人体肠道微生态系统是一个由多种微生物群体组成的生态系统,各微生物群体之间相互依存、相互制约,共同维持着该系统的动态平衡.分析肠道微生态的平衡与失调情况,综述肠道微生态与脾虚证、脾胃湿热证、肾阳虚证、胃肠积热证之间的关系,在此基础上提出今后肠道微生态与中医证候研究方向应包括开展肝脾相关证候与肠道微生态变化规律的研究、“以方测证”探究中药复方与肠道微生态的相互作用、建立肠道微生态与中医证候的动态联系等方面.

目前,微课作为一种新型的教学资源和学习方式,已成为国内学者研究的热点.微课以其个性化学习、类型多样、情景真实等优势,为人体生理学的教与学提供了优越的平台.文章以心脏的机械活动为例,阐述生理学微课设计与制作的过程,以期为微课设计开发建设提供参考.

A neonatal rat model with hypoxic ischemic brain damage (HIBD) was established. Forty 7-day-old neonatal Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation, model, progesterone and Akt inhibitor. Electron microscopy revealed that the neonatal rats with HIBD showed neuronal changes. The protein expression levels of pAkt, Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and Bcl-2 in the hippocampus were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The neuronal structure was normal in the sham operation group after HIBD for 24 h. Cavitation change due to hypoxic ischemic brain damage was observed in the neurons of the model group. Progesterone treatment improved neuronal damage and cavitation. Neuronal cavitation was clearly changed in the Akt inhibitor group. The protein expression levels of hippocampal pAkt and Bcl-2 did not significantly change after HIBD, whereas that of NF-κB increased. Progesterone pre-treatment increased the expression levels of pAkt and Bcl-2 but decreased that of NF-κB. The protein expression levels of pAkt and Bcl-2 decreased in the Akt inhibitor group, whereas that of NF-κB increased. This result indicates that progesterone can decrease inflammation in HIBD, inhibit apoptosis and protect the brain by activating the Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signalling pathway.

目的:探讨“双主”教学模式在研究生生理学教学中的应用.方法:在校2010级硕士研究生36名,随机分为2组,其中对照组18名学生采用传统“教师中心”教学模式,实验组18名学生采用学生为主体,教师为主导的“双主”教学模式,通过理论考试和问卷调查比较两种教学模式对研究生生理学教学的影响.结果:实验组学生的理论考试成绩高于对照组(P＜0.01);实验组学生课堂表达能力、查阅文献能力、参与课堂互动、对科研的兴趣以及导师对学生的科研素质评价都明显优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:“双主”教学模式能增进师生交流,有效提高研究生生理学学习的积极性和科研素质.

目的 探讨β淀粉样蛋白(Ap)对三磷腺苷(ATP)引起的大鼠海马神经元损伤的影响及其相互作用.方法 孕18 d大鼠取其胎鼠迅速断头取出海马神经组织进行原代培养,实验分为正常对照组、ATP组、Aβ组、ATP+ Aβ组、Suramin组.使用台盼蓝计数检测细胞存活率,全细胞电压钳记录细胞膜电流情况,钙成像系统检测细胞内Ca2水平.结果 ATP组、Aβ组、ATP+ Aβ组细胞存活率与正常对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P ＜0.05);ATP+ Aβ组和Suramin组细胞存活率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).ATP+ Aβ组和无Ca2灌流液组全细胞电流与ATP组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05);Suramin组与ATP+ Aβ组全细胞电流比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与加药前比较,ATP组F340/F380比值明显增加(P＜0.05);与ATP组比较,ATP+ Aβ组F340/380比值增加(P＜0.05);与ATP+ Aβ组比较,Suramin组F340/F/F380比值明显下降(P＜0.05).结论 Aβ可能通过激活ATP受体通道引起显著的钙超载,从而导致更严重的细胞损伤.

目的 探讨胞外三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP)、谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)对海马神经元的作用及其机制.方法 孕18d胎鼠取海马神经元原代培养,分为正常对照组、ATP组、Glu组、ATP+ Glu组.台盼蓝计数检测细胞存活率,全细胞电压钳记录细胞膜电流情况.结果 台盼蓝计数显示,ATP(100mol/L)、Glu(100μmol/L)以及ATP+ Glu(100μmol/L+ 100μmol/L)分别处理后海马神经元死亡率依次增加.全细胞电压钳显示,单独给予100μmol/L ATP没有明显的电流产生,100μmol/L Glu可诱导较大的内向电流,二者共同作用增加了电流大小.结论 ATP受体通道激活增加谷氨酸对海马神经元的损伤及谷氨酸受体通道的活性.在阿尔兹海默病等与兴奋毒性有关的紊乱发病机制中可能起重要作用.

