为保障自然人的生命权、身体权、健康权能够在危困状态下得到及时有效的救助,《中华人民共和国民法典》(以下简称《民法典》)设定了法定救助义务条款.《民法典》第一千零五条是不完全性法条,仅规定了具体义务,未规定相应的法律责任,因此,以法定救助义务主体为线索,分别探析救助者与被救助者在适用本法条时需承担的民事责任.期望通过对法定救助义务条款拟制的法律责任予以界定,有助于受损利益的恢复以及社会治理功能的实现,这是法定救助义务条款顺利适用的必由之路.

反向抵押权作为以房养老的一种形式,将房产转换为老年生活所需资源,以弥补社会福利的不足,对解决养老问题具有重要作用.我国已有的反向抵押权实践受挫,主因是缺乏法律制度保障.因此有必要引入反向抵押权制度,为反向抵押实践顺利开展保驾护航.引入反向抵押权面临的建设用地使用权续期、宅基地使用权流转等法律障碍并不是不可突破的.反向抵押权制度具有居住权制度和遗赠扶养协议不具有的独特制度功能,且与物权法定原则、流质契约禁止并不构成真正的"龃龉".反向抵押权可在民法典物权编的抵押权一章中独立设立一节,从设立、公示、效力、实行、消灭等方面进行法条设计,使反向抵押权运行具有可操作性.

我国现行法律对野生动物的界定和区分存在不足和缺陷,致使野生动物保护不力.在保护理念上,依旧充斥着浓厚的人类中心主义色彩,缺乏来自生命伦理方面的充分考量;在执法方面,由于法律对野生动物的界定不够明确,导致行政执法活动无法可依,很大程度上妨碍了人工繁育野生动物的规范管理与有序发展;在司法方面,相关司法解释有背离立法原意越权解释、刑事追究扩大化之嫌.真正的野生动物和人工繁育的野生动物之间的差异显著,各自的保护力度不同,因此,有关国际公约对它们是区别对待的.我国应立法将野生动物分为真正的野生动物(野外生存的野生动物)和人工繁育的野生动物,无条件保护真正的野生动物,严格监督管理和有限合理利用人工繁育的野生动物.

民事权利,是法律赋予平等主体的自然人、法人和非法人组织享有的利益范围,以及实施一定行为或者不为一定行为以实现某种利益的意志.它包括:权利人直接享有的某种民事权益(如人身权),以及通过一定行为获得的民事权益(如财产权);权利人自己为一定行为或者不为一定行为,以及请求他人为一定行为或者不为一定行为,以保证其享有或者实现某种民事权益;自然人、法人和非法人组织在其民事权利受到侵犯时,得请求有关行政机关予以保护. 为了凸显对民事权利的尊重,加强对民事权利的保护,民法典"总则编"第五章全面系统地规定了民事权利的种类、内容、取得和行使等.民法典分则各编的多数规定是对"总则编"第五章的具体化和落实.就自然人、法人和非法人组织而言,行使民事权利必须把握好时和度.

农村承包的土地经营权抵押制度在我国农村生产经营活动和金融经济生活中起着重要作用.农村承包的土地经营权抵押中,抵押人的主体资格应当符合以下条件:抵押人应当具有完全民事行为能力或者具备农业生产经营管理能力且无不良信用记录;承包方已明确告知发包方(农村集体经济组织)承包土地的抵押事宜;以通过合法流转方式取得的农村承包的土地经营权抵押贷款的,承包方同意承包土地的经营权可用于抵押及合法再流转.农村承包的土地经营权抵押的标的为农村承包的土地经营权,标的物为农村土地.登记是农村承包的土地经营权的对抗要件,是农村承包的土地经营权抵押权的生效要件.实现农村承包的土地经营权抵押权时,应确立抵押人的优先回赎权;土地用途不宜随意变更,如需改变原土地用途,应依法进行.

《合同法》五十一条出台至今引起理论界与实务界的广泛争议,2012年《买卖合同司法解释》对无权处分合同的效力问题再度进行规范,仍然没能满足理论界与实务界的需求.无权处分常常与善意取得制度紧密联系,但总归这类合同在订立之时都没能取得合同标的物的处分权.本文持"无权处分合同完全有效说",无权处分合同的效力在不违反其他效力性禁止规定与意思表示真实的情况下,是否享有合同标的物所有权或处分权,在所不问,同时结合分析善意取得与无权处分,厘清债权、物权之间的关系.

