To synthesize the current preclinical and clinical evidence on the utility and potential mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) as a therapeutic strategy for major ophthalmic diseases, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to synthesize the current preclinical and clinical evidence. Electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched from inception until August 2025 using keywords such as “GLP-1 receptor agonist,” “diabetic retinopathy,” “glaucoma,” “age-related macular degeneration,” “ocular disease,” and “neuroprotection.” The search focused on identifying preclinical studies, large-scale retrospective cohort studies, and post-hoc analyses of major clinical trials that evaluated the utility and potential mechanisms of GLP-1RAs in ophthalmic diseases. Studies were screened for relevance based on title and abstract, and full texts were retrieved for detailed assessment. Despite heterogeneity in study designs and populations, a largely consistent association was found between GLP-1RA use and a reduced incidence of glaucoma. For diabetic retinopathy, the evidence was nuanced, indicating potential long-term neurovascular protection but also a risk of transient early worsening. For age-related macular degeneration, findings were dichotomous, suggesting a protective effect against non-exudative forms but a potential increased risk for neovascular disease. GLP-1RAs show significant promise as a potential disease-modifying therapy for neurodegenerative and inflammatory eye diseases, acting through both systemic metabolic improvements and direct ocular mechanisms, representing a paradigm shift beyond their metabolic indications.

To investigate the changes in the neurovascular unit (NVU) of the retina in rats following optic nerve (ON) injury, and to explore the translational implications for traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). The ON transverse quantitative traction (ONTQT) was performed to establish the model of ON and retinal injury. The rats were divided into the sham operation group (SG) and the model group (MG). At 14th day post-modeling, flash visual evoked potential (FVEP) test was performed to evaluate the visual function. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the microstructure of retinal NVU. RNA binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS) immunofluorescence was applied to detect the survival retinal ganglion cell (RGC). The activity of astrocytes and Müller cells in retina was detected by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunofluorescence. The expression of tight junction proteins (Claudin-1, Claudin-5) and glial end feet markers aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and inwardly rectifying potassium channel subtype 4.1 (Kir4.1) in retinal tissue were test by western blot and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). At 14th day following ONTQT, the FVEP results exhibited the prolonged peak latency of P2 and the reduced amplitudes of N1-P1 and N2-P2. TEM showed structural changes of the basement membranes in NVU and ultrastructural abnormalities of tight junctions (TJs) after ONTQT. Besides, the expression of RBPMS in ganglion cell layer (GCL) was down-regulated and GFAP was over-expression in the injured retinal sections. The relative expressions of claudin-1and claudin-5 declined and the mRNA levels of AQP4 increased in the retina at 14 days following ONTQT. The mRNA levels of Kir4.1 was downregulated in the retina of MG. ONTQT can be applied in the model of ON and retina injury. The dysfunction of retinal NVU may promotes the optic degeneration in rats following ONTQT, contributing to the RGC loss and impaired visual function. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for NVU-targeted neuroprotection and identify potential clinical biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of TON.

To establish a standardized protocol for purifying and culturing primary RGC from postnatal KM mice and to optimize the establishment of three in vitro injury models that mimic hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and H/R. Retinas from 15 postnatal KM mice (≤ 24 h old) were dissociated and purified via Thy1.2 monoclonal antibody-based immunopanning. RGC identity was confirmed by Brn3a (an RGC-specific marker) immunofluorescence, Tuj1 (a neuronal marker) immunostaining, flow cytometry, and trypan blue exclusion. Pathological models were constructed as follows: ①. Hyperglycemia: RGC were treated with 40–80 mM glucose for 24/48 h. ②. Oxidative stress: RGC were exposed to 80–320 μM H2O2 for 24 h. ③. H/R injury: Hypoxia (1

