Ionogel, a novel flexible electronic material, presents a plethora of applications. Despite its potential, the fabrication of multifunctional ionogel with high-performance suitable for diverse scenarios remains a significant challenge. In this study, we prepare a multifunctional amphibious ionogel skin (AIGS) using a polymerizable ionic liquid (PIL) and a conductive ionic liquid (IL) in conjunction with titanium carbide (Ti _3 C _2 T _x -MXene). The resulting soft AIGS materials exhibit ductility, self-healing, and robust adhesion in mechanical properties due to non-covalent interactions, such as ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding. They also demonstrate a wide sensing range (2%‒400%), high sensing sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) up to 6.06), and stable sensing performance (good reliability and stability after strain) in electrical properties. The hydrophobic and dynamic viscoelastic network formed by extensive C−F bonds in the used polymer matrix, ensures the AIGS’s suitability for amphibious environments. We find that AIGS has excellent triboelectric properties. Utilizing AIGS as a flexible electrode, a single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (SE-TENG) was constructed, achieving outstanding output performance (∼300 V open-circuit voltage, 172 nA short-circuit current, and 34 nC transferred charge). This device can power commercial portable electronic devices and identify different body movements. AIGS-based wearable strain sensors have also been shown to reliably detect human motion, including larger limb movements such as finger flexion and elbow flexion and extension, as well as subtle muscle movements such as frowning and swallowing. In addition, depending on the characteristics of the AIGS application in amphibious environments, the following functions can be realized simultaneously. AIGS in an aquatic environment combined with machine learning for intelligent recognition of breathing type, in an underwater environment combined with Morse code to convey simple information, and motion monitoring in an amphibious environment, demonstrates its potential feasibility in a variety of situations.

A double-shelled hollow iron-encapsulated zeolite (Fe2O3@H-ZSM-5@H-ZSM-5) catalyst was synthesized via a stepwise etching-recrystallization strategy for persulfate activation. The unique double-shelled hollow architecture enhances mass transfer while ensuring ultra-low iron leaching and excellent structural stability, resulting in outstanding reusability.

Precise control over the structure of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) enables rapid development of tailored luminescent molecules. In this study, 4-(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (TPB) (donor-acceptor, D–A) and 4,7-bis(4-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (BTB) (donor–acceptor–donor, D–A–D) were designed and synthesized using tetraphenylene as a starting unit, guided by molecular engineering principles. Theoretical calculations and experimental results demonstrate that the D–A–D structure of BTB enhances intramolecular charge transfer, induces highly twisted molecular conformation, and imparts greater structural rigidity, thereby effectively suppressing non-radiative transitions. Subsequently, the spatial confinement effect of polystyrene microspheres restricts the rotational motion of BTB, enabling the construction of fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) with higher quantum yields and excellent versatility. When applied to a lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) platform, BTBNPs demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity than TPBNPs and AuNPs. Moreover, the sensitive detection of melatonin in biological samples was achieved. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that D–A–D-type AIEgens exhibit superior luminescence performance and greater potential than their D–A-type counterparts for constructing high-brightness fluorescent probes. It also establishes theoretical calculation methods for AIEgens and offers a valuable reference for their design, analysis, and application.

Raman spectroscopy was a molecular vibrational spectroscopy technique based on inelastic light scattering, which obtained information on molecular chemical bond vibrations, rotations and other characteristics by detecting the frequency shifts generated by photons interacting with matter. Raman spectroscopy enabled energy exchange through quantum state transitions between photons and molecules. This technique revealed the microscopic properties of matter based on quantum mechanical principles. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy combined with quantum enhancement methods can overcome traditional detection limitations, propelling molecular sensing into an era of precision. And this technique showed unique advantages in revealing life science research due to their non-invasive nature, no need for sample labeling, high chemical specificity and applicability to complex biological systems. In recent years, with the breakthroughs in micro-Raman, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), Raman spectroscopy has made remarkable progress in biomolecular analysis, cell and tissue imaging, disease diagnosis and drug development, and microplastic detection. Despite the outstanding advantages of Raman spectroscopy in life science research, there are still several technical barriers in the translation from emerging technologies to practical applications. In the future, with the deep integration of nanoprobe design, deep learning algorithms and Raman technology, the application of Raman technology in single-cell metabolomics, rapid identification of microorganisms and precision medicine will be further expanded, which provides more powerful molecular insight tools for life science research.