环境保护问题既是公法问题,更是私法问题,而且其核心理论架构源于私法理论.创新自然资源法制,有利于尊重人生存尊严和保护人居环境,是"以人为本"的科学发展观的指导思想在私法领域的有力体现,具有一定的时代性;有利于真正实现人与人的和谐、人与社会的和谐,具有一定的现实性,能够为我国司法实践中存在的环境污染与生态环境危机的解决提供切实的法律依据.我国自然资源法制在立法上的创新,需解决自然资源有偿使用和生态保护补偿制度的理论基础,自然资源的有偿使用和生态保护补偿,自然资源有偿使用和生态保护补偿立法的健全和完善等问题,在司法上的创新应贯穿依法保护、环境保护优先、注重预防、损害担责的理念和原则.

The purpose of the lawful rescission of contract is to restore the client’ s interest to the lawful state before the contract is concluded.The restitution includes returning the original objects and value compensation accordingly.It has an independent claim.The Contract Law of China only has the principle norm about the restitution claim after dissolving the contract, however it does not prescribe the obligation about not returning it.The original Civil Code of Germany ordered to delete rescinder when the objects can’ t be returned.The new German law of obligation has realized the limitation of the original one, which takes the value compensation scheme instead of the original regulation.We should borrow from it carefully when our lawful rescission of Contract is improved.

As for damages compensation problems of its lawful rescission,there are various adjustment ways in different countries and districts. The restitution includes returning the original objects and val-ue compensation accordingly. In our country,we adhere to the coexisting of termination of the con-tract and the damages,which has its rationality. For the scope of the statutory damages incurred after the termination of the contract,Contract Law of China adopts the clarification method of the actual damage and prospect interest in continental law system,which defined it as the debt nonperformance of damage. The Contract Law of China only has the principle norm about the restitution claim after dissolving the contract. However it does not prescribe the obligation about not returning it. So the a-mount of damages treats compensating for the loss of the victim as the upper limit. The Contract Law of China establishes the principles of predictability. Under contract legal situation caused by the de-fault,people who decides to terminate the right has to request the default party to fulfill his compensa-tion for damages.

应收账款质权融资在我国金融经济生活中起着重要作用.但是,我国现行应收账款质权制度存在以下风险:设立应收账款质权之债权存在的风险和应收账款质权合同当事人存在的风险,前者包括设立应收账款质权之债权的合法性风险、设立应收账款质权之债权的可让渡性风险、设立应收账款质权之债权的权利瑕疵风险、设立应收账款质权之债权的价值被高估风险、设立应收账款质权之债权的诉讼时效风险,后者包括应收账款质权的基础合同交易主体存在关联关系、基于第三债务人的原因导致优先权丧失等风险.我国应通过完善现行应收账款质权登记公示系统,优化现行应收账款质权制度.

The establishment of the non-litigious procedure for realizing security interest helps to solve problems through non-litigious procedure when there's less controversy over the security interest, and achieve the optimum balance among justice, efficiency, safety and other legal values. We need to pay attention to the following conditions and procedures when realizing security interest through non-litigious procedure: conditions to realize security interest, the scope of security interest can be realized through non-litigious procedure, subject of the application; court of jurisdiction, investigation and disposal made by the court. Furthermore, some other issues should be handled properly, such as the premise on which negotiation could be made to realize security interest through non-litigious procedure, the court ruling on auction, selling secured property, whether the parties can agree to realize the security interest by arbitration, how to relieve other creditors' interest when it is damaged by the two parties' agreement on realizing the security interest.

我国《侵权责任法》从形式上看固然已经从传统债法体系中独立出来了,但《侵权责任法》中规定的侵权责任承担方式与传统债法依然息息相关.学界中,既有学者认为我国《侵权责任法》中规定多元化的侵权责任承担方式是对传统侵权法理论的突破,也有学者认为其只是对传统侵权法理论的扩张性解释而已.有鉴于此,从债的基本属性——即相对性和给付性入手,对我国《侵权责任法》中规定的八种侵权责任承担方式做一探讨,以期揭示出侵权责任承担方式的本质都可能为债.

How to make all the obligatory rights impartially paid off is always people's concern among the relationship of obligatory rights and debts.Priority system is a creation for settling this issue by means of law in the practice of economic social life.But the relevant provisions about priority system in Chinese laws are imperfect,and there also exist lots of controversies about its nature.Therefore,the understanding and application of priority during civil and commercial trials made by the people's courts usually lead to controversies,which also draw the attention of a number of people.Due to the numerous clauses of real right,priority has no real status in the legal norms,and this situation does not help to maintain normal social order and economic order.Beginning with the nature that a priority is just a privilege to prior get a property,relevant provisions and theories concerning the system of real right of security are integrated,the nature of priority is clarified and the establishment of priority system in Chinese laws is discussed.