Purpose:Autophagy is involved in the pathological changes of traumatic optic neuropathy (TON), and the regulation of autophagy mediated by the AMPK-mTOR-ULK pathway is a potential therapeutic approach. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) can regulate autophagy and play a therapeutic role in various diseases. This study aimed to observe the therapeutic effect of astragaloside on TON and the role of AMPK-MTOR-ULK pathway-mediated autophagy in this process. Methods:After the TON model was established, varying doses of AS-IV were administered as an intervention. Additionally, compound C (an AMPK inhibitor) or 3-methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor) was administered intraperitoneally in conjunction with AS-IV. Samples were collected following a 7-day intervention period. Western blot analysis was conducted to measure the protein and phosphorylation levels of AMPK, mTOR, and ULK proteins. Moreover, western blot and quantitative reverse transcription PCR assays were used to quantify LC3 levels in retinal tissue. LC3 immunofluorescence was performed to examine autophagy levels in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), while transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe autophagosomes. Additionally, BRN3A immunofluorescence was used to label retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the GCL, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling staining was used to assess apoptosis within the GCL. Finally, optic nerve conduction function was evaluated using flash visual evoked potentials. Results:After 7 days, the phosphorylation levels of AMPK, mTOR, and ULK proteins in retinal tissue exhibited significant changes following TON. AS-IV treatment enhanced LC3 messenger RNA and protein levels in TON model rats, and the autophagy-promoting effect of AS-IV was reversed by 3-methyladenine. Moreover, AS-IV elevated P-AMPK and P-ULK levels while decreasing P-mTOR levels. AS-IV also improved the survival rate of RGCs and reduced the P2 peak latency of flash visual evoked potentials. These effects were attenuated by the AMPK inhibitor compound C. Additionally, AS-IV increased the levels of AKT1 and P-AKT1 while decreasing P-S6RP levels in the retinal tissue of TON model rats. Conclusions:AS-IV can increase the survival rate of RGCs and improve visual function after TON, which may be related to the improvement of autophagy by regulating the AMPK-MTORC1-ULK pathway.

Background:Ginkgo biloba extract preparations are commonly used in ophthalmology to improve circulatory disorders and provide neurotrophic support for the treatment of optic neuropathy. However, their use also carries a higher risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), some of which can be severe and even life-threatening, such as anaphylactic shock. This case report highlights the importance of recognizing and managing ADRs associated with ginkgo biloba extract in ophthalmology clinical practice. This report aims to emphasize the need for appropriate patient selection, adherence to prescribing guidelines, and proactive measures to reduce ADR occurrence.Case Presentation:We present the case of a patient who experienced a severe ADR following the administration of Ginkgo biloba and Damo injection. The patient, a middle-aged individual without a history of allergies, developed anaphylactic shock within 30 minutes of medication initiation. Prompt medical intervention, including medication withdrawal, resuscitation, and intensive care unit transfer, led to symptom relief and successful recovery.Conclusions:This case underscores the need for vigilance when prescribing ginkgo biloba extract, particularly in middle-aged and elderly patients. Despite no previous history of allergies and adherence to the prescribed dosage, severe ADR can still occur. Close monitoring of patients within the first 30 minutes of medication administration is crucial. Furthermore, strict adherence to drug instructions, proper TCM syndrome differentiation, appropriate choice of infusion solvents, and strict control of drip rates should be considered to enhance patient safety. Other factors such as patient age, allergy history, and initial medication were also identified as important considerations in preventing ADRs. This case report emphasizes the significance of early identification, immediate withdrawal of medication, vital sign monitoring, and timely administration of anti-allergy drugs in managing ADR.

目的 评价Icare Home与Goldmann眼压计眼压测量的一致性.方法 对Icare Home与 Goldmann 眼压计测量眼压的一致性进行系统评价和Meta分析,检索 Pubmed,Embase、Web of Science、Cochrane Library,CNKI,VIP,WANFANG,Sinomed全文数据库文献,检索年限为从各数据库建库至 2021 年 11 月 26 日.利用Stata 14、Review Manager 5.3 软件进行数据处理.结果 共纳入研究12 篇,总样本量为922 例(1284 眼).Meta分析结果显示Icare Home与Goldmann眼压计测量眼压值的差异无统计学意义[MD=0.12,95％CI(-0.26,0.50),P=0.17,I2 =29％];两种眼压计测量差值为[MD=0.01,95％CI(-0.16,0.17),I2=86.3％].结论 Icare Home与 Goldmann 眼压计测量眼压结果具有较好的一致性.

