[目的]建立库尔勒香梨叶片诱导再生的稳定高效再生体系.为梨的遗传转化研究奠定基础.[方法]以库尔勒香梨离体培养的继代30 d左右的无菌苗叶片为材料,1/2 MS为基本培养基,用TDZ与IBA或NAA分别组合设计配方,研究不同生长调节剂质量浓度组合对不定芽诱导过程中愈伤组织形成率和不定芽形成率的影响,选取最优配方附加不同质量浓度的AgN03,获得不定芽再生的最佳培养基.用IBA和NAA分别组合设计生根生长调节剂的配比,根据生根率、平均生根数以及平均生根长度筛选最适宜生根的生长调节剂的配比,建立生根的培养体系.[结果]库尔勒香梨叶片诱导不定芽再生的最佳培养基为1/2 MS+ TDZ 1.0mg/L+ IBA 0.5 mg/L+ AgNO3 0.5 mg/L,愈伤组织诱导率100％,不定芽形成率84.92％.最适宜香梨再生苗生根的培养配方为1/2 MS+0.5 mg/L IBA+0.9 mg/L NAA,结合前期暗培养7d,生根率可达100％,平均生根条数为5.66,平均根长度为2.8 cm.[结论]建立了库尔勒香梨的再生体系.

为了探索库尔勒香梨枝条自然越冬过程中抗寒性生理指标的变化,以库尔勒香梨的枝条为试材,测定自然越冬过程中香梨枝条的相对电导率、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量,采用隶属函数法对不同采样期香梨枝条的抗寒力进行分析和比较.结果表明:在越冬期,香梨枝条相对电导率在12月1日到2月1日之间变化不明显,之后出现明显的下降;可溶性糖含量在1月15日达到最大,为0.0113％,可溶性蛋白含量呈“降-升-降”的变化趋势,12月1日含量最高,为48.06μg/g.脯氨酸含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,1月15日达到最高,为86.43μg/g.由平均隶属值可见,12月中旬平均隶属值最低,为0.4789,因此,12月香梨的抗寒性为整个越冬过程中最弱.

为了探究CaCl2对NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗生理指标的影响.本研究以酸枣水培幼苗为试验材料,研究了CaCl2对NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗叶片H2O2、O2-含量,根系活力,地上和地下部分可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、AsA、DHA、GSH、GSSG的影响.结果显示:与对照相比,NaCl胁迫下酸枣幼苗叶片H2O2、O2-大量积累,地上和地下部分可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸升高,AsA、DHA增加,根系活力、GSH减小,GSSG先升后降.与NaCl胁迫相比,营养液中加入CaCl2 5 d时,幼苗叶片H2O2、O2-积累减少较明显,根系活力增加显著且与其它时间组相比增加最大,是NaCl处理的2.57倍,地上和地下部分可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、GSH含量均显著升高(P＜0.05)且与其它时间组相比增加最大,分别是NaCl处理的17.42 、26.24 、16.57 、61.63 、18.02 、22.63 、12.24 、62.24;与NaCl胁迫相比,营养液中加入CaCl23 d时,地上和地下部分AsA、DHA、GSSG含量显著升高(P＜0.05)且与其它时间组相比变化较大,分别为NaCl处理的51.79 、26.01 、7.49 、53.96 、17.71 、2.37 .外源CaCl2可缓解NaCl胁迫对酸枣幼苗的伤害,从而增强幼苗对盐胁迫的适应性.

采用6个加工番茄F1为试验材料,研究不同浓度和不同时间甘露醇预处理对形成加工番茄花药愈伤组织的影响.结果表明:利用甘露醇预处理加工番茄花药时,有3个杂交组合在0.2 mol/L甘露醇培养基上诱导4d时,花药愈伤组织诱导率极显著高于未进行甘露醇预处理的;有2个杂交组合在0.4 mol/L甘露醇培养基上诱导4d时,花药愈伤组织诱导率极显著高于对照;而杂交组合20040805×P1在0.2 mol/L或0.4 mol/L甘露醇培养基上经过4d的预处理,花药愈伤组织诱导率均极显著高于对照.说明不同基因型加工番茄花药培养利用甘露醇预处理时,需要采用不同的浓度和处理时间.