Mycotoxin contamination poses significant threats to food safety. The brightness of the signal tag is key to establishing a sensitive detection technology. Here, Tetramethyl 4 ',4 ''',4 '''',4 '''''''-(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)tetrakis ([1,1 '-biphenyl]-4-carboxy) (TEC), an aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgens), with high quantum yield and solubility is designed by molecular engineering. Subsequently, an ultra-high quantum yield (89.73 %) fluorescent probe (TECNPs) was prepared using an emulsion synergistic strategy. Its use as a signaling tag in lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) enabled point-of-care testing for zearalenone (ZEN) with a detection limit of 0.282 ng/mL, which was 8.5 times lower than that of AuNPs-LFIA. Crucially, the sensitive detection of ZEN in rice and corn can be achieved with satisfactory recoveries. Moreover, the integration of TECNPs with a DNA hydrogel enabled the ultra-sensitive detection of ZEN (the detection limit was 65 pg/mL, 11.7-times lower than carbon dots@Hydrogel), further confirming its versatility. In conclusion, high-performance AIEgens obtained through molecular modulation significantly increase the brightness of the fluorescent probe, effectively assisting the biosensing of the LFIA and DNA hydrogel reaction and thus improving detection sensitivity. The findings of this study provide a universal fluorescent probe to ensure food safety and indicate a new direction for fluorescence analysis methods.

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) poses a substantial threat to environmental and human health due to their persistence in aquatic environments. Development more efficient and reliable catalysts for TCs removal remains a significant challenge. In this study, an organic ligands modulation Ti-based metal-organic frameworks (MIL-125(Ti)@TCPP-300) was designed and applied for TCs degradation under visible light irradiation. The Tetrakis (4-Carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) ligand was modified on the surface of mixed-ligand 1,4-dicarboxybenzene (BDC) and 2-amino terephthalic acid (BDC-NH2) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by sequential growth. This was followed by the selective removal of ligands through pyrolysis. The surface modification with the TCPP ligand, in conjunction with the selective removal of the BDC-NH2 ligand, resulted in a conjugated structure featuring electron-withdrawing groups and additional mesopores, which induces enhanced visible light absorption, separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs, and reactant adsorption remove capabilities. The incorporation of a visible light-absorbing multifunctional ligand and mesopores has enhanced the removal efficiency of the MIL-125(Ti)@TCPP-300 composite, achieving up to a 92.18% removal rate for oxytetracycline (OTC) within one hour. This performance is 3.1 times greater than that of dual ligand metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Using OTC as a representative compound, the mechanism of OTC photocatalytic degradation involves the generation of center dot O-2(-), O-1(2), which initiate a series of hydroxylation, demethylation, and ring-opening processes through three distinct pathways. Furthermore, the proposed composites have demonstrated high removal rates for other contaminants with specific catalytic sites, such as chlorpyrifos (81.48%) and thiacloprid (77.06%). The proposed strategy highlights great potential on environment governance for multiple contaminants.

DNA serves as a fundamental carrier of genetic information, and its unique properties allow it to be used as a versatile structural component for the engineering and self-assembly of nanostructures. The advent of DNA templates has significantly improved self-assembled DNA nanostructures, and this progress is particularly evident in the field of DNA nanotechnology, especially in DNA origami, which is highly effective for the bottom-up synthesis of precisely defined nanostructures that range in size from tens of nanometers to sub-micrometers. The remarkable capabilities of DNA origami open up numerous possibilities in the context of biomedical applications. These applications include drug delivery systems, vaccine development, tissue engineering, targeted disease therapies, clinical diagnostics, and advanced bioimaging techniques. This review highlights the significance and benefits of employing DNA origami in the programming and fabrication of DNA nanostructures, showcasing its potential impacts in various domains. The challenges associated with DNA nanotechnology are also examined, and possible solutions are considered to facilitate advancements in the field. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of the current and potential biomedical applications of DNA origami is presented. The review concludes with reflections on the future perspectives of DNA origami, highlighting its importance and potential growth in various scientific and medical fields.

Aflatoxins are highly carcinogenic and mutagenic. Among them, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a hydroxylated metabolite that seriously poses threats to human health and safety, so there is a need to construct an efficient and sensitive detection system for AFM1. In this study, an analytical method was established for ultra-sensitive determination of AFM1 in food based on dendritic hybridization chain reaction (HCR) dual-amplification. The prepared carboxylated silica was modified with AFM1 antibody, dendritic (S) chain and initiator (H0) chain as fluorescent probes, the whole AFM1 antigen was coated on the microplate, and the antibody on the fluorescent probes competed with the AFM1 standard for binding to the whole antigen. Then the fluorescence response value of the supernatant was measured, which displayed a good linear relationship with the standard concentration. The detection range was 10 pg/mL to 10 mu g/mL, and the limit of detection was 5.41 fg/mL, which was in line with the limit value of China's national standard. In addition, the spiked recovery rate was between 84.77 % and 115.70 %. The method developed in this study displays an increase of three orders of magnitude in comparison with indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA), in the detection of AFM1, showing ultra-high sensitivity, which satisfies the needs of AFM1 analysis and detection in food. This biosensing method also has reference value for the detection of other toxins in food.