An obligee’s exercising the right to revoke should have the behavior of an obligor while the obligor’s behavior must be effective establishment and continue existence after the creditor’s right occurres,the obligor’s act must be harmful to the creditor’s right,and the obligor and the beneficiary(or acquirer) should have subjective malice and so on.The obligee’s exercising the right to revoke should note subject,object,exercising style and scope,exercising period and so on.The effect of the obligee’s exercising the right to revoke covers the obligee,the obligor and the beneficiary(or acquirer).

目前,福建涉台地方立法主要采取专项立法的模式。但随着海峡西岸经济区建设的推进,闽台两地交流合作发展迅猛,专项立法的模式已日益暴露出局限性,突出体现在调整领域有限和各法规内容不协调。为促进闽台两地关系进一步发展,服务海峡西岸经济区建设,福建涉台地方立法的模式应由主要采取专项立法调整为基本法与单行法相结合的模式。

When the effect of the unauthorized disposition contract in present,Chinese scholars have many different opinions,which mainly perform three kinds:undecided effect,void and valid.However,there are some arbitrary places more or less in these theories,which need to be further discussed.In view of this,this article firstly gives more detailed analysis of the theories above,then blaze a trail to rethink the effect of the unauthorized disposition contract from the subjective aspect of non-entitled party and counterpart.As a result,we can draw a conclusion that the effect of the unauthorized disposition contract may be void,voidable and valid.

实行海洋功能区划制度,可以从宏观上指导全国的海洋资源开发利用活动,建立良好的海洋资源开发利用秩序,充分利用海洋资源,发挥其综合效益,形成合理的海洋产业结构和生产布局;协调各海洋产业、沿海各地区之间在海洋资源开发利用活动中的关系,为加强和实施海洋资源开发利用的行政管理提供科学依据;为保护海洋环境,维持良好的海洋生态系统提供依据。编制海洋功能区划的原则是:按照海域的区位、自然资源和自然环境等自然属性,科学确定海域功能;根据经济和社会发展的需要,统筹安排各有关行业用海;保护和改善生态环境,保障海域可持续利用,促进海洋经济的发展;保障海上交通安全;保障国防安全,保证军事用海需要。海洋功能区划制度的实施程序主要包括海洋功能区划的编制、审批、实施和修改。

The theory of traditional property rights'object has limitations.In the face of environmental crisis,its specific and exclusive characteristics should be accordingly amended,and the object of property rights category should be accordingly extended.Environmental resources as the object of property rights faces two puzzledom:the pursuit of the ecological value of property and understanding of the concept of property.Environmental resources as the object of property rights is feasible,because the environment that is to become the object of property rights must be useful,specific and can be dominant characteristics,and may be necessary to measure.

《中华人民共和国食品安全法》引入了惩罚性赔偿制度。但我国现行食品侵权惩罚性赔偿制度存在不足:惩罚性赔偿金数额的基数标准不合理,惩罚性赔偿金数额的单一限额不科学,惩罚性赔偿适用条件不合理。应从制定合理的惩罚性赔偿金计算标准、制定合理的惩罚性赔偿责任的适用条件等方面完善我国食品侵权惩罚性赔偿制度。将惩罚性赔偿条文修改为:"生产不安全食品或者销售明知是不安全的食品的,消费者除要求赔偿损失外,还可以向生产者或者销售者要求支付其所受损失三倍以内的赔偿金。"

以合同的形式来明确和实现环境保护目标的做法,在国外已有相当长的历史。我国环境合同的社会化发展是促进政府转变职能、加强宏观调控为主导地位的需要;是巩固企业微观治理为基础、提高合同相对人参与的积极性的需要;是充分发挥社会公众、行业组织的推动作用的需要;是可持续发展的需要。我国环境合同的社会化发展途径是适当加强我国环境合同社会化中的法律约束力;明确我国政府的环境合同义务和责任,将环境合同措施与其他政策措施相结合,促进环境合同的社会化发展;运用"选择性激励"手段,克服环境合同社会化过程中的"搭便车"现象;加强我国环境合同的透明度和社会公众参与机制,建立科学合理的合同社会化目标体系;建立相对独立的环境合同评估、报告、监测和追踪机制,重视行业协会在环境合同社会化发展中的推动作用。