Korla fragrant pear has soft flesh and delicious flavor,which is one of the important agricul-tural exports of China.While,there are problems of low fruit setting rate and unstable yield of Korla fragrant pear.Improving the productivity traits of fruit tree by genetic transformation based on tissue culture is a signifi-cant method for high efficiency breeding.In this paper,the in vitro tissue culture method of Korla fragrant pear was established using tender buds as explants.The effects of disinfection time of 0.1% HgCl2 solution on sterilizing effect and browning of explants were studied and the optimum multiplication medium and rooting me-dium were explored.The results showed that during the tissue culture process of Korla fragrant pear,the opti-mum disinfection time of 0.1% HgCl2 was 5 minutes;the optimum multiplication medium was MS +1.5 mg/L 6 -BA +0.1 mg/L IBA +1.5 mg/L GA3;and the optimum rooting medium was 1 /2MS +0.05 g/L AC +1.0 mg/L IBA.

A hydroponic experiment was conducted to study the effects of NaCl concentration on the ascor-bate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle in roots, stems and leaves of sour jujube. The results showed the NaCl treat-ments signiifcantly increased AsA (absocrbic acid) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) concentrations in jujube roots, stems, and leaves. The AsA/DHA ratio and the reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in leaves increased and then decreased as NaCl stress increased. The 200 mmol?L-1 NaCl treatment signiifcantly increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentrations in jujube leaves. The GSH/GSSG ratio in stems increased and then decreased as NaCl stress increased. The NaCl treatments signiifcantly reduced ascorbate peroxidase (APX ac-tivity) in jujube roots, stems, and leaves. In contrast, NaCl had signiifcant effect on the activity of either gluta-thione reductase (GR) or monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR). In conclusion, high NaCl concentrations increased AsA and DHA concentrations but reduced APX activity in roots, stems and leaves of sour jujube. The NaCl also increased GSSG concentrations in stems and leaves. In the AsA-GSH cycle in sour jujube, MDHAR is the main enzyme that regenerates AsA from DHA.

[目的]研究苹果果实酚类物质组成与果实褐变的关系,建立测定苹果汁中主要酚类物质的高效液相色谱方法.[方法]选取10个苹果品种,采用Folin-C法,测定总多酚含量,并检测果肉褐变度及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性.采用高效液相色谱方法,测定苹果汁中表儿茶素、儿茶素、绿原酸、咖啡酸、香草醛、对香豆酸、根皮素7种酚类物质含量.[结果]黄魁的褐变度以及总酚含量相对较高,吉早红、寒富、瑞林的褐变度以及总酚含量较低;表儿茶素、儿茶素及绿原酸是苹果果肉中含量相对较高.果实的褐变度与总酚、表儿茶素、儿茶素及绿原酸含量呈显著正相关.[结论]寒富、瑞林、吉早红的果实总酚含量相对较低,褐变度较低;果肉中总酚、表儿茶素、儿茶素及绿原酸对果实褐变程度影响较大.

[目的]研究硒对盐胁迫下葡萄光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,为生产实际提供理论依据.[方法]以两年生火洲黑玉葡萄为材料,采用营养液培养法,当葡萄苗长到50 cm时,用4 g/L NaCl胁迫,同时设3个硒缓解处理,处理12 d后测定叶片中的叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数及气体交换参数等指标.[结果]随着硒浓度的增加,葡萄叶片叶绿素含量逐渐上升;葡萄叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE),PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)和实际光化学效率(ΦPsⅡ)先升后降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔限制值(Ls)和非化学猝灭系数(NPQ)先降后升,均在施硒浓度为10 mg/L时达到极值.[结论]施硒量在5 ～ 10 mg/L具有较好缓解盐胁迫对葡萄危害的作用,以10 mg/L处理的缓解效果最好.