目的 探讨以问题为导向的教学方法(PBL)在生理学双语教学中的作用.方法 将随机抽取的2011级五年制临床专业2个大班分别作为对照组和实验组,通过不同的授课模式,以生理学理论考试成绩和教学问卷调查结果为指标评价PBL模式对生理学双语教学的促进作用.结果 实验组学生考试成绩显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),且PBL模式更有助于改善学生的生理学学习知觉.结论 PBL模式有利于提高生理学双语教学的质量.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects of progesterone (PROG) on learning and memory and P2X7 receptor expression in the hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.METHODS:Forty-eight male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12) that were normal group, sham-operated group, I/R group and I/R+ PROG group. The global cerebral I/R injury models were established by improved Pulsinelli's four vessel occlusion, the learning and memory were evaluated by Y-maze, the expression of P2X7 receptor protein in the hippocampus were detected by the immunofluorescence, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the hippocampus were detected with hydroxylamine oxidation method, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hippocampus were detected with pen-thiobarbituric acid method.RESULTS:There was no significant difference of the learning and memory and positive expression cells of P2X7 receptor protein and the activity of SOD and the content of MDA in the hippocampus between normal group and sham-operated group. Compared with sham-operated group, the learning and memory of I/R group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), Compared with I/R group, the learning and memory of I/R + PROG group were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared with sham-operated group, the positive expression cells of P2X7 receptor protein in the hippocampus of I/R group was significantly increased (P < 0.01), Compared with I/R group, the positive expression cells of P2X7 receptor protein in the hippocampus of I/R + PROG group was significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Compared with sham-operated group, the activity of SOD in the hippocampus of of I/R group was significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and the content of MDA in the hippocampus of I/R group was significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with I/R group, the activity of SOD in the hippocampus of I/R+ PROG group was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the content of MDA in the hippocampus of I/R + PROG group was significantly decreased (P < 0.01).CONCLUSION:PROG could improve the learning and memory ability following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats, the protective mechanism might be associated with down-regulating the expression of P2X7 receptor protein and attenuating oxygen-derived free radicals in the hippocampus.

AIM: To investigate the effect of taurine on the expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and transporter 3(GLUT3) in rat brain with diffused brain injury(DBI). METHODS: Sixty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham-operated group,DBI group,low-dose taurine group(200 mg/kg,ig) and high-dose taurine group(300 mg/kg,ig).After fed with the corresponding drugs for 7 days,the animal model of DBI was made,and the rats were executed 24 h after DBI.The expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 in the brain was detected by the methods of immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.The pathomorphological changes of the cerebral cortex were observed under electron microscope.RESULTS: The expression of GLUT1 was detected in capillary vascular endothelial cells in each group,and cytoplasm-positive cells or the cells with buffy membrane were observed.No significant difference of the GLUT1 expression in brain tissues between DBI group and sham-operated group was detected.Compared with DBI group,the expression of GLUT1 in the brain tissues were significantly increased in low-and high-dose taurine groups(P0.01).The expression of GLUT1 in the brain tissues in low-dose taurine group were significantly higher than that in high-dose taurine group(P0.05).The positive staining of GLUT3 only appeared in the periphery of the third ventricle in each group in the cells with buffy membrane or positive cytoplasm.The expression of GLUT3 in the brain tissues in DBI group was significantly higher than that in sham-operated group(P0.01).The expression of GLUT3 in the brain tissues in low-and high-dose taurine groups was significantly higher than that in DBI group(P0.01).Compared with low dose taurine group,the expression of GLUT3 in the brain tissues were significantly increased in high-dose taurine group(P0.01).The pathological damage of cerebral cortex in low-dose taurine group was obviously alleviated.CONCLUSION: Taurine may take part in the neuroprotective mechanisms in DBI by increasing the expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 at protein level to maintain the energy supply in brain tissues.

Objective To obtain the single ventricular myocytes which were fitted the study of whole-cell patch-clamp.Methods Single ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs(25-30 days) were isolated with the collagenase dispersion and mechanical divorced methods,and cytoactive was indentified with morphology and electrophysiology methods.The morphology feature of single ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs was observed with electron microscope.The better cytoactive of single ventricular myocytes were adopted to patch clamp to record the delayed rectification potassium current.Results The morphology features of single ventricular myocytes with better cytoactive were fringe regularity,transverse striation clear,thecal elasticcity better,solid better.The typical delayed rectification potassium currents were recorded with the better cytoactive of single ventricular myocytes.Conclusion Morphological and physiological characteristics of good single ventricle muscle cells could be got by the methods.It was suitable for the study of whole-cell patch-clamp,which were very important to the study of the effects of drugs and poisons on the ion channels of ventricular myocytes and the mechanism of signal transduction.

