings were observed separately by paraffin method with microscope. It was indicated by the observation that there were large quantity of pelotons in the cortex cells of both young nutritive roots and mature roots of either seedlings produced from inoculated tissue culture with mycorrizal fungi or wild seedlings of Cymbidium goeringii, showing typical structure of mycorrhiza, while there were no hyphae and pelotons observed in the cortex cells of roots out of seedlings produced from sterilized tissue culture. It was observed that the hyphae intruded into the roots of Cymbidium goeringii seedlings across the passage cells and entered the cortex cells. It was showed that the mycorrhiza of Cymbidium goeringii was typical orchidaceous mycoorhiza.

CLB111,KW214 strain(belong to Rhizoctonia sp. ) and CLB113 strain (belong to Orchidaceous rhizotonias)were inoculated to tissue culture seedlings of Cymbidium goeringii. After 4.5 months of inoculation, the growth of seedlings was promoted at different level,The average fresh weight of seedlings treated with CLB111,KW214, CLB113 strain were 170.6%,170.2% and 166.1% respectively that of their initial value, while that of the control is just 145.6%. The statistic showed that fresh weight of the seedlings inoculated with strain CLB111,CLB113 were extremely significantly higher(α=0.01), while fresh weight of seedling inoculated with KW214 was significant higher than that of control (α=0.05) .The observation under optical and electronic microscope for CLB111,CLB113and KW214 found the pathway of infection and structure of mycorrhizal in C.goeringii. For the C.goeringii,mycorrhizal structure was same with the general nutrition roots of control structure .The infection pathway was that fungi invaded velamen firstly, then entered cortical tissue by breaking the velamen and the colonized and infected other cells continuously by means of hyphae penetrating the cell wall. There was a lot of pelotons which appeared in dark colour and in the irregular shapes in the cortical tissue under microscope observation. Under the electronic observation, it was found that pelotons was a cell nuclear surrounding by a group of hyphae. Pelotons mainly appeared in outsider layer cells of the cortical tissue and it could provide the nutrients for plants when it was dissolved and absorbed. With more invasion and growth of young hyphae endophytic fungi can provide nutrition for rapid growth of the plantlets.

通过对昆明世博园开园5a后的病害种类调查及植物病害病原种类鉴定,与建园前后4个阶段病害调查比较,确定世博园云南省新记录病害8种和外来潜在危险性病原的种类,并提出植物病害监测及控制建议.

Advances in studies in the past century about the fungi species forming orchidaceae mycorrhiza, the specificity between mycorrhizal fungi and orchidaceae, and the enhancement of endophytic fungi towards the growth of orchidaceae were summarized. Some results from related researches done by the author and some personal opinions were also discussed.

应用解剖学及组织化学方法对老芒麦种子发育过程进行了观察研究。结果显示 ,其种子发育过程的形态变化具有禾本科植物的典型特征 :胚胎发育为禾本型 ,胚乳为核型胚乳 ,其最外一层细胞发育为糊粉层 ,籽实皮由内珠被及子房内表皮发育而成 ;但有其特性 :合子未显示出极性 ,中贮藏有丰富的淀粉粒 ,第 1次分裂为横分裂 ,偶有斜向分裂 ,之后顶细胞纵分裂 ,基细胞横分裂 ;宿存助细胞可保留到椭圆形原胚时期 ,与丝状器都有PAS正反应 ,显示了宿存助细胞及丝状器与营养物质的转运有关 ;少数种子有胚发育迟缓的现象 ;不同种子发育的早期原胚之间存在淀粉粒含量的差异 ;约有 1%的成熟种子中缺胚或胚极小。