[Objective] Calcium plays an important role in the responses of plants to stresses.Some studies have indicated that exogenous CaCl2 can reduce NaCl stress in jujube (Ziziphus acidojujuba) seedlings.The objective of this hydroponic experiment was to identify indexes that could be used to evaluate the use of CaCl2 to alleviate NaCl stress in sour jujube seedlings.[Methods]A hydroponic experiment was conducted with three treatments:(i) no NaCl stress (control),(ii) NaCl stress,and (iii) NaCl stress plus CaCl2.These treatments were chosen based on the results of our preliminary studies.Free water/bound water ratio,cell membrane permeability,superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity,peroxidase (POD) activity,catalase (CAT) activity,and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were measured in the shoots and roots of jujube seedlings.Principal component analysis was used to select physiological indexes for evaluating the alleviating effect of CaCl2 on NaCl stress.[Results] Compared with the control,NaCl stress significantly reduced the ratio of free water/bound water in the shoots and roots of jujube seedlings on all sampling dates.In contrast,NaCl stress significantly increased cell membrane permeability.On day 5,the cell membrane permeability of shoots and roots in the NaCl stress treatment was 2.62 and 1.24 times higher than in the control,respectively.The NaCl stress significantly increased MDA concentrations in jujube shoots and roots.On day 5,shoot and root MDA concentrations were 1.81 times and 3.27 times higher than those in the control,respectively.Shoot SOD activities were significantly greater in the NaCl stress treatment than in the control on all sampling dates.In jujube roots,SOD activities were significantly greater in the NaCl stress treatment than in the control on days 1,2,3,and 4.However,on day 5,NaCl stress significantly reduced root SOD activities.On day 3,SOD activities in shoots and roots were 1.53 and 1.43 times higher than those in the control,respectively.The NaCl stress significantly increased POD activities in both the shoots and roots.On day 3,shoot and root POD activities were 1.41 and 2.32 times higher than in the control,respectively.The NaCl stress treatment significantly increased CAT activity in jujube roots on all sampling dates.Shoot CAT activities were significantly greater in the NaCl stress treatment than in the control on days 1,2,3,and 4.However,there was no significant difference in shoot CAT activity between the control and NaCl stress treatments on day 5.On day 3,the CAT activities in the shoots and roots were 1.96 and 4.10 times higher than those in the control,respectively.Compared with the NaCl stress treatment,the NaCl plus CaCl2 treatment significantly increased the free water/bound water ratio on days 4 and 5.On day 5,the ratio in the shoots and roots was 2.54 and 1.04 times higher than those in the NaCl stress treatment,respectively..NaCl stress plus CaCl2 treatment significantly increased shoot SOD activities on days 1,3,4 and 5 and root SOD activities on days 1,2 and 5.On day 5,shoot and root SOD activities were 15.15％ and 27.91％ higher than those in NaCl stress treatment,respectively.Addition of CaCl2 significantly increased shoot POD activities on all sampling dates and root POD activities on days 1,2,4,and 5.On day 5,shoot and root POD activities were 5.91％ and 46.25％ higher than those in NaCl stress treatment,respectively.The NaCl plus CaCl2 treatment also significantly increased shoot CAT activities on days 1 to 4 and rootactivities on days 3 and 4.On day 3,shoot and root CAT activities were 80.63％ and 68.53％ higher,respectively.The NaCl plus CaCl2 treatment significantly reduced cell membrane permeability in shoots on days 3,4,and 5 and in roots on days 4 and 5.On day 5,cell membrane permeability in roots and shoots were 26.62％ and 16.62％ lower than that in NaCl stress treatment,respectively.The NaCl plus CaCl2 treatment also significantly reduced MDA concentrations in the shoots and roots on all sampling dates.On day 5,the MDA concentrations in shoots and roots were reduced by 55.22％ and 55.00％ respectively by addition of CaCl2.[Conclusion] Principal component analysis indicated that cell membrane permeability,MDA concentration,POD activity,and CAT activity can be used to evaluate the alleviating effect of CaCl2 on NaCl stress in sour jujube shoots.In sour jujube roots,cell membrane permeability,MDA concentration,and SOD activity are good indicators.

