本试验以一定浓度的直接大红4BE降解为研究目的.结果 表明:直接大红4BE在气液混合泵的作用下可增溶臭氧,加速其氧化脱色降解;直接大红4BE在臭氧增溶与在双氧水投加量为1 mL/L条件下,降解效率最佳;初始pH=3.0的体系下,降解速率加快,降解的效果更好;2 mmol/L锰离子(Ⅱ)促进臭氧降解直接大红4BE;直接大红4BE中的苯环和偶氮结构遭到O3-H2O2破坏,最后溶液酸度增大,可能氧化降解生成低分子羧酸类物质.

目的:考察海带提取物对免疫力低下小鼠的影响,探讨海带提取物的免疫调节作用.方法:用环磷酰胺制备免疫力低下小鼠模型,并将昆明种小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、低、高剂量海带提取物组和阳性药物(脾氨肽)组.记录小鼠活动量、体重变化,计算脾脏系数、胸腺系数,检测各组IL-6和TNF-α血清水平.结果:与模型组比较,海带提取物在4.5 mg/g、13.5 mg/g剂量均可使小鼠体质改善、体重增长;海带提取物高剂量组的脾脏系数增高,而低剂量组的胸腺系数增高;高、低剂量组的白介素6(IL-6)均有所增高,而低剂量组的α肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)血清水平显著降低.结论:海带提取物能增强免疫低下小鼠的体质;同时可以提高小鼠的脾腺系数和胸腺系数,显示其在不同剂量分别调节体液免疫和细胞免疫的作用;海带提取物降低TNF-α而升高IL-6水平意味着其具有一定的抗炎症和调节Th1/Th2免疫平衡的作用.

以氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)为检测手段,研究了一套检测海带提取物中无机砷含量的样品前处理方法.文中比较了三种前处理方法:蒸干溶剂法、更换溶剂法及萃取法,结果表明:更换溶剂法稳定、准确、方便,该法以乙醇-水体系提取的海带提取物为检测对象,在低温中性条件下蒸去样品中的乙醇,使提取物中干扰检测的有机物缓慢析出而亲水性无机砷逐渐转入剩余的水层,将分离水层作为检测样液.本方法的RSD％为1.30％ ～ 2.63％,加标回收率为90.97％ ～ 95.02％.与传统的前处理方法相比,本法的条件更为温和,有利于防止海藻中的有机砷在苛刻条件下水解为无机砷,因而改善了检测结果的可信度.

参照我国国标对海藻总砷的测定方法及相关文献,摸索一套适于复杂介质、高浓度干扰成分共存体系中总砷含量的测定方法——原子荧光光谱法测定海带提取物中的总砷.主要研究:制做标曲的合理条件及标砷取值范围,以获得较好的灵敏度及准确性;选择酸度剂的种类及用量,以获得较纯的检测体系及较温和酸度;选择复合还原剂的种类及用量,以有效还原并掩蔽干扰成分;选择完全消解高浓度复杂体系的条件,以保证检测结果的可靠性.结论:标准曲线砷浓度测定范围0 ～ 40ng/mL;酸度剂为HCL且其在检测时浓度为5％;还原剂为硫脲-抗坏血酸且其在检测时浓度为5g/L ～ 5g/L,微波法-湿法消解联用,以保证消解液无色且澄清.该法稳定性(d)为3.13％,变异系数(RSD,n=4)为1.43％,回收率为97.86％,达到检测产品总砷所需的准确性,是一套有针对性的检测提取物中总砷含量的可行方法.

采用乙醇-水体系提取海带中特征风味的物质,再采用SPME-GC-MS技术分析其中挥发性成分,共分离鉴别出39种成分,所鉴出的组分占总峰面积的99.82％.鉴定出的挥发性成分为羧酸、酯、酮、烃、醇、甾体和醛等7类物质.其中,酯类(1 1.91％)、酮类(3.26％)、醇类(1.02％)和醛类(0.13％)是海带提取物中芳香及呈味成分的主要来源;羧酸类中的不饱和脂肪酸(30.57％)是海带中主要的营养功能性成分;此外还鉴别出海洋性植物所具有的典型结构,有机卤素化合物及特殊的环硅氧烷类化合物,此研究结果在海带提取物的成分分析中鲜有报道.

