Plant height is a crucial agronomic characteristic that substantially influences soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield. FRUITFULLc (GmFULc) is a MADS-box transcription factor that acts as a growth promoter in soybean; however, the mechanism by which GmFULc regulates soybean height is unknown. This study revealed that GmFULc:GmFULc (the expression of the GmFULc gene driven by its native promoter) soybeans exhibit increased plant height and longer internodes. Conversely, soybean plants containing fulc mutations showed reduced plant height and shortened internodes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-qPCR revealed GmFULc promotes the expression of gibberellic acid-stimulated Arabidopsis 14 (GmGASA14) and GmGASA32 by directly binding to G-boxes in their promoter regions, leading to notably increased expression of GmGASA14 and GmGASA32 in GmFULc:GmFULc soybean plants and reduced expression in soybean plants containing the fulc-2 mutation. The GmFULc-mediated enhanced expression of GmGASA14 and GmGASA32 increased the gibberellin signal, which may have inhibited gibberellin synthesis by increasing gibberellin 2-oxidase (GmGA2ox) expression and decreasing GA20ox expression. Our findings suggest that GmFULc promoted the expression of GmGASA genes by directly binding to G-boxes in their promoters to regulate soybean plant height.

Soybean production is severely hampered by saline-alkaline stress caused by saline-alkalization. Plants have aldehydrogenase (ALDH) family members that convert reactive aldehydes to carboxylic acids to remove active aldehyde molecules. However, little is known about the increased saline-alkali tolerance caused by the ALDH function in soybean. Here, we introduced a previously identified ALDH coding gene AhALDH3H1 from Arachis hypogaea into the soybean genome to investigate its critical role in response to saline-alkali stress. Transgenic soybean with increased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity showed significant tolerance to saline-alkali stress. It reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared to its receptor, suggesting that over-expression of AhALDH3H1 accelerated soybean tolerance to saline-alkali stress by increasing aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, which is responsible for scavenging toxic MDA. To further analyze the inner mechanisms that allow transgenic plants to tolerate saline-alkali stress, we sequenced the transcriptome and metabolome of P3 (wild type, WT) and transgenic lines which were separately treated with water and a saline-alkali solution. When subjected to saline-alkali stress, the integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome suggested that several genes related to cell wall structure crucial for preserving cell wall extensibility and plasticity were largely responsible for restoring homeostasis within the transgenic cells compared to WT. Metabolites, including both necessary ingredients for cell wall genesis and harmful production produced during the saline-alkali stress response, could be transported efficiently with the help of the ABC transporter, reducing the negative effects of saline-alkali stress. These findings suggest that introducing AhALDH3H1 increases transgenic soybean tolerance to saline-alkali stress may through cell wall structure maintenance and metabolites transport.

Groundnut or peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is a legume crop. Its seeds are rich in protein and oil. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH, EC: 1.2.1.3) is an important enzyme involved in detoxification of aldehyde and cellular reactive oxygen species, as well as in attenuation of lipid peroxidation-meditated cellular toxicity under stress conditions. However, few studies have been identified and analyzed about ALDH members in Arachis hypogaea. In the present study, 71 members of the ALDH superfamily (AhALDH) were identified using the reference genome obtained from the Phytozome database. A systematic analysis of the evolutionary relationship, motif, gene structure, cis-acting elements, collinearity, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and expression patterns was conducted to understand the structure and function of AhALDHs. AhALDHs exhibited tissue-specific expression, and quantitative real-time PCR identified significant differences in the expression levels of AhALDH members under saline-alkali stress. The results revealed that some AhALDHs members could be involved in response to abiotic stress. Our findings on AhALDHs provide insights for further study.