[目的]研究不同程度水分胁迫下,赤霞珠葡萄幼苗不同组织游离多胺(Polyamines,PAs)含量的变化情况.[方法]采用水培赤霞珠扦插苗,以浓度为5％、10％、15％ PEG6000模拟不同干旱胁迫,结合不同组织含氮量、含水量变化,分析腐胺(Putrescine,Put)、亚精胺(Spermidine,Spd)、精胺(Spermine,Spm)含量在幼苗根系、根干、新梢、叶片中的变化.[结果]赤霞珠幼苗各组织均参与了响应水分胁迫的多胺代谢,且与对照差异明显.不同组织多胺变化的敏感程度、含量变化范围、积累峰出现时间、峰值大小皆存在差异.Put响应胁迫在根干中变化范围较大,而Spd、Spm在叶片中变化范围较大.根系、根干、新梢、叶片多胺总量均与游离态亚精胺呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.986、0.934、0.957、0.997;根系含氮量、含水量与精胺显著负相关,相关系数为-0.769、-0.717.[结论]水分胁迫程度的强弱,影响各组织多胺变化的频率和大小,呈现出胁迫程度越大,多胺变化越剧烈的趋势.多胺含量变化存在组织差异性与时间差异性;其中,亚精胺起主导作用.

【Objective】To study the differences of cold resistance among grape cultivars and select wine va-rieties with good cold resistance.【Methods】The shoots of three introduced wine grape cultivars‘Beibing-hongu0027,‘Zuoyouhongu0027,‘Double Redu0027and local major cultivar‘Cabernet Sauvignonu0027were used as exper-iment materials. The relative conductivity,soluble sugar,soluble protein,proline,malondialdehyde,su-peroxide dismutase,peroxidase and catalase activity of different cultivars were measured after low temper-ature treatment. The semi lethal temperatures of the tested cultivars were calculated by the conductancemethod with application of Logistic equation,and the cold resistance of different cultivars was comparedwith variance and principal component analysis.【Results】The results showed that the relative conductivi-ty and MDA content of 4 cultivars increased with the decrease of temperature,and the activity of SOD,content of soluble sugar and proline increased first and then decreased. CAT activity and soluble proteincontent kept increase,while POD activity decreased.【Conclusion】Through principal component analy-sis,the order of cold resistance of 4 cultivars was‘Double Redu0027‘Zuoyouhongu0027‘Beibinghongu0027‘Cabernet Sauvignonu0027,which could provide reference for introduction and cultivation management ofwine grape.

[目的]通过对不同贮藏条件下5个杏品种花粉活力的测定,比较杏品种花粉活力,探索杏品种花粉长期保存的最佳贮藏条件.[方法]用培养基法测定,伊力克大杏、克孜佳娜丽、大白油杏、大果杏和卡巴克玉吕克5个杏品种花粉在室温干燥(20℃)、室温黑暗干燥(20℃)、低温黑暗干燥(4℃)和低温黑暗冷冻干燥(-20℃)贮藏条件下花粉活力的变化.[结果]杏品种、贮藏时间、贮藏条件对杏花粉的活力影响极显著;大白油杏花粉活力最高,贮藏前期花粉萌芽率高达40％,大果杏花粉活力最低,贮藏前期花粉萌芽率仅为15％左右;花粉活力随贮藏时间逐渐下降;低温黑暗干燥(4℃)储藏与低温黑暗冷冻干燥(-20℃)贮藏条件下相比花粉活力差异不显著,在储藏期间花粉萌芽率没有较大变化,贮藏90d后仍有高达20％的萌芽率,室温干燥(20℃)下贮藏效果最差,贮藏90d后萌芽率接近为0.[结论]不同杏品种花粉活力有差异;与常温干燥(20℃)、常温黑暗干燥(20℃)两种贮藏方式相比,低温黑暗干燥(4℃)、低温黑暗冷冻干燥贮藏(-20℃)方式能相对长期、有效的保持杏树花粉的活力;4种贮藏方式均不适宜杏花粉的大量长期贮藏.