目的:评估针刺治疗单纯性近视的疗效与安全性.方法:计算机检索中国知网,万方数据库,维普数据库,中国生物医学文献数据库,Web of Science,PubMed,Cochrane library等数据库库公开发表的关于针刺治疗近视的随机对照试验研究,时间截止到 2021 年 2 月 1 日.根据文献纳入与排除标准筛选相关文献,按照Cochrane 5.3 系统评价手册对文献进行质量评价,RevMan 5.3 软件对其结局指标进行Meta分析.结果:共纳入临床随机对照试验 10 篇,涉及患者 1240 例.Meta结果分析显示,与对照组相比,针刺治疗单纯性近视的有效率更高[OR= 3.93,95％CI(3.0～5.14),P＜0.001];在提高患者视力[MD= 0.15,95％CI(0.08～0.22),P＜0.001]、减慢眼轴增长速度[MD=-0.13,95％CI(-0.21～-0.04),P= 0.002]、提高调节灵敏度[MD= 3.51,95％CI(2.65～4.37),P＜0.0001]等指标方面,均显示针刺治疗单纯性近视具有显著作用.纳入文献中有3 篇提及不良反应的发生和处理,其余 7 篇均未描述.结论:文献证据表明,在常规治疗的基础上加用针刺治疗可有效提高视力,改善调节灵敏度,减慢眼轴增长速度.本研究分析未发现严重不良反应,但仍需要更多高质量文献佐证此分析.

Objective:To summarize the use of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction-related dry eye disease through data mining. Additionally, it aims to explore the signaling pathways and mechanisms of critical drugs used in the treatment of this condition through network pharmacology analysis.Methods:Clinical trial literature on the topical application of traditional Chinese medicine for meibomian gland dysfunction-related dry eye disease in the past 20 years was collected from Chinese academic databases (Zhiwang, Wanfang Data, and Weipu). Association rule analysis and clustering analysis were performed using IBM SPSS. Active ingredients and target sites of critical drugs were obtained from the TCSMP and BATMAN-TCM databases. Disease target sites were sourced from databases such as DrugBank and OMIM. The drug-disease intersecting target genes were used to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network in the String database. Common target genes were subjected to GO function and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analyses using the DAVID platform. The molecular docking of active ingredients and key targets was validated using AutoDock Vina (1.1.2).Results:A total of 93 Chinese herbal medicines in 56 prescriptions were collected. The critical drugs identified were flos chrysanthemi, flos lonicerae japonicae, fructus forsythiae, radix scrophulariae, radix rehmanniae recens, and radix ophiopogonis. There were 63 active ingredients and 905 potential targets. Key targets identified through PPI analysis included AKT1, TP53, TNF, EGFR, IL6, VEGFA, IL1B, INS, EGF, and CXCL8. GO function analysis revealed processes such as positive regulation of expression, positive regulation of cell proliferation, negative regulation of apoptosis, and inflammatory reactions. The main signaling pathways identified were the MAPK signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions. Molecular docking indicated relatively strong binding activity between the small molecules of the active ingredients and the target proteins.Conclusions:The critical drugs analyzed in this study potentially exert therapeutic effects on meibomian gland dysfunction-related dry eye disease by regulating related biological processes such as anti-inflammation and repairing the corneal epithelial barrier. These findings provide a theoretical basis for future research and development of new drugs and subsequent experimental investigations.