Biodegradable active packaging materials have received extensive attention around the world due to food safety issues and environmental pollution caused by plastic packaging materials. In this study, we present a humidityresponsive multifunctional composite film self-assembled from carboxymethyl cellulose, zein, and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (PTE@(3-CD ICs). The results show that the addition of PTE@(3-CD ICs can effectively improve the ultraviolet light barrier, elongation at break, surface hydrophobicity, and thermal stability of the films. Adding 10 wt% PTE@(3-CD ICs reduces the water vapor and oxygen transmission rates of the composite films by 22 % and 91 %, respectively. In addition, it confers excellent antimicrobial ability to the films, with the inhibition rate for E. coli and S. aureus being greater than 80 %. The release of pterostilbene from the composite films results in humidity-responsive properties. Fruit preservation experiments further demonstrate that the composite film can delay the transpiration of blueberries and grapes, inhibit microorganism growth, and extend the shelf life of fruits by 50 %-80 %. Moreover, the film completely degrades within 13 days when buried in soil. Such a biodegradable, humidity-responsive, and multifunctional material has broad application prospects in food packaging, and provides a reference for the development of other stimuli-responsive packaging materials.

Palytoxin (PTX), a toxin naturally synthesized by marine organisms like Palythoa, Ostreopsis and Trichodesmium spp. in tropical and temperate seas, bioaccumulates in fish and crustaceans, thereby exposing humans through the food chain. Although growing evidence highlights PTX's lethal hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity, its neurotoxic effects and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we assessed the cerebral neurotoxicity of PTX by using HT22 neuronal cells and a chronic mouse model, conducting a comprehensive analysis of phenotypic alterations and gene expression changes. Phenotypic analysis revealed significant damage to mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and axons and disruptions in energy metabolism in PTX-treated neuronal cells and mouse brains. Transcriptome sequencing and real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that key genes in the JNK/p38 MAPK signaling, mitochondrial stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways were significantly altered. Furthermore, pretreatment with JNK and p38 inhibitors significantly restored mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP content, and cell viability, while reducing the expression of pro-apoptotic genes in HT22 cells. These findings confirm that JNK/p38 MAPK signaling pathways activation, leading to mitochondrial stress, is a major contributor to PTX-induced neuronal cell death at the cellular level. Chronic exposure to PTX was shown to damage mammalian cerebral nerves, carrying a potential risk for neurodegenerative diseases. Our study provides insights into the environmental and health risks associated with PTX exposure and offers a foundation for risk assessment and intervention strategies.

Arsenic contamination in water poses significant health risks, necessitating effective detection methods to ensure public safety. In this study, a novel FeSx@MOF-808/Ti3C2Tx composite sensor was introduced for the electrochemical detection of arsenite (As(III)), a highly toxic form of arsenic. Based on a straightforward synthetic approach, the composite enhances the sensitivity and selectivity for As(III) detection. The electrochemical performance in various buffer solutions was characterized through square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. The sensor demonstrated exceptional sensitivity with a detection limit of 0.02 ng/mL and a broad linear response range of 0.05-100 ng/mL, surpassing World Health Organization guidelines. Notably, the FeSx@MOF-808/ Ti3C2Tx composite exhibited minimal interference from common heavy metals. The superior adsorption properties, attributed to the high surface area and porosity of the composite, facilitated rapid arsenic ion capture. The developed FeSx@MOF-808/Ti3C2Tx sensor offers a robust platform for reliable As(III) detection in diverse water matrices. This innovation contributes to environmental monitoring, providing a cost-effective and efficient method for arsenic detection, particularly in resource-limited regions. The findings underscore the potential of integrating advanced materials into electrochemical sensors, thereby paving the way for future developments in sustainable water quality management.

A dual-mode immunoassay method was developed for colorimetric and fluorescence detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) based on streptavidin-induced gold nanoparticle aggregation (AuNP@SA). AuNP-modified streptavidin–biotin labeling AFB1 complete antigen aggregations (AuNP@SA@Bio-BSA-AFB1) were synthesized as the competitive binding and dual-mode probe. AuNP@SA@Bio-BSA-AFB1 aggregations possessed high colorimetric and fluorescence quenching intensities. AFB1 antibodies modified immunomagnetic microspheres were used as the capture probe. The competitive binding between AFB1 and AuNP@SA@Bio-BSA-AFB1 leads to changes in color and fluorescence intensity. The detection limit of the colorimetric method is 6.95 ng·mL−1, while that of the fluorescence method is 0.07 ng·mL−1. The practicality of the proposed strategy was demonstrated by determining AFB1 in spiked peanut samples.