以新疆产不同抗裂性枣品种‘骏枣’、‘哈密大枣’、‘灰枣’、‘金铃圆枣’果实为试验材料,用不同浓度CaCl2(0、2.5、25 g/L)分别浸泡12、36、60 h,研究CaCl2对枣裂果率及果肉、果皮中Ca、K、Mg含量的影响.结果显示:(1)2.5、25 g/L CaCl2均能有效降低枣裂果率,且25g/L CaCl2对各品种枣的防裂效果均优于2.5 g/L CaCl2.(2)极抗裂品种枣的果皮、果肉中Ca显著高于极易裂品种,且各品种Ca含量均随CaCl2浓度增加而增加.(3)极抗裂品种枣的果皮、果肉中K含量高于极易裂品种,其Mg含量则表现出相反趋势,但不同浓度CaCl2处理的枣果肉、果皮中Mg、K升降幅度变化不同.(4)枣果肉、果皮中Ca、K含量与裂果率呈负相关关系,Mg含量与裂果率呈正相关关系.研究认为,CaCl2浸果能有效增加枣果肉、果皮中钙含量,影响各品种枣果实的钾镁含量,显著降低枣裂果率,并以25 g/L CaCl2效果最好.

[目的]研究外源Se(Na2SeO3)对NaCl(100 mmol/L)胁迫下,对番茄幼苗生长及叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环中、以及抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质及膜脂过氧化的影响.[方法]对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗进行外源施用了0.025、0.05、0.1和0.15 mmol/L 4个不同浓度的硒(Na2 SeO,).[结果]施用0.025、0.05和0.1 mmol/L的硒能不同程度促进NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长和缓解NaCl诱导的膜脂过氧化,其中以0.05 mmol/L的硒处理显著降低过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量,缓解NaCl胁迫效果最好.而高浓度的硒(0.15 mmol/L)则加剧了NaCl胁迫下番茄叶片膜脂过氧化.[结论]一定浓度范围内的硒(0.025～0.1mmol/L)能缓解NaCl胁迫对番茄幼苗生长的抑制,增强叶片AsA-GSH系统活性氧清除能力,减轻叶片膜脂过氧化.

以新疆10个枣品种为试材,研究不同质量浓度的CaCl2(0、2.5、25 g/L)分别浸果0、12、24、36、48、60、72h后不同质量品种枣的裂果率、果实硬度、可溶性固形物及吸水率的变化.结果表明,浸果12 h内枣裂果率呈直线上升趋势,60 h后裂果率基本稳定.其中赞皇大枣裂果率最高,骏枣次之,金铃圆枣最低;同一品种不同处理间枣的裂果率、吸水率、硬度差异显著.比较认为,极易裂品种为赞皇大枣、骏枣,极抗裂品种金铃园枣、冬枣;与0 g/L CaCl2相比,25 g/L CaC12抗裂效果最好,2.5 g/L CaCl2次之;裂果率与吸水率、可溶性固形物呈正相关,与硬度呈负相关.