Objective:To observe the effect of progesterone on the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)in brain tissue of neonatal rats with hypoxia-ischemia brain damage,and discuss the protective mechanism of progesterone thereof.Methods:Twenty four neonatal rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham-operated group,hypoxia-ischemia group and pretreatment group.Rats in hypoxic-ischemic group and pretreatment groups were subjected to left common carotid artery ligation,then were exposed to 80 mL/L oxygen and 920 mL/L nitrogen gas in 37 ℃ closed container for up to 2.5 h to establish hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy(HIE) model.Progesterone was injected intraperitoneally into rats of pretreatment group respectively at 30 minutes before hypoxia.The same dose of solution was injected into the other two groups.All rats were killed at 24 hour after operation.The immunohistochemistry staining and RT-PCR were used to examine the expression of GFAP in brain of rats.Results:GFAP was expressed in rats of three groups.The positive staining cells of GFAP and the expression levels of GFAP were significantly higher in hypoxic-ischemic group than those of sham-operated group(P 0.05).The GFAP positive staining cells and the expression levels of GFAP were significantly lower in pretreatment group than those of hypoxic-ischemic group(P 0.01).Conclusion:The hypoxic-ischemic brain damage may induce significant increase of GFAP expression in brain tissue of neonatal rats.Progesterone can inhibit the increased of astroeyte induced by hypoxia-ischemia brain damage,which plays a protective role by anti-hypoxic-ischemic brain damage.

Progesterone (PROG) is a type of neurosteroid, and it has physiological functions in the central nervous system. To date, most researches into progesterone have focused on its application in treatment of traumatic brain injury, stroke and neurodegenerative disorders, but its effect on hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effect of exogenous progesterone in HIE newborn rats. Newborn Wistar rats were divided into the sham-operated group, hypoxic-ischemic (HI) group and the pretreated group with PROG to observe the effects of progesterone on the components in cortex and hippocampus. Our results showed that the levels of water, sodium, calcium, NO (nitric oxide) and glycogen synthatase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in brain tissues were increased significantly in HI group compared to those in the sham-operated group except for significantly lower concentration of potassium while those in PROG pretreated group were lower significantly than those in HI group. The cell apoptosis rate and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) in HI group were higher significantly than those in the sham-operated group or the pretreated group while superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities in HI group were lower significantly than those in any other two groups. Exogenous PROG can obviously reduce neuron apoptosis, oxygen free radical production, down-regulate the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and up-regulate the expression of PROG receptor (PR) after brain injury. Key words: Progesterone, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, newborn rats, neuroprotection.

<正>缺氧缺血性脑病(hypoxic-ischemic entepholopathy,HIE)为新生儿期危害最大的常见病之一。由窒息引起的缺氧缺血性脑损伤(hypoxic ischemic brain damage,HIBD)至今仍是导致脑瘫、智力低下以及癫痫等多种慢性伤残情况的常见原因,给家庭社会造成巨大负担。因此阐明HIBD发病机制并寻找

Objective To observe the changes of the ocular surface after posterior scleral reinforcement operation in patients with high myopia,so as to provide a basis to know and diminish operational complications.Methods Posterior scleral reinforcement operation was performed in 40 eyes of 20 patients with high myopia in our hospital. Schirmer I test,tear film break-up time (BUT),and fluorescien staining of the cornea (FL) were used to evaluate the change of the ocular surface 1 day before the operation,and 1,2,4 weeks,3 months after the operation respectively. Results There were statistically significant differences in Schirmer I test,BUT,and FL among 1 day before the operation,and 1,2,4 weeks,3 months after the operation(P<0.05).Conclusion Posterior scleral reinforcement operation can influence microenvironment of the eye surface. To avoid the dry eye syndromes,injury in the operation should be attenuated to the greatest extent.

Objective To study the clinical effect of primary closed -angle glaucoma treating with the supersonic emulsified suction - extraction.Methods To collect 56 patients(61 eyes) with primary closed -angle glaucoma and treat with the supersonic emulsified phacoerysis combining with implantation of artificial lens,then to observe comparely patients' acuity of vision,intraocular pressure,anterior chamber depth and angle closure.Results The acuity of vision with 68.9%of patients increased.Their intraocular tension were controlled favourably,and the patients in acute group were better than those in chronic group.The anterior chamber depth increased and angle were open.Conclusions It can control the intraocular tension favourably and increase the acuity of vision rapidly and is safe and simple to treat the primary closed - angle glaucoma with the supersonic emulsified phacoerysis combining with implantation of artificial lens.