Circadian rhythms are closely associated with human health, and the detection of relevant markers is essential to avoid circadian disorders. Here, we report a biosensing platform based on aggregation-induced emission for the sensitive detection of such markers. In this platform, the structure of 4,4',4″,4‴-(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)tetrabenzaldehyde (ETBA) was modulated at the molecular level to 4',4‴,4‴″,4⁗‴-(ethene-1,1,2,2-tetrayl)tetrakis([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carbaldehyde) (ETBCA), thereby increasing the energy levels of the highest and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, reducing the energy gap, and enhancing the conjugation effect, ultimately improving the fluorescence properties of the molecule. ETBCA was the starting monomer used to synthesize ETBCA-loaded nanoparticles (ETBCANPs) with higher quantum yields and longer fluorescence lifetimes, which were then loaded onto responsive DNA hydrogels for the sensitive detection of melatonin. The resulting loaded hydrogel (ETBCANPs@Hydrogel) showed superior performance compared to hydrogels loaded with ETBA nanoparticles and quantum dots, with 2.9- and 3.6-fold higher sensitivities, respectively. The ETBCANPs@Hydrogel was able to detect melatonin in saliva and urine samples with limits of detection of 18.6 pg/mL and 10.5 pg/mL, respectively, recoveries of 94.2-107.5%, and satisfactory selectivity. In summary, the fluorescence performance of aggregation-induced emission molecules can be effectively improved by modulating their molecular structure, leading to the development of hydrogels for the sensitive sensing and detection of circadian rhythm disorders.

Bacterial infection is a major factor that delays the healing of traumatic wounds. High-performance, safe, and long-acting antibacterial materials play an important role in infection control. Here, inspired by the fascinating biological structures and functions of plant pollen, a pollen-like and silver-silica composite microsphere (PSCM) is developed as a novel antibacterial material to synergize with silver ions for anti-bacterial effects. Benefiting from the abundance of nanotips and the sustained release of silver ions, the synthesized PSCM can simultaneously achieve efficient cell membrane disruption, a significant reduction in energy generation, and outstanding reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In addition, transcriptomics shows that PSCM prompt bacterial death by enhancing the generation of intracellular ROS, inhibiting ATP-related energy metabolism, and disrupting the integrity of the cell membrane. And at a concentration of 1.00 mg/mL, PSCM has increased the inhibition rate against S. aureus by more than 20 times and against E. coli by more than 10 times compared to pollen-like nonsilver silica composite microsphere (PNCM), none-pollen-like silver-silica composite microsphere (N-PSCM) groups. Cytocompatibility experiments demonstrate that PSCM possesses good safety. Bacteria-infected treated with HA array loaded with PSCM highlight the potential of inducing the macrophages polarization from proinflammatory phenotype to anti-inflammatory subtype. The PSCM demonstrate an accelerated healing rate as shown by higher level of re-epithelialization, enhanced collagen deposition, and angiogenesis, which provides a new strategy for the treatment of infected wound healing.

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a highly carcinogenic mycotoxin contaminating agricultural products, presents critical challenges to food safety and human health. Existing biosensors are predominantly limited to single-signal detection modes, which necessitates the development of more efficient and reliable dual-mode sensors to enhance anti-interference capabilities. Herein, a three-dimensional(3D) gold nanoparticles spherical signal array (AuNPs-SSA)-enabled dual-mode aptasensor that synergistically integrates fluorescence (FL) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection was established. The aptasensor architecture employs polystyrene microparticles (PS) as scaffolds to organize 5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-ssDNA and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA)-functionalized AuNPs into a spatially optimized 3D spherical array with controlled interparticle distances. This aptasensor achieves structural stability through tunable interparticle AuNPs spacing, simultaneously a FL signal was amplified via maximized FAM-ssDNA loading, and SERS activity was enhanced via utilizing Raman "hot spots" generated by leveraging precisely engineered nanogaps. Through competitive binding between OTA and the AuNPs-SSA probe with aptamer-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs-H0), the aptasensor enables simultaneous FL and SERS enhancement responses. Demonstrating superior sensitivity, the dual-mode system achieves linear detection across 102-107 fg/mL with ultralow limits of detection (21.87 fg/mL for FL and 17.06 fg/mL for SERS). Validation using spiked samples (peanuts, rice and beer) yielded recoveries of 90.44-108.11 % (FL) and 95.88-108.27 % (SERS), confirming practical reliability.