In order to study the cold resistance of apple cultivars,eight apple cultivars were used to compare their tolerance under cold resistance.One-year-old dormant branches were collected as the materials,for measuring their germination rate, relative conductivity,semi-lethal temperatures (LT40) and biochemical indexes such as soluble protein,free proline,aldehyde under different low temperatures at 4 ℃,-15 ℃,-20℃,-25 ℃,-30 ℃,-35 ℃,respectively.The results showed that the germination rate was obviously higher in Ralls Janet and Hanfu than in other culitivars under the low temperature conditions. The contents of relative conductivity and semi-lethal temperatures (LT40) were obviously lower in Han Fu and Coetligne.The content of aldehyde was obviously lower in Ralls Jane than in other cultivars.The contents of soluble protein and free proline were obviously higher in Hanfu than in other cultivars.Our results indicated that the germination rate,relative conductivity and soluble protein were acted as reliable indicators after treated by different low temperature;Hanfu,Ralls Janet and Coetligne showed higher cold resistance than other cultivars.

The Sour jujube hydroponics deedlingss were used as experiment material to study the CaCl 2 effect on the changes of cell membrane permeability,malondialdehyde(MDA) contents,superoxide dismutase (SOD),peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities in leaves and roots under NaCl (200 mmol/L) stress.The results showed that the cell membrane permeability and content of MDA were both increased.The activities of SOD,CAT and POD increased firstly and then decreased in leaves but continued to rise in roots with stress time extension.When CaCl2 (10 mmol/L) was added,the cell membrane permeability and MDA content in leaves and roots decreased while SOD,POD and CAT activities increased compared with not applying exogenous CaCl2 in Soure jujube seedlings.The results indicated that exogenous CaCl2 could promote the activities of antioxidant enzymes,decrease the membrane lipid peroxidation in Sour jujube seedlings,and alleviate the damage of NaCl stress, consequently enhancing the NaCl stress adaptability of Sour jujube seedlings.

[目的]探讨新疆‘红地球’葡萄果实着色过深的问题.[方法]以‘红地球’葡萄为试材,分析了地面遮阴对‘红地球’果实着色的抑制作用,以及果皮锦葵色素(Mv)含量与UFGT酶活性积累的关系.[结果]不同程度地面遮阴处理对果实着色有显著影响,随遮光率增加,果面光泽明亮度L*值和颜色组分b*升高,颜色组分a*、C*以及颜色指数(CIRG)下降.地面遮阴处理还明显抑制了UFGT活性,锦葵色素(Mv)的积累和UFGT活性表现出良好的一致性.Mv含量与果实色泽参数L*、a*、b*均达到极显著性相关,与CIRG之间的相关系数为0.871,呈极显著性正相关..[结论]不同程度地面遮阴显著抑制果实着色,遮光率为86.39％的地面遮阴处理,果实着色不均,果面呈光亮粉红色,Mv含量与UFGT酶活性最低.遮光率为57.93％的地面遮阴处理,显著改善果实着色,果面呈现光亮饱满的鲜红色.

对设施条件下弗雷无核和夏黑无核2种葡萄U型和V型叶幕的光合特性进行比较,结果表明:设施条件下弗雷无核和夏黑无核葡萄的U型叶幕Pn(净光合速率)均高于V型叶幕,Pn日变化呈单峰曲线,无明显的光合午休现象,全天Pn日变化在14:00时达到最高值。2个葡萄品种U型叶幕的光合能力均较高,以弗雷无核的光合能力表现较好,较适合新疆北部高寒地区种植。

为探讨加工番茄果实成熟过程中果胶物质的积累特性,对3个加工番茄品种及不同果实生育期和不同坐果节位的果实果胶组成和含量进行测定分析.结果表明,3个品种果实的果胶物质均是由水溶性果胶(WSP)、草酸溶性果胶(OSP)和碱溶性果胶(ASP)构成.在绿熟期果实内以OSP和ASP为主,红熟期果实内以WSP和OSP为主;随着果实的成熟,果实内的WSP含量均呈上升趋势,ASP含量均呈下降趋势,OSP含量表现上升至粉红期后又逐渐降低的趋势;3个不同品种中,Q020品种的总果胶(TP)含量最高,里格尔87-5品种的TP含量最少,Q020果实内的WSP、OSP和ASP在成熟过程中总体均高于里格尔87-5和屯河8号.