BACKGROUND Soybean pod borer (Leguminivora glycinivorella) is an important soybean pest in north-eastern Asia, whose mature larvae overwinter in a diapause state. Disruption of winter diapause may be a valuable tool in pest management. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating diapause in this species have not yet been elucidated. RESULTS We compared the transcriptomes and proteomes between diapause and mature larvae and between mature and newly developed pupae to identify the genes and proteins associated with diapause. Thirty-seven differentially expressed genes and their proteins changed synchronously between diapause and mature larvae and 82 changed synchronously between diapause larvae and newly developed pupae. Among these, genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and the longevity regulating pathway were up-regulated in diapause larvae and down-regulated in newly developed pupae, suggesting that they may regulate diapause. One fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene and two small heat shock genes (HSP19.8andHSP18.9) were chosen for further functional analysis. After RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown ofFAS, the survival of mature larvae was significantly lower than that of control larvae, but the mean developmental time from first-instar larva to adult remained unchanged. RNAi-mediated knockdown ofHSP19.8andHSP18.9severely shortened the mean developmental time, causing approximately 50% larvae to develop directly into pupae. CONCLUSION FASand the small heat shock gene play roles in diapause regulation and larvae survival. This study provides important information that may assist in understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of overwintering diapause of this important agricultural insect pest.

为明确水稻不同品种在秸秆还田和灌溉方式互作条件下的表现差异,以9个水稻品种为供试材料,在秸秆全量还田下设置4种灌溉方式,测定水稻不同品种的产量及其构成因素,进而进行相关分析和主成分分析.结果表明:4种灌溉方式下,9个水稻品种的8个性状指标变异系数最大的为瘪粒数,其次是有效穗数、产量、结实率和穗长;产量及其构成因素间存在着显著或极显著的相关性.主成分分析表明:8个相关性状可简化为3个彼此不相关主成分因子,其所提供的信息量占全部信息量的82.81％.基于主成分的综合评价表明:龙稻14、龙稻17、龙香稻2在传统灌溉方式下表现最好,其次是间歇灌溉和控制灌溉I;中龙粳2、龙稻27、中龙粳3、龙稻7、龙稻26、龙稻22在间歇灌溉方式下表现最好,其次是传统灌溉和控制灌溉I.

Additional file 4. The soybeans with stable below- or above-average flowering time.

In order to explore the application effect of straw returning to field combined with water-saving irrigation technology,the effect of different irrigation regimes on rice growth and development,yield and its components,and water use efficiency was studied under the condition of straw returning to full field.The results showed that as for rice growth and development,to some extent,straw returning to field combined with water-saving irrigation technology could increase tillers number in the early middle period,decrease plant height at maturity,reduced the panicle formation percentage with the decrease of irrigation amount.In the early middle period of rice growth and development,proper reduction of water supply is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matter in leaves and stems and sheath,the dry matter output rate and transfer rate of leaves were the largest under the treatment of control irrigation Ⅰ,arriving at 14.19％ and 4.15％,and the dry matter output rate and transfer rate of stems and sheath were the largest under the treatment of intermittent irrigation,arriving at 28.69％ and 17.39％,respectively.As for yield and its components,the yield order of the different irrigation regimes was intermittent irrigation ＞ flooding irrigation ＞ control irrigation Ⅰ ＞ control irrigation Ⅱ.As for water use efficiency,irrigation water use efficiency was the largest under the treatment of control irrigation Ⅱ with 3.55 kg· m-3,and natural rainfall water use efficiency was the largest under the treatment of control irrigation Ⅱ,arriving at 1.10 kg·m-3.Total water use efficiency was the largest under the treatment of control irrigation Ⅰ,arriving at 0.75 kg· m-3.The results concluded that,under the condition of straw returning to field and ensuring yield,the best irrigation regimes were intermittent irrigation and control irrigation Ⅰ.The results could provide theoretical basis for water management under straw returning to field in Northeast China,increase water use efficiency and improve rice production sustainable development.

The TaNHX2 transgenic soybean T3 generation plants were used to study the phenotypic,physiological characteristics,photosynthesis,biomass and other changes under drought stress.The results showed that with the prolongation of drought time,the control was wilting,the transgenic plants kept green,and the water content in the leaves of the transgenic plants was higher than that of the control.However,there was no significant difference of chlorophyll content and soluble sugar in the transgenic plants.Proline and malondialdehyde content of transgenic plants were significantly lower than the control,SOD activity was higher than the control.The comprehensive evaluation showed that the transgenic soybean plants with TaNHX2 gene had obvious drought tolerance compared with the control.