Background In recent years, an increasing number of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have received acupuncture treatment, but there has been no systematic review to evaluate the effect of acupuncture on patients with AMD. Purpose This meta-analysis aims to review the clinical efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of AMD. Methods Randomized controlled trials up to September 4, 2022 were searched in the following databases: PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, The Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, VIP, Wanfang, and SINOMED. Two reviewers independently performed literature screening and data extraction. RevMan 5.4 was used for the meta-analysis. Results Nine of the 226 articles were finally included. A total of 508 AMD patients (631 eyes) were enrolled, including 360 dry eyes and 271 wet eyes. The results showed that acupuncture alone or as an adjunct therapy improved both the clinical efficacy and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of AMD patients and reduced their central macular thickness. The certainty of the evidence ranged from "low" to "very low". Conclusion There is no high-quality evidence that acupuncture is effective in treating patients with AMD; patients with dry AMD may benefit from acupuncture treatment. Considering the potential of acupuncture treatment for AMD, it is necessary to conduct a rigorously designed randomized controlled trials to verify its efficacy.

老年痴呆症是老年患者中最常见的神经退行性疾病,呈进行性加剧,主要包含阿尔茨海默病、血管性痴呆、路易体痴呆等[1]. 1项研究[2]表明,我国60岁及以上人群中老年痴呆症患者达到1,507万例.年龄相关性白内障是最常见的白内障类型,80岁以上的老年人发病率可高达100％.众所周知,我国逐渐进入人口老龄化阶段,老年痴呆症合并年龄相关性白内障的患者亦逐年增加.老年痴呆症患者存在认知障碍,不能表达自己的真实视力状况或被认为是认知障碍导致的视力障碍,往往作为手术的排除标准[3].这使眼科医生越来越多地面临老年痴呆症患者白内障手术指征的选择问题.现报道老年痴呆症合并年龄相关性白内障患者1例,以飨共勉.

目的 以临床处方数据为基础,探讨韦企平治疗非动脉炎性前部缺血性视神经病变(NAION)的用药及配伍规律.方法 纳入2015年1月—2021年6月北京中医药大学东方医院韦企平诊治的NAION患者的病历资料共计352份.建立中医药治疗NAION医案数据库,将药名标准化处理后,利用古今医案云平台进行药物属性、频次统计,关联规则分析,利用Gephi软件进行复杂网络分析及社团分析.结果 (1)一般情况:本研究涉及中药处方共317个,使用中药共计135味.四气以平性和温性药最多,均为33味(24.44%);五味以甘味药最多,共56味(41.48%);归经以肝经最多,共45味(33.33%).(2)高频中药用药频次:使用频次≥100次的中药(高频中药)有14味,排在前5位的分别是当归(302次,95.27%)、枳壳(213次,67.19%)、黄芪(205次,64.67%)、路路通(183次,57.73%)和红花(160次,50.47%).(3)高频中药关联分析:相关性排在前5位的分别是党参-枳壳,川芎-黄芪,红花-黄芪,党参-黄芪,枸杞子-黄芪.(4)核心处方分析:得到治疗NAION的核心处方1个,其功能为益气活血通络,补肝肾明目.(5)基于网络社团的中医证型与中药相关分析:得到5个主要证型,分别为气滞血瘀证、肝肾阴虚证、气虚血瘀证、气血两虚证、阴虚阳亢证.结论 韦企平治疗NAION以益气活血通脉为主,配以补肝肾明目之法,并根据不同证型随证加减.

