随着社会经济发展,城市水资源短缺问题日渐突显,主要表现为水量供给不足和水质安全风险.引导汇流区农户实施水源涵养林保护行为,是水源保护和流域治理的基本思路.构建价值-信念-规范理论和态度-情境-行为理论整合模型,利用黑河水库汇流区708户农户微观数据,使用结构方程模型探究汇流区农户水源涵养林保护行为的影响因素.研究表明:1)农户的环境信念是基于行为价值和成本的权衡.环境信念影响结果意识,结果意识通过责任归属激活个人规范,个人规范直接正向影响农户的水源涵养林保护行为.2)行为态度、制度规范和社会规范,对农户水源涵养林保护行为均有显著的积极影响,行为态度的影响最大.制度规范因其权威性和强制性,除直接影响保护行为外,还会对社会规范产生积极影响.3)环境信念和社会规范是价值-信念-规范理论和态度-情境-行为理论的交互.环境信念,在通过问题意识和责任归属激活个人规范的同时,还会正向影响农户的行为态度;社会规范,在直接影响农户保护行为的同时,对激活保护行为的个人规范也有积极作用.两个理论结合的整合模型,相较单一模型解释力更强.

[目的]水源涵养林的外部性和现行"一刀切"的生态补偿标准,导致水库汇流区农户的水源涵养林保护行为没有得到有效激励.探析林木生态产权对水库汇流区农户水源涵养林保护行为的影响,对于水资源可持续利用和城市用水安全具有重要意义.[方法]遵循产权细分是复杂产权实施有效途径的逻辑,将水库汇流区林木产权细分为经济产权和生态产权,并将生态产权纳入集体林权产权结构,从产权完整和产权稳定两个方面构建集体林权分析框架,利用黑河金盆水库汇流区708户农户微观数据,运用Double-Hurdle模型,基于集体林权分析框架,探析水库汇流区林木生态产权对农户持续参与水源涵养林保护的影响.[结果]以造营林投入表征农户水源涵养林保护行为的研究结果表明:影响水库汇流区农户水源涵养林保护的关键是是否"有利可图".在林地使用权和处置权严格受限的情况下,能在多大程度上获得生态产权收益对农户的水源涵养林保护行为产生了重要影响.在集体林权产权结构中,影响农户造营林投入意愿的仅是生态产权收益,其他产权分项均不显著;在农户具有投入意愿的基础上,林地使用权、经济产权收益、生态产权收益均正向影响农户造营林投入强度,处置权(林地流转权)负向影响投入强度.在产权的稳定性方面,农户的林地征收风险预期越低,造营林投入的可能性越大,投入水平越高;由于林地调整会避开收获期,所以农户的林地调整预期仅负向影响造营林投入水平,对造营林投入意愿并无显著影响.集体林权的完整和稳定不仅对水库汇流区农户的造营林行为有重要影响,对行为的可持续性同样有重要影响,影响方向和显著性水平与产权分项对投入强度的影响基本一致.[结论]在林地使用权和处置权严格受限的情况下,获得生态产权收益是水库汇流区农户参与水源涵养林保护的主要动机.水源涵养林的生态产权对农户的森林保护行为和行为的可持续性均有积极作用.明晰生态产权,创建生态产权市场可以作为优化水库汇流区集体林权制度,完善水源涵养林市场化生态补偿制度的手段.

: Based on an examination of the logical relationship between forest land tenure security and endowment effect, security perception, and farmers ’ land transfer behavior, and using survey data of 1497 samples collected by the monitoring program of collective forest rights reform in Gansu Province, this study analyzed the impact of forest land tenure security on households ’ transfer of forest land through the endowment effect and security perception of farmers. The results show that higher forest land tenure security can improve the endowment effect and security perception of farmers. Specifically, the social identity dimension of property rights significantly increases the endowment effect and security perception of farmers; the exercise ability dimension of property rights mainly affects the endowment effect of farmers, but has no obvious impact on security perception. Ability of exclusion intensifies the endowment effect of farmers, while transaction and disposal ability effectively weakens the endowment effect. Property right security impact on endowment effect is weakened with the increase of time, but perception has no significant change. Endowment effect will hinder the behavior of forest land transfer while security perception could promote transfer they influence each other and affect the circulation behavior at the same time. When endowment effect and security perception are both considered, the total effect has a positive impact on forest land circulation behavior. In view of this, we suggest that the government could pay more attention to the flexible use of confirming the forest land rights and improving the online platform of forest land circulation to reduce the endowment effect of farmers and pay attention to enhance the security perception of farmers, in order to promote the circulation of forest land and realize the development of the maximum ecological and economic benefits of ecological forest land.