土壤有效磷含量影响大豆植株对N、P、K的吸收利用,进而影响大豆植株的生长发育和产量形成。以吉育89为材料,在大豆不同生长时期测定大豆植株磷素含量和土壤N、P、K含量,研究其随土壤有效磷含量升高而发生变化的规律。结果表明:在取样的4个时期里,植株磷素含量均随土壤有效磷含量的升高呈单峰曲线变化,在土壤磷素水平为30 mg·kg -1 时,植株磷素含量达到最大;5个处理的土壤速效磷含量变化趋势都是先下降,在收获期由于土壤自身的磷素补偿作用而有所升高;在各生育时期的土壤中的硝态氮和速效钾含量最低值都出现在有效磷含量为30 mg·kg -1 处理,而土壤速效磷含量为10和50 mg·kg -1 两个处理的硝态氮和速效钾含量一直较高,说明低磷和高磷土壤对植株氮素吸收有抑制作用。土壤有效钾含量的变化情况与硝态氮相似,均是随土壤有效磷含量升高而呈单峰曲线变化。说明N、P、K肥的合理配比均能够提高肥料的作用效果。

苯丙氨酸代谢途径是植物最重要的次生代谢途径之一,其下游产物包括异黄酮、植保素、木质素等多种次生代谢产物.苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)是苯丙氨酸代谢途径的起始酶和关键酶.PAL基因家族包含8个基因,为了明晰这8个基因在大豆植株内的表达情况,通过实时定量PCP研究了PAL家族所有成员在大豆植株内的时空表达差异性.发现PAL基因家族总体的相对表达量在生殖生长时期高于营养生长时期,在叶片和子粒中相对表达量较高.PAL1-1、PAL2-1和PAL2-3基因在各部位相对表达量明显高于其他同家族基因,PAL1-1基因各时期稳定表达,PAL2-1和PAL2-3基因在生殖生长后期先后出现表达峰值.这些结果表明大豆PAL基因家族各成员的相对表达量在时间和空间上存在差异,具有一定时空表达特异性.

大豆是重要的粮食、油料和饲料作物,是生活生产的重要原料.磷素作为大豆生长发育必不可少的元素之一,在大豆植株的生长发育、产量形成等方面都起着至关重要的作用.国内外学者研究结果显示:施用磷肥可以增加大豆植株抗旱、抗倒伏性;增加植株对矿质元素的吸收,促进干物质积累和产量形成.为合理施用磷肥促进产量增加、提高籽粒品质做出了显著贡献,为农业生产提供理论依据.对磷素对大豆的抗逆性、养分代谢、生理特性、农艺性状、干物质积累、产量和品质的影响进行了综述,旨在为磷肥的合理施用及大豆磷高效育种提供理论参考.

Moisture and nitrogen influence the growth of rice. In this experiment, we use cold-region rice variety Dongnong 428 as material to study the effect of nitrogen levels on rice nutrient absorption under water-saving irrigation and conventional irrigation. The results showed that N accumulation decreased at tillering stage and increased at heading and maturity stages with water-saving irrigation. Nitrogen significantly improved plant nitrogen accumulation and its accumulation increased as the amount of nitrogen increased. The amount of phosphorus accumulation in water-saving irrigation was higher than that in conventional irrigation under the same nitrogen level, and phosphorus accumulation at different growth and development stages increased as the level of nitrogen increased, with a peak of accumulation appearing at the nitrogen level of 125 kg?hm-2 and 150 kg?hm-2. Compared with conventional irrigation, the accumulation of potassium of mature rice increased, but had no difference from tillering to heading stages, and nitrogen fertilizer could increase the amount of potassium accumulation in rice plant.

In order to simulate the impact of climate change on cold japonica rice ,through install open top cham‐ber (OTC) in Heilongjiang province to test CO2 concentration ,the stability of gas inside the instrument when OTC running was analyzed .The experimental results showed that variable coefficient of gas concentration in different altitude (50 cm ,100 cm)was lower 0 .04 when OTC running .The change of concentration difference was non‐significant in different time(once per two hours) and different day(continuous ten days) .There was a linear relationship between gas flow and CO2 concentration in gas collecting chamber .The experimental results showed that install OTC in Heilongjiang province could control CO2 concentration in gas collecting chamber and keep the stability of gas concentration .