Purpose To explore the pathological changes in optic nerve injury models under varying forces. Methods The rats were classified into 4 groups: sham operation (SH), 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 N. Modeling was performed using the lateral optic nerve pulling method. Seven days after modeling, Brn3a immunofluorescence was used to detect retinal ganglion cell (RGC) number, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to detect RGC apoptosis, and flash visual evoked potential (FVEP) was used to detect the optic nerve function on days 1, 3, and 7 after modeling. In addition, LC3 II and P62 expression levels in retinal tissues were detected by western blotting to observe the changes in autophagy levels. Results RGC number decreased 7 d after modeling, and it showed a downward trend with increasing damaging force. The number of apoptotic RGCs in ganglion cell layer in the 0.3 and 0.5 N groups was increased and was higher than that in the 0.1 N group. The difference in FVEP of rats in each group was mainly reflected in the P2 peak latency. LC3 II and P62 expression levels in retinal tissue of 0.3 and 0.5 N groups were higher than those of the SH and 0.1 groups; however, the difference between the 0.1 N and SH groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion Precisely controlling the force of the optic nerve clamping injury model is necessary because different forces acting on the optic nerve will lead to differences in the loss of optic neurons, the conduction function of the optic nerve, and autophagy level in retinal tissues.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of compound anisodine (CA) injection for anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION).Methods:Studies, which were randomized controlled trials (RCT) of CA with routine treatment for AION from PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang database, Chinese science and technology journals full-text database and CD-ROM database of Chinese Biology Medical disc published from January 1978 to June 2021 were searched.Included studies were screened by two researchers independently based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.After data collection and quality assessment, a meta-analysis of included studies was performed with Revman 5.3 software.Results:Thirteen RCT were included, involving 1 636 eyes, with 829 eyes in treatment group and 807 eyes in control group without CA treatment.It was found that the total effective rate of treatment group was higher than that of control group ( OR=3.25, 95% CI: 2.47-4.28, P<0.01), and the best corrected visual acuity of AION patients after CA treatment was significantly better than that of control group when articles with high heterogeneity were excluded (MD=0.14, 95% CI: 0.11-0.17, P<0.01) or not (MD=0.14, 95% CI: 0.12-0.16, P<0.01).The mean defect of visual field was significantly smaller and the mean sensitivity of visual field was higher in treatment group than control group (MD=-2.58, 95% CI: -3.98--1.19, P<0.01; MD=3.49, 95% CI: 3.07-3.91, P<0.01). Conclusions:CA shows good efficacy in the treatment of AION.It can improve visual acuity and mean sensitivity of visual field, decrease mean defect of visual field.

Objective: To investigate the effect of Wei's triple nine needling therapy on the N2-P2 wave of the flash visual evoked potential (FVEP) in rats of the of the transverse directional pulling model. Methods: Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly grouped, nine were in normal control group without any treatment, and the remaining 27 were surgically modelled in the right eyes. Eighteen of these rats were randomly divided into a Wei's triple nine needling therapy group and a model group of nine rats each after the TON model was made using the transverse quantitative retraction method. The other 9 rats were sham-operated, and only the optic nerve was exposed without retraction. On the next day of modelling, the Wei's triple nine needling therapy group was treated with Wei's triple nine needling therapy for 20 minutes/1 time/1 day for 14 days. The model group, sham-operated group and normal control group were not intervened. Wei's triple nine acupoints were represented as follows: 1st link: "Jingming" (BL1) and " Chengqi" (ST1); 2nd link: "Sizhukong" (SJ23) penetrating "Taiyang" (EX-HN5); and the third: "Fengchi" (GB 20) and "Taichong" (LV3). The FVEP of each group was observed on 1d, 7d and 14d.The FVEP of each group was observed on 1d, 7d and 14d. Results: Compared with the model group, the N2 wave latency and P2 wave latency were shortened in the Wei's triple nine needling therapy on 1d (P < 0.05, P < 0.01); on 7d, their N2 wave latency was shortened (P < 0.01) and the N2-P2 wave amplitude was increased compared with the model group (P < 0.05); on 14d, their P2 wave latency was shortened (P < 0.05) and the N2-P2 wave amplitude was increased. There was no statistical difference in N2 wave latency, P2 wave latency and N2-P2 wave amplitude in the sham-operated group on 1d, 7d and 14d (P > 0.05). The delayed N2 and P2 wave latencies in the model group did not improve from 1d to 14d (P > 0.05) and the amplitude decreased throughout, showing a significant difference on 14d compared to 1d (P < 0.05). In contrast, the N2 wave latency in Wei's triple nine needling therapy group was not significantly different until 7d to 14d (P < 0.05); its P2 wave latency, although significantly delayed from 1d to 7d (P < 0.05), recovered on 14d and reached a level that was not statistically different from 1d and 7d (P > 0.05). There was also no significant decrease in N2-P2 wave amplitude between 1d and 14d in Wei's triple nine needling therapy group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In this experiment, the TON rat model was successfully established by the transverse quantitative retraction method, and the treatment of TON rats with Wei's triple nine needling therapy reduced the P2 wave delay of the FVEP electrophysiological signal and increased the N2-P2 amplitude, which had a certain positive effect on the repair of optic nerve injury, probably related to its effect of improving the conduction function of the optic nerve and protecting the retinal ganglion cells that had not been degenerated and necrosed.