This review focuses on five aspects issues, namely, the arsenic content in Chinese kelp, the presence form and toxicity of arsenic, as well as the arsenic limit content, the method of detection arsenic, and the technology of removing arsenic in standards at home and abroad. The limit of inorganic arsenic in S. japonica is over the national standards for dried algae (≤1.5 mg/kg). In fact, inorganic arsenic is also accumulated while extracting target substance. Therefore, the limits of inorganic arsenic in the kelp extract should be referred to the international standards for food additives (≤3 mg/kg) due to lack of the standards on inorganic arsenic limit for extract of algae.

芳环上取代基的定位效应是芳烃一章教学中的重点和难点之一.本文结合多年的教学实践和探索,总结出一套简便判断取代基定位效应的方法,即通过分析取代基与芳环直接相连原子的正负性来判断取代基的定位效应.运用该方法,学生能轻松掌握芳烃取代基的定位规律,教学效果显著.

参照我国国标对海藻无机砷的测定方法及相关文献,摸索出一套适于复杂介质、高浓度干扰成分共存体系的测定方法——原子荧光光谱法测定海带提取物中的无机砷.主要研究内容为:优化酸度剂及还原剂的种类及用量;使用正辛醇为消泡剂对检测结果的影响;选择温和萃取无机砷的前处理条件,避免有机砷水解为无机砷.结论:标准曲线中标准物砷浓度测定范围在0～40 ng/mL;酸度剂为HCl,其在检测时浓度为5％;还原剂为硫脲-抗坏血酸,其在检测时浓度为5-5 g/L;不使用正辛醇;萃取无机砷的条件为5％HCl-石油醚(1:1)体系,在室温下萃取10 min.该法检出限为0.0823 ng/mL,变异系数(RSD)3.20％～3.70％,回收率91.29％～93.60％,达到产品检测所需的准确性.采用此法检测脱砷前后的海带提取物产品中无机砷含量,分别为10.3781 mg/kg及1.8507 mg/kg,后者达到国际标准对海带提取物中无机砷的含量要求.

Sulfur dioxide residue in food is one of the most important indicators controlled stringently by the National Quality Supervision Department.In the drying process of ginger,many factors lead to sulfur dioxide residue in ginger,such as human or non-human factors.In this paper,problems in five aspects,namely,the sulfur dioxide residue in Chinese ginger,the source of sulfur dioxide in ginger, presence form and hazards of sulfur dioxide,the limit standard at home and abroad about sulfur diox-ide,as well as detection and removal methods of sulfur dioxide are discussed.Furthermore,based on our study on removing sulfur dioxide in ginger extracts,the following suggestions are put forward:the limit standard of sulfur dioxide at home and abroad is inconsistent.In China ,it is 200 mg/kg if ginger is edible as dried vegetables,and it is 150 mg/kg when ginger is used as Chinese herbal medi-cine.At abroad,the limit standard of sulfur dioxide is 30~50 mg/kg.However,most of domestic manufacturers choose the foreign standard.So,a new standard about sulfur dioxide limit content is needed urgently.In addition,there is no perfect method for removing sulfur dioxide in food.We be-lieve that the technology of removing sulfur dioxide in food plants(such as ginger)will be fully consid-ered for keeping the flavor and quality of food in the future,depending on different obj ects,there will be a pertinent,controllable,economical and convenient technology to ensure food safety.We take in-to account the flavor components retained,the traditional drying technology and the rate of removing sulfur dioxide approximately 80% in our study on removing sulfur dioxide in ginger extracts.

The use of a microwave-assisted extraction（MAE） method for the extraction of phlorotannins from Saccharina japonica Aresch（S.japonica） has been evaluated with particular emphasis on the influential parameters,including the ethanol concentration,solid/liquid ratio,extraction time,extraction temperature,and microwave power.The MAE procedure was optimized using single-factor design and orthogonal array design（OAD）.The content of total phlorotannins in S.japonica was determined using a Folin-Ciocalteu（FC） assay.A maximum total phlorotannin content of 0.644 mg of phloroglucinol equivalent per gram of dry weight plant（mg PGE/g DW） was obtained using the optimized model,which included an ethanol concentration of 55%,solid/liquid ratio of 1:8,extraction time of 25 min,irradiation power of 400 W,and temperature of 60°C.Under similar conditions,the application of a conventional extraction method led to a lower phlorotannin yield of 0.585 mg PGE/g WD.These results demonstrated that the MAE approach provided better results for the extraction of phlorotannins from S.japonica and was a promising technique for the extraction of phenolic compounds from S.japonica and other materials.In addition,screening tests for the inhibitory activity showed that the phlorotannin-containing extracts significantly inhibited the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells（HepG2） by inducing their apoptosis.The morphological changes that occurred during cell apoptosis were characterized using Hoechst33258 staining.