中龙粳3号是中国科学院北方粳稻分子育种联合研究中心选育的水稻新品种,2013年1月通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定.该品种属于香型粳稻,散穗,丰产性好,所需≥10℃积温2 450℃,适合在黑龙江省第二积温带种植.阐述了中龙粳3号的选育经过、特征特性及栽培技术.

中龙粳2号是中国科学院北方粳稻分子育种联合研究中心采用系谱法选育的粳稻新品种。该品种2009年参加黑龙江省第一积温带早熟组的预备试验，2010～2011年参加黑龙江省第一积温带早熟组的区域试验，2012年参加黑龙江省第一积温带早熟组的生产试验，2013年1月通过黑龙江省农作物品种审定委员会审定，审定编号为黑审稻2013003。<br>　　1选育过程<br>　　中龙粳2号以黑龙江省第一积温带超级稻品种松粳9号（半直立紧穗）为母本、第一积温带优质香稻品种五优稻4号为父本，其杂交后代经系谱选育和生态选择育成。2002年通过杂交组合得F0，并收获杂交籽粒；2003年将杂交种子单粒种植得到F1；2004～2007年进行单株种植系谱选育至F5；2008年对已经稳定的 F5进行种植得到F6，同时对抗病性、抗倒伏性、产量、米质等进行检测，其中的一个优良株系决选，品系代号哈04-1638，于2009年参加黑龙江省水稻品种预备试验，图1为中龙粳2号的选育过程。

为探讨不同插秧密度对黑龙江省第二积温带水稻的影响,设置4个插秧密度,对产量及其构成进行统计分析.结果表明,适合黑龙江省第二积温带的插秧密度是30 cm×13 cm,这个插秧密度能获得高产主要因为具有最多的单位面积穗数和较多的每穗实粒数;最不适合黑龙江省第二积温带的插秧密度是33 cm×16 cm,因为其单位面积穗数和每穗实粒数在4种密度中表现均最差;千粒重是本试验中最不易受插秧密度影响的农艺性状.

Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merril] caused by Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann & Gerdemann is a destructive disease which can harm soybean in any growth period.Polyphenol is an important composition of phytoalexin and it has closely relation with plant resistance.The change of total polyphenol content in wild soyeban inoculated with P.sojae was preliminarily studied in this paper.The results showed that total polyphenol activity in roots,stems,and leaves of both resistant and susceptible wild soybean materials were increased compared with those of control at most stages of pathogenetic process.Overall,the variation of total polyphenol in resistant wild soybean(30%,55%,-40%,-100%) was higher than susceptible ones(20%,35%,50%,90%).

The ultrastructures of hypocotyls of resistant and susceptible wild soybeans infected with zoospores of Phytophthora sojae from 3 to 72 h after inoculation were observed using transmission electron microscopy in this paper.The results showed that the cell structures of the susceptible wild soybean were seriously destroyed with the inoculation time from 3 to 36 h,but those of the resistant one were almost intact.The sediments on the cell wall of the resistant soybean could be seen at 48 h after inoculation,but no sediments could be seen for the susceptible one and its cell wall began to degrade to some extent.Although there was plasmolysis at 72 h after inoculation,the cell structures were almost intact for the resistant wild soybean.However,there were nearly no intact cell structures for the susceptible ones.The results could provide theoretical basis on cytology for clarification of pathogenic mechanism of P.sojae to wild soybeans.

The time regularity and geographical distribution regularity of rice cooling injury were discussed.The effects of low-temperature stress on the growth of rice was analyzed and the prevent measures of cooling injury were put forward.

This paper studied cold tolerance of 120 rice varieties(lines) planted in different regions of Heilongjiang Province at booting stage,cleared the differences of rice varieties(lines) cold tolerance.According to BSA method,selected each 12 DNA samples mixed equally by SSR markers at booting stage,which of cold tolerance of extreme values were the strongest and the weakest,composited resistant and susceptible pools,The screening of the main effect QTL linked with cold tolerance at booting stage SSR markers that had been published.By correlation analysis and consistent calculation,located RM229 and RM259 on rice chromosome 11 and 1,which were high common primers with Heilongjiang rice cold tolerance at booting stage.The similarity coefficient was 0.75 and 0.58,the accuracy was 83.3% and 75%.They can be used for screening of cold tolerance of rice varieties(lines) resources and corresponding generations in Heilongjiang Province.