目的 基于数据挖掘整理并总结韦企平教授治疗视神经萎缩用药规律及特点.方法 收集2015年1月至2022年4月韦企平教授临床用于治疗视神经萎缩的中药处方,分析治疗视神经萎缩中药的频次、功效、四气、五味及归经,用关联规则和聚类分析和因子分析挖掘潜在用药规律.结果 共纳入692首处方,212味中药.最常用的中药有当归、枳壳、枸杞子;补虚药、解表药、理气药位居用药种类前3位;药性多为平;药味以甘、苦、辛居多;归经多归肝、脾;聚类分析获得8组核心药物组合;因子分析共提取6个公因子.结论 韦企平教授治疗视神经萎缩重视疏肝解郁,同时兼顾化痰活血、养血健脾.

患者女，26岁。因四肢乏力伴双眼视物模糊3月余，加重2周于2021年2月8日就诊于河北大学附属医院神经外科。询问病史，2020年11月中旬，患者无明显诱因出现复视伴四肢乏力、腰部束带感，以右侧为重，未予重视；2020年12月中旬，患者因四肢乏力行走时摔倒出现右眼轻微视物模糊，但复视症状消失，于当地医院行头颅磁共振成像（MRI）检查未见明显异常，未予特殊治疗；其后右眼视力逐渐下降至眼前数指，四肢乏力进一步加重。就诊于河北大学附属医院神经外科门诊行头颅及脊椎MRI检查，提示脑积水、间质性脑水肿可能（ 图1A）；C2~C7椎体水平硬膜下脊髓外异常信号（ 图1B， 图1C， 图1D）。神经外科以"颈椎管硬膜下髓外占位"将患者收入院。等待手术过程中，患者左眼视力急性下降至眼前数指，请眼科会诊。眼部检查：右眼视力手动/5 cm，左眼视力数指/5 cm。眼底检查，双眼视盘水肿。腰椎穿刺检查，颅内压正常，考虑与脑积水相关。眼科会诊诊断：双眼视盘水肿。建议治疗原发病。2021年2月21日，患者于全身麻醉下行椎管内占位切除（C2~C7水平段）联合椎管成形手术。手术后病理检查结果提示椎管占位-神经鞘瘤，部分区域细胞增生活跃。手术后患者肢体症状基本恢复，于2021年3月7日出院。出院时右眼视力光感，左眼视力数指/1 m。手术后25 d复查，患者双眼视力无明显改善；光相干断层扫描（OCT）检查，双眼视盘仍有水肿（ 图2）。

"Wei' s triple nine needling therapy" is the crucial acupuncture prescription in treatment of eye diseases in Yanjing Wei' s academic school of ophthalmology, especially of optic nerve retinal degenerative diseases. Clinical practice shows that has certain curative effects. The author interpreted the origin of "Wei' s triple nine needling therapy", the principle of acupoint selection and the thinking of acupoint combination. The specific needling manipulations at different regions involved in the triple needling procedure were also expounded in detail. It also introduced the results of clinical research in recent years. Based on the theory of acupuncture and moxibustion, "Wei' s triple nine needling therapy" will be inherited and developed.