The low polar constituents from Saccharina japonica Aresch comprise phlorotannins,unsaturated fatty acids etc.These constituents possess rich nutrient,while,low stability.In this study,the low-temperature microwave extraction method was used to extract the low polar constituents from S.japonica.At the same time,the microencapsulation technology and the spray-drying method were also investigated.Two procedures above were optimized using single factor and orthogonal array design L9(34),respectively.The results showed that the best microencapsulation process was core material 13.2%,β-cyclodextrin 19.9%,casein 0.7%,emulsifi er 2.6%.And the optimal spray-drying model was inlet air temperature 170 ℃,feed material 13.95 mL/min,wind speed 4.2 m3/min,and preheating temperature 60 ℃.Under the optimal conditions,the rate of retention 95.23%,moisture content 3.35%,and the yields 74.88% were obtained.

The recent development and application of the peptide-element complexes was reviewed.The preparation procedure and biological activities and development of the five peptide complexes chelated Zn,Fe,Ca,Cu,Cr were introduced.

In this paper,the essential oils from Agarwood A and B collected in Hainan,China,were extracted by low temperature-dynamic microwave method.And the SPME-GC-MS technique was performed to analyze the volatile constituents in essential oil.58 and 68 volatile components were identified from A and B,respectively,in which 41 compositions are the same,and the main volatile constituents in two essential oil were sesquiterpene in which the composition of the highest relative content was the decalin type ones accounting for 42.35% and 41.85%,respectively.Based on the biosynthetic nature that biosynthesis in the same plants tends to have the same origin and the way of synthesis,its secondary metabolites have often similar structure,the highest peak in two chromatograms were identified as acetate-1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahydro-2,4a,5,8a-tetramethyl-1-naphthalenyl ester.In addition,6 main compounds in A and B were the same,which proved that they possessed the similar scent.However,their aroma quality was different because there were 5 unique decalin type compounds in A,which illustrated the top note of A was different from B.On the other hand,there were 14 distinctive compounds of longer retention time in B,which said that the oil B had longer holding time of fragrance than A.Furthermore,the SPME-GC-MS technique was an effective way to evaluate the quality of Agarwood essential oils according to the results comparing to the fragrance constituents in Agarwood essential oils extracted by 4 different extraction methods.

Fragrance constituents in essential oils from the off-cuts of Eaglewood (A) and Chinese Eaglewood (B) in Guangdong have been analysed by GC-MS. Essential oil A was extracted by microwave additional extraction method, and oil B was provided by a flavors company. SPME-GC-MS analyses revealed that two oils possessed 29 same compounds, and their main fragrance compositions were sesquiterpene accounting for 94.99% and 94.19% of total essential oils, respectively. However, oil A exhibited 61 volatile compounds with agarospiro (17.32%), guaiac acetate (15.99%), guaiol (15.53%) and beta-Ionon (13.61%) being the major constituents. Oil B had 59 ones, and the major constituent was spathulenol (56.45%). In the first 60 min, oil B showed 28 distinctive compounds. And in 78~91 min, oil A displayed 14 fragrance compositions, while, oil B showed 1. The results explained that two essential oils possessed similar scent. However, their aroma quality was very different. Oil A showed longer holding fragrance. However oil B exhibited richer top note. This study demonstrated that offcuts of Eaglewood would also be used to extract essential oil to provide new variety of material for perfume industry.

Industrial microwave extraction technology is still in the exploratory stage, and design and improve- ment of large-scale equipment must depend on microwave extraction technology; pilot-scale experiments showed that： selecting the appropriate microwave effective exposure time, the microwave power and the solid-liquid ratio is conducive to energy conservation and efficiency; The extraction index （A） and energy consumption index （B） were obtained from the corresponding experimental data, and the experimental results show： when the ex- traction rates were greater than or equal to 95% , the energy consumption of dynamic microwave extraction is less than one of the solvent extraction 20% - 67%. Thus, relative to the solvent reflux extraction, microwave extraction is a new energy efficient technology; A new evaluation for large-scale microwave extraction equipment was shown by two indexes A and B at the same time.