2020年春突如其来的一场新冠疫情催生了线上教学的发展,也与近两年来慕课的爆发式发展交织与融合,线上教学的质量如何保证,有效的教学互动是关键环节.文章结合自己的线上教学经验,认为互动环节需要精心设计、互动环节主要运用启发式教学方式、师生互动都需要充分准备和备课、要加强师生互动环节的考核.实践表明,加强有效互动,可以明显提高线上教学的效果.

实现小农户与现代农业的有机衔接是中国农业长期面临的重要任务,基于大国小农的基本国情,党和国家多次强调要发展农户之间的生产合作.在此背景下,研究产权强度影响农户生产合作行为的机理,采用2020年黄淮冬麦区实地调研数据,运用双变量Probit模型实证考察产权强度与小麦种植户生产合作行为之间的关系.研究结果表明:(1)产权强度法律赋权维度正向影响农户联耕联种行为.(2)产权强度社会认同维度正向促进农户联耕联种行为.(3)产权强度产权主体行为能力维度中的排他能力与交易能力正向促进农户联耕联种行为与联户经营行为;处置能力正向增进联耕联种行为,负向影响联户经营行为.为此,必须改善赋权的稳定性与明确性,提高社会认同度,提升产权主体的行为能力,从而促进农户生产合作行为.

随着经济社会的发展,水源地保护和流域上下游利益均衡问题日益突出.集中体现是经济社会发展面临水资源短缺问题,而水源地缺乏环境行为意愿对水源涵养林进行保护.环境行为意愿问题折射了现行水源涵养林产权制度的缺陷:生态产权缺失使得水文生态服务外部性无法内部化,导致了生态治理中的市场失灵.由此,文章围绕水源涵养林生态产权展开,通过分析水文生态服务的地理运动判别其外部性的作用区域,进而明确水文生态服务的供给者和需求者.基于产权细分理论,将水源涵养林的产权分为生态产权和经济产权.生态产权的有效分离形成了水文生态服务市场,水文生态服务价值通过产权流转实现.在分析中指出,水源涵养林的所有者是文水生态服务的供给者,水库是水文生态服务的需求者;在市场交易模式下,二者关于价格的分歧,可以通过不断协商,达成合作与共识.着眼于此,本文基于讨价还价博弈理论,建立不完全信息动态博弈模型研究水文生态服务供给者和需求者的讨价还价活动,使用MATLAB软件,以国家森林资源连续清查统计为主要数据,以陕西省为例对水库汇流区农户和水库的博弈过程进行仿真模拟,结果表明:引入政府奖励作为激励机制能够将谈判双方的保留价格揭示出来.基于此,本文提出通过建立生态产权制度完善水源涵养林的生态补偿机制,即明晰生态产权,消除交易对象模糊不清引起的争议;赋予产权人自由交易的权益,通过流转交换实现产权权益;引入激励机制,形成价格信息揭示直接机制.本文进一步提出政府应通过对市场主体的规制和完善相关法律体系、资金保障体系、监管评估体系,来保障水文生态服务市场的有效运行.

湘潭大学教授、博士生导师肖湘雄的《食用农产品质量安全治理研究》一书,最近由人民出版社出版.该书提出了食用农产品质量安全多元主体网格化治理的概念,从食用农产品生产主体、经销主体、消费主体、监管主体、相关研发机构主体等多元视角,运用定性与定量相结合、案例研究等方法,构建了食用农产品质量安全多元主体网格化治理的理论框架以及食用农产品质量安全多元主体网格化治理机制运行的评估指标体系,取得了创造性的研究成果.