为探讨医学双语教学模式,进一步推进双语教学的改革,提高双语教学的质量,培养医学合格人才,作者针对生理学专业的特点,对生理学双语教学的教材选用、教学方法和教学模式及测试方法的进行系列改革。结果显示,90%以上的学生对双语教学成效满意。

AIM:In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of alcoholism acting on learning and memory,the dysfunction of learning and memory function was observed and the content of nitric oxide(NO)and neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS)were determined in rats with acute alcoholism.METHODS:The mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups.The experimental group animals were intraperitoneally administered with ethanol.The control group animals were injected with saline in the same way.The tests of learning and memory were performed at Y-maze after 6 h.Then brains were removed and the content of NO in brain tissue and nNOS expression in hippocampus CA1,corpus striatum were determined,respectively.RESULTS:(1)The training times to reach qualifying standards of Y-maze in experimental group(34.33±13.04)were higher than those in control group(27.50±8.79,P0.05).(2)The content of NO in experimental group(23.09±9.60)in hippocampus CA1 was significantly increased(P0.01)compared with that in control group(8.46±5.67).The content of NO in experimental group(19.46±8.25)in corpus striatum was also higher than that in control group(8.22±4.46,P0.01).(3)The levels of nNOS expression in experimental group(34.33±13.04)in hippocampus CA1 increased significantly(P0.05)compared with that in control group(27.50±8.79).nNOS positive neurons in experimental group(18.22±7.47)in corpus striatum were also higher than those in control group(10.15±4.24,P0.05).CONCLUSION:These findings suggest that the mechanism of ethanol neurotoxicity may be partly involved in the signal pathway of NOS and NO in the brain.

AIM: To observe the effects of glycine on hypoxia-reoxygenation(H/R)-induced myocardial dysfunction,and to further clarify the protection of glycine(GLY) against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and its mechanism.METHODS: A cardiac H/R model was established using a Langendorff isolated heart preparation.The left ventricular systolic pressure(LVSP),left ventricular end diastolic pressure(LVEDP),left ventricular developed pressure(LVDP),the maximum rising and dropping rates of left ventricular pressure(dp/dtmax and dp/dtmin) were observed.The coronary effluents at different time points were collected respectively to detect the concentration of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde(MDA).RESULTS: The indexes of cardiac functions in H/R group were lower than those in other groups.After H/R,the indexes in GLY plus H/R group were higher than those in H/R group.Glycine inverted the effects of the decrease in SOD and the increase in MDA concentrations induced by H/R.CONCLUSION: Glycine ameliorates the cardiac functions under the condition of hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in isolated rat hearts.The mechanisms may be related to suppressing lipid peroxidation.

高校"双语教学"是指除汉语外,用1门外语(主要是英语)作为课堂主要用语进行学科教学。硕士研究生在受教育程度和要求掌握知识量等方面比普通本科生更高一层次,是高校实施双语教学的主要对象。开展和推进双语教学对高等教育国际化日显迫切。作者从《高级生理学》教学入手探讨硕士研究生双语教学中存在的问题以及提高双语教学的手段。

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of progesterone on progesterone receptor in brain tissue with hypoxia-ischemia brain da-mage(HIBD) in neonatal rats,and discuss the protective mechanism of progesterone on HIBD of neonatal rats.MethodsTwenty-four 7-day-old neonatal rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:sham-operated group,hypoxia-ischemia group and pretreatment group.Rats in hypoxia-ischemia group and pretreatment group were subjected to left common carotid artery ligation,then were exposed to 80 mL/L oxygen and 920 mL/L nitrogen gas in 37 ℃ closed container for up to 2.5 h to establish hypoxia-ischemia encephalopathy(HIE) model.Progestero-ne was injected intraperitoneally into pretreatment group rats respectively at 30 minutes before hypoxia,solution was injected into the first 2 groups.All rats were killed at the 24 hour after operation,immunohistochemistry staining was used to examine the expression of progesterone receptor in brain.ResultsTotally 24 neonatal rats entered the result analysis without loss.Progesterone receptor was expressed in both endochylema and nucleus in every group rat.The amount of the positive cell of progesterone receptor in hypoxia-ischemia group significantly decreased compared with that in sham-operated group(P0.05);and the amount of the positive cell of progesterone receptor of pretreatment group significantly increased compared with that of hypoxic-ischemic group(P0.05).ConclusionsProgesterone can increase the positive cell of progesterone receptor in brain tissue with HIE in neonatal rats,so it plays protective role by genomic effect.