Objective:To study the changes the changes of cytokine expression the aqueous humor of patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO-ME) before and after intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR).Methods:A prospective clinical study. From June 2018 to June 2021, 31 eyes of 31 patients with non-ischemic BRVO-ME diagnosed by ophthalmic examination in Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Hepingli Hospital were included in the study. Among them, 15 males had 15 eyes, and 16 females had 16 eyes. Age was 70 (65, 72) years; the course of disease was 10 (9, 15) days. All of them were first-time patients. All eyes were treated with IVR once a month for 3 consecutive months. At the end of each IVR treatment, 0.1 ml aqueous humor was extracted immediately. The concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in aqueous humor were detected by flow cytometry. The concentrations of cytokines in aqueous humor before and after treatment were compared by Kruskal-Wallis or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Spearman correlation analysis was performed on the correlation between VEGF and MCP-1 expression level in aqueous humor before treatment.Results:The concentrations of VEGF and ICAM-1 in aqueous humor were significantly lower at 1 month after treatment compared with that before treatment, and at 2 months after treatment compared with that at 1 month after treatment ( Z=4.03, 3.25, 2.50, 3.48; P<0.05); the concentrations of IL-6 and VCAM-1 increased and the concentration of MCP-1 decreased, but there was no significant difference ( Z=-0.21, 1.42, 0.86, -0.53, 0.92, -1.57; P>0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that there was a strong positive correlation between VEGF and MCP-1 in aqueous humor before treatment ( r=0.78, P<0.001). Conclusion:The concentrations of VEGF and ICAM-1 in aqueous humor significantly decrease after IVR treatment in BRVO-ME; the concentrations of IL-6, MCP-1 and VCAM-1 do not obviously change.

Purpose. This study aimed to determine the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the aqueous humor of patients with macular edema (ME) caused by branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), as well as to investigate the relationship between the cytokines as mentioned earlier and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ME, and the degree of ME from the molecular level. Methods. In a prospective observational study, fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were used to classify 58 patients with non-ischemic BRVO-ME into three groups according to the degree of ME: 14-mild, 17-moderate, and 27-severe. The specific concentration of IL-6, VEGF, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in the aqueous humor was detected using the BD CSCanto™ II Flow Cytometer (US). Spearman or Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between the levels of BCVA and severity of ME and the expression levels of IL-6, VEGF, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in the aqueous humor. Results. According to the obtained data, BCVA did not correlate with the severity of ME, and these four cytokines expression levels in patients’ aqueous humor ( P > 0.05 ). Moreover, BCVA did not correlate with mild, moderate, or severe ME as well ( P > 0.05 ). However, the levels of these four cytokines were correlated with the severity of the ME. These underlined cytokines were linked to the mild, moderate, and severe degrees of ME. VEGF was also significantly correlated (r > 0.8, P < 0.0001 ) with the severity of ME. Conclusions. This study suggests that the severity of ME in BRVO-ME patients is significantly correlated with the expression levels of IL-6, VEGF, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in the aqueous humor. Lowering the level of disease-associated cytokines may potentially reduce the degree of ME. Therefore, an in-depth study of the levels and the relationship may provide some evidence for the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of BRVO-ME.

《伤寒论》六经辨证是概括经络和脏象两学说在《黄帝内经》六经理论基础上发展、完善和升华出来的.本文主要目的是探讨六经辨证在眼科临床上的应用价值.笔者认为眼科临床以六经辨证施治为切入点可提高疗效.足太阳经起自目内眦,足阳明经自眶下鼻旁下颜面,足少阳经起目外眦,手少阴心经联系咽及目系,足厥阴经经咽上联目系等,说明六经和脏腑一样与眼关系密切.太阳主一身之表,目与外界直接相通,受寒常诱发白黑晴及瞳神疾病,如外寒引动内饮犯目可用小青龙汤证;阳明多气多血而主燥,肺主白晴与大肠相表里,如白晴红赤及眼出血可从阳明治,如大黄黄连泻心汤.孔窍等处属少阳,少阳症目眩、目赤及耳聋等用小柴胡汤非常常见.受寒后暴盲暴聋常因太阳少阴两感的麻黄附子细辛汤证.肝开窍于目,厥阴血虚经寒常目窍失养得病而用当归四逆汤.由上所述,六经辨证可完善和补充中医眼科辨证系统.