为了推进主体功能区建设,构建陕北黄土高原丘陵沟壑区生态综合绩效评价体系,包含3个一级指标和11个二级指标,利用PSR模型与熵值法相结合的方式测算该重点生态功能区2009—2016年生态综合绩效.研究表明:该地区生态综合绩效水平呈波动上升趋势,2016年生态综合指数为0.9976,达到测算年份中生态环境的最佳状态.其中,人均GDP、农、林、牧、渔业总产值、人工造林面积3项指标对生态绩效的影响程度最大.因此,该地区应重视三次产业协同发展、提高资源利用效率、落实乡村振兴战略、立足资源优势、打造区域品牌,以推进主体功能区建设为基础,全面协调经济、社会、生态和谐发展.

以顾客满意度理论为基础,从农户认知视角出发,以陕西省汉中市退耕还林政策为例,构建生态补偿政策构建与政策效果相结合的绩效评价指标体系.采用模糊综合评价法评价了政策构建绩效和政策效果绩效,并采用最小二乘法分析了影响农户对政策满意度的因素.结果表明:退耕还林综合绩效为3.18,政策构建绩效为3.25,政策效果绩效为3.09,均为一般水平;该政策在补偿标准、财务公开、改善农户生活水平3个方面存在明显不足.在影响因素方面,户主年龄、是否是村干部、农业收入占比、人均收入水平对绩效影响显著.

一、圆通制工作标准概况 圆通制是我国标准化专家王民权先生带领近百名专家20余年的研究成果.圆通制科学工作原理主要揭示了人取得工作经验的基本规律,解析了人的工作经验构成要素,系统阐述科学工作的原理和方法. 下面我分四个方面简单说一下员工工作标准的基本内容.

基于层次分析法的模型和思想,结合杨凌示范区"扶贫超市"政策扶贫对象的调研数据,构建二级指标体系对该政策绩效进行定量研究,并对扶贫绩效进行评价和排序.研究显示城镇间扶贫绩效差异较为明显,排在首位扶贫绩效值为末位的1.73倍,影响扶贫绩效的主要因素是政策落实度,政策宣传的所影响的权重最小,量化后的绩效平均水平表明扶贫绩效较好,但扶贫工作仍需进一步增强.

论文确定了自然资源资产和负债的内容,分析了生态绩效和自然资源净资产的关系.在此基础上,对陕南20个县进行实证分析,用单位面积生态系统价值当量因子核算土地资源;以市场价倒算法核算林木资源;利用模糊数学模型核算水资源,并编制自然资源资产和负债汇总核算表;以自然资源资产为控制变量,对权益乘数和生态绩效进行相关分析;提出用权益乘数来评价生态绩效,并探索出一套生态绩效报表体系.

For the sake of solving the contradictions between the shortage of urban construction land and the inefficient use of rural construction land, withdrawing homestead was actively explored and promoted in different regions. From the perspective of farmers' homestead withdrawal, the Logistic regression model was constructed by using the investigation data of farmers in Hu County, Wugong County and Yangling District of Shanxi Province, and the intention to withdraw from homestead and its influencing factors were analyzed. The results showed that: age, family population, housing construction style and age of housing construction had extremely significant influence on the rural homestead withdrawing, housing satisfaction, economic income sources, family work stability, policy attitude and policy implementation concern had significant influence. According to the results of the study, some suggestions were put forward to promote rural homestead withdrawal in a reasonable and orderly way.

从农户对数字大棚认知度的视角,对陕西省关中地区5个市的农户进行分层随机抽样调查,运用方差分析和决策树模型,实证分析了农户对数字大棚认知度及其影响因素、农户主观感知的影响因素及其地区间差异,接受数字大棚意愿较强农户的特征.结果表明:农户对数字大棚的认知度受到技术难易、文化程度、年龄、政府改造接纳度的显著影响;农户主观感受到的影响数字大棚推广的因素依次是经济因素、政府政策、销售途径、宣传力度、技术支撑、信息畅通程度、气候条件、土壤环境、设备供给;这些影响因素还存在明显的地区性差异性;有较强意愿接受数字大棚的农户具有共同的特征.最后,对陕西关中地区加快数字大棚发展提出政策性建议,以期为陕西省乃至全国的现代农业发展提供切实有效的依据.