Given the growing alarms about food safety hazards and the pollution caused by plastic packaging, biodegradable active packaging materials have garnered considerable attention in research circles. In this study, polysaccharide-based metal-organic frameworks were used to produce a composite packaging film as a nonpolluting, biodegradable, and active food packaging material with sustained antimicrobial activity. More specifically, chitosan-proanthocyanidin (CS-PA) affixes were prepared by appending proanthocyanidins onto chitosan via free-radical grafting. ZIF-8 nanoparticles loaded with thymol (denoted as Thy@ZIF-8) were then incorporated into the network architecture of the CS-PA matrix. By utilizing intermolecular hydrogen bonds and Zn2+ ligand interactions, a novel active packaging film was designed. The CS-PA/Thy@ZIF-8 composite film exhibited good microstructural and physicochemical properties. Significantly, the integration of Thy@ZIF-8 within the CS-PA matrix remarkably enhanced the UV-blocking capacity of the composite film and increased its elongation at break. Furthermore, it augmented the water resistance attributes of the film, decreased its water vapor transmission rate, and increased its thermal stability. The slow release of Thy endowed the CS-PA/ Thy@ZIF-8 composite film with an excellent antioxidant activity, along with long-lasting antimicrobial performances against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, preservation tests showed that the CS-PA/ Thy@ZIF-8 film slowed the spoilage of strawberries by inhibiting bacterial growth, extending the shelf life by 50% at 25 degrees C. A comparable freshness preservation effect was also observed in cherry tomatoes. These results demonstrate that the CS-PA/Thy@ZIF-8 film exhibits good application prospects as a novel biodegradable active packaging material for food preservation.

Surgically bypassing or replacing using biodegradable synthetic small diameter vascular grafts (SDVGs) have garnered significant attention. However, complications such as thrombosis and foreign polymer-induced local inflammation severely impair graft patency in vivo. To address these challenges, a biomimetic nanoparticle is developed, composed of melanin (MN) camouflaged with red blood cell membrane (denoted "MN@RM"), and co-immobilized with heparin to functionalize the surface of electrospun PCL grafts (denoted as "PCL-Hep/MN@RM"). MN@RM protect human umbilical vein endothelial cells and restrict the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition through scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vitro studies demonstrate that MN@RM also promote macrophage polarization from a pro-inflammatory phenotype toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Additionally, RM, together with heparin shows excellent hemocompatibility. The graft exhibited enhanced endothelialization, improved local inflammation resolution and smooth muscle tissue regeneration in vivo. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis further elucidated the major cell types involved in vascular graft remodeling and confirmed the regulatory role of macrophages. To simulate atherosclerotic environments, an ApoE-/- rat replacement model is established, where PCL-Hep/MN@RM grafts demonstrated superior vascular patency and tissue regeneration. This study synergizes the advantages of synthetic polymers and biomimetic nanoparticles, offering a promising strategy for designing SDVGs and ROS-scavenging biomaterials with potential applications in tissue regeneration beyond vascular repair.

A wide range of proteins, including enzymes, hormones, immune factors and regulatory proteins, are essential for a variety of physiological processes. Dysregulation of the levels of specific proteins in organisms is known to adversely affects the human body. Given the pathophysiological significance of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), simple methods for detecting the sensitivity and selectivity of cTnI in biological systems are in high demand and have therefore been extensively explored. Nonetheless, the early detection of low concentrations of cTnI in the human body continues to be a focal point and area of interest in bioassays, due to the low levels and intricate composition of biomarkers in bodily fluids (e.g., blood, sweat, urine, and saliva), which impose rigorous demands on the sensitivity and stability of detection methods. The assay platform is isothermal, homogeneous and has simple experimental conditions without proteases. Using ratiometric fluorescence with built-in self-correction, we achieved low background values and improved the accuracy of the assay results. Our method enhances detection sensitivity by utilizing the cycling of probe X during strand replacement. Triple sensitization was achieved by combining ratiometric fluorescence on the basis of normal strand displacement reaction. In the experiment, the dual sensitization was reflected by the high sensitivity (0.001 ng/mL) and wide linear detection range (0.001 ng/mL∼1000 ng/mL) of cTnI in real serum samples. In particular, the snapshots of the simulation process were recorded through accurate simulation calculations and multidimensional characterization analysis, which revealed the changes in the system energy during the simulation process. The sensing platform combines multiple technological advantages, and we are optimistic that the versatility of this research has great potential for application in the fields of early screening and diagnosis and military medical applications.