Preparation technology of Zn- peptide complexes was studied and its effects on growth performance and serum biochemical indicators were investigated by feeding Oreochromis Niloticus with feedstuff containing Zn-peptide complexes. The optimal conditions of synthesis reaction for Zn-peptide complexes prepared by zinc with peptide were described in the following: pH 5.0, temperature 80°C, and mass ratio of peptide-Zn 4:1, reaction time 30 min. Under such conditions, yield of Zn-peptide complexes was up to 54%, chelating rate of Zn was 55%, and Zn content of the complex was 6.5×104 mg/kg. A new complex formed from Zinc with peptide was identified by spectrum analysis. The 49-day feeding experiment showed that the complexes remarkably increased specific growth rate, survival rate, content of lysozyme and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP). Feed conversion ratio was significantly reduced as the additive increased. The content of total protein, albumin, and globulin were elevated too. And growth performance, body immunity, anti-oxidation function of Oreochromis Niloticus was significantly increased while the amount of the additive was 2.4 ~ 4.8 g/kg feedstuff in the experiment.

Flavor compounds in fresh garlic oil are complex,but they are all sulfur-containing organic compounds.According to the fact,we established the new method first time to the determination of flavor compounds in the garlic oil——Microwave digestion barium sulfate turbidimetry.The experiments were designed to explore the amount of HNO3 for digestion garlic oil,the best measurement wavelength and the best measurement time.The conclusion is that when 0.300 garlic oil was measured,the amount of HNO3 was 1.3 mL,the best determination wave was 420 nm and the best determination time range was 5~50 min.Then a standard curve was drawn according to the results,the correlation coefficient R=0.99793,the content of flavor compounds in the garlic oil was 0.2871%.According to stability,reproducibility tests,the results are as followings: RSD separately is 1.69% and 0.669%,not more than 5%,the average recovery was 102.13%.The method is simple and convenient,with high accuracy and reliability,lower cost,applicability,suitable for corporate laboratories.

The kelp extract is nutrient-rich and natural flavor, which was made by microwave extraction in low-temperature. In this paper the drying method for the kelp extract was studied, including the single factor method and L9（3^4） orthogonal experimental design method, then the factors to effect removing the dried block from a plate was discussed. The main 4 factors to effect drying result are temperature, vacuum, the sample thickness and water content of the extract. Our experiments shows that the best drying conditions are drying temperature 90 %, vacuum 0.1 MPa, sample thickness of 1 cm, 16% moisture content before drying, and drying time of 50 min. Under the above condition, the drying process is simple and fast, average drying rate is 0.6056 g/min, moisture content of dried kelp extract is 5.82%, and the dried block is easily removed from the plate.

In the paper,the practice of reform of graduation thesis and culture of application research personnel is discussed.A new teaching mode is as follows: using the patent literature as the basic background information and proposed products as targeted research program,introducing the industry mentors to the students for raising their practical experience in laboratory experiment.In this way students talents in writing academic thesis and doing practical experiments are fully cultivated.

The preparation procedure of Zn (Ⅱ)–tilapia peptide complexes was investigated by single factor design method. Along with this, the complexes were structurally characterized and their biological activities were tested by measuring their effects on kidney GSH-Px and hepatic SOD activities and the percentage of macrophages engaged in phagocytosis in mice and in vitro superoxide anion free radical scavenging activity. Results showed that the optimal reaction conditions for the preparation of Zn (Ⅱ)–tilapia peptide complexes were as follows: pH 5.0 and 80 ℃ for a reaction between Zn (Ⅱ) and tilapia peptides contained in the tilapia meat hydrolysate with 15% degree of hydrolysis. Under such conditions, the yield of Zn (Ⅱ)–tilapia peptide complexes with a Zn content of 6.5 × 104 mg/kg reached up to 54% and Zn exhibited a chelation rate of 55%. Spectral characteristics demonstrated the formation of new complexes from Zn (Ⅱ) and tilapia peptides. The complexes remarkably increased the percentage of macrophages engaged in phagocytosis and hepatic SOD and kidney GSH-Px in mice and exhibited an excellent superoxide anion free radical scavenging activity.