采用全国40所农林院校2007～2012年人文社科科研的相关数据,利用DEA和Malmquist的指数分析方法,分别从静态和动态角度对40所农林院校人文社科科研投入产出进行了实证分析.研究表明:农林院校人文社科科研绩效存在较大的提升空间,其根源在于技术水平效率的负向增长严重阻碍了农林院校人文社科科研全要素生产率的提高;大多数农林院校人文社科科研处于规模收益不变或递减阶段,其中,“985”“211”高校中的农林院校的人文社科科研资源未得到充分利用;地域经济的发达程度对我国农林院校人文社科科研绩效有显著影响.研究结论对于有效提高我国农林院校人文社会科学学科科研绩效以及推动农林院校加快内涵式发展意义重大.

区域经济发展不均衡、不协调导致不同省市的居民生活水平仍存在明显差异.针对这种情况,本文从生计成本的角度出发,通过因子分析法对我国31个省市城镇居民基本生计成本数据加以分析归类及排序,深入分析各城市间居民生计成本差异.本文针对不同生计类型结合我国实际提出抑制房价、提高医疗保障等解决措施以促使各地居民生计成本结构更加合理,各个地区共同发展.

本文以西北农林科技大学为例,构建基于CORPS模式的高校科研绩效评价DEA模型体系,采用2011年到2013年科研投入产出数据进行实证分析,对农林院校农科、工科、理科、人文社科四大类学科评价比较,进一步探讨了各学科科研工作特点及存在的问题,并提出通过优化资源配置、挖掘资源利用潜力等途径提升农林院校科研绩效的建议.

分析了静宁苹果产业优势、发展现状及存在的问题，提出了加强脱毒大苗繁育体系建设；优化生产布局；推进现代栽培模式建设；健全质量安全追溯体系；加强品牌建设；延伸产业链条等发展措施。

On the basis of data about financial support for agriculture from 1978to 2010,this article analyses the present situation of financial support for agriculture.Based on SVAR model,it also analyses dynamic correlation between fiscal agriculture expenditure and the increase of peasants' income,with the methods of generalized impulse response functions and variance decomposition.The study shows that different constituent parts of fiscal agriculture expenditure have significant differences in contribution degree and influence degree in promoting the famers' income,and sometimes there even exists time-lag action.For example,the average proportion of expenditure for supporting agricultural production is 66.7%,but its contribution degree on promoting famers' income is only 12.3%;the average proportion of expenditures for trial manufacture of new products,related experimentation,and subsidies for key scientific research projects is 0.9%,but its contribution degree reaches 20.6%.At last,it suggests that the government should strengthen supervision on the expenditure for supporting agricultural production and perfect correlative mechanism to promote its capital usage efficiently.Moreover,the government should adjust the structure of fiscal agriculture expenditure as soon as possible,by decreasing the expenditure for supporting agricultural production and increasing that for trial manufacture of new products,related experimentation,and subsidies for key scientific research projects.

Since 2003, the collective forest right system reform took the lead in Fujian , Jiangxi, to promote Liaoning , Zhejiang Province , since 2008 to promote a comprehensive nationwide , has gone through ten years of time , and many provinces have completed the main task of reformation of collec-tive forest right.But, by comparison, is the same for forestry reform, reform benefit has difference , the difference of financial ecological environment is the essential causes of the reform of collective forest right system differential benefit.To prove the hypothesis , the paper makes empirical research on the financial ecological environment influence efficiency of collective forest right system reform .The use of 30 provinces (city, area) from 2005 to 2012 panel data, by influencing the economic benefit of fi-nancial ecological environment measurement model validation of collective forest right system reform , and further analysis of the factors which influence the financial ecological environment of the collective forest reform benefits significantly , which proved effect mechanism of financial ecological environment difference the collective forest tenure reform benefits .According to previous research , the conclusion of this paper is: first, to evaluate the benefit of policy of collective forest right system reform should be comprehensive consideration of economic , social and ecological benefits of three aspects.Second , the system of collective forest rights reform of financial ecological environment quality economic benefit has a positive effect.Third, government governance ability , economic base , development level , fi-nancial system and cultural composition of financial ecological environment index to promote the reform of collective forest right system efficiency play an important role .