Breast cancer remains one of the foremost global health concerns, highlighting the urgent need for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Traditional imaging techniques, such as mammography and ultrasound, play essential roles in clinical practice; however, they often fall short in detecting early-stage tumors and providing comprehensive insights into the mechanical properties of cancer cells. In this context, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has emerged as a transformative tool in breast cancer research, owing to its high-resolution imaging capabilities and nanomechanical characterization. This review explores recent advancements in AFM technology as applied to breast cancer research, emphasizing key findings that include the differentiation of various stages of tumor progression through high-resolution imaging, precise characterization of mechanical properties, and the capability for single-cell analysis. These capabilities not only enhance our understanding of tumor heterogeneity but also reveal potential biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic targets. Furthermore, the review critically examines several challenges and limitations associated with the application of AFM in breast cancer research. Issues such as complexities in sample preparation, accessibility, and the cost of AFM technology are discussed. Despite these challenges, the potential of AFM to transform our understanding of breast cancer biology is significant. Looking ahead, continued advancements in AFM technology promise to deepen our insights into breast cancer biology and guide innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes.

目的 探讨程序性死亡因子配体 1(programmed death ligand 1,PD-L1)与微卫星状态(microsatellite status,MS)在低分化结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)组织中的表达及临床意义.方法 收集郑州大学第二附属医院 2016 年 1 月至 2019 年 1 月收治的 89 例CRC患者临床资料及石蜡标本,其中低分化腺癌 49 例(试验组);中高分化腺癌 40 例(对照组).采用免疫组化法检测CRC组织的MS和PD-L1 表达情况,评估低分化CRC MS及PD-L1 表达与患者临床病理特征关系,采用Kaplan-Meier法分析低分化CRC患者MS及PD-L1 表达水平与无病生存期(disease free survival,DFS)间关系,并利用Cox多因素分析对DFS危险因素进行评估.结果 CRC中MSI为 17 例,发生率为19.10％(17/89),试验组与对照组在肿瘤位置、临床分期、淋巴结转移、MS及PD-L1 表达比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).低分化CRC组织中MS在肿瘤位置、淋巴结转移、T分期及临床分期比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),在性别和年龄比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).低分化CRC组织中PD-L1 表达在淋巴结转移的比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).低分化CRC的MSI患者DFS明显长于MSS患者(P=0.016),低分化CRC的PD-L1-患者DFS明显长于PD-L1+患者(P=0.002),PD-L1+/MSS亚组 DFS短于 PD-L1-/MSS亚组和 PD-L1-/MSI亚组(P<0.05).结论 MS与PD-L1 表达是评估CRC预后的重要指标,具有MSI的低分化CRC患者可获得较好的预后,PD-L1阳性表达是影响低分化CRC患者术后复发的独立危险因素.

目的 探讨延胡索酸水化酶(FH)缺陷型平滑肌瘤临床病理特征和分子遗传学特征.方法 收集患者的临床相关资料,观察镜下特征,使用免疫组化的方法检测其FH等蛋白的表达情况,并用NGS分子测序的方法检测FH基因的体细胞突变.结果 患者平均年龄35岁,5例均无遗传性平滑肌瘤病和肾细胞癌综合征(HLRCC)的典型临床表现.2例FH缺陷型平滑肌瘤呈编织状或束状排列,细胞中-重度的异型性,核分裂象均＜5/HPF,有明显的紫红色核仁,3例有鹿角样血管/血管外皮瘤样形态,2例有核内透明小球,可见较多散在分布的瘤巨细胞,间质黏液样变不明显.2例分子遗传学检测均提示FH基因体细胞突变,分别显示FH基因2号外显子c.193G＞A(p.Asp65Asn)错义突变及FH基因的7号外显子c.943delc(L315del)移码突变.结论 通过FH免疫组化可以发现FH缺陷型平滑肌瘤,借助于组织学表现、FH免疫组化标记有助于临床对HLRCC综合征的诊断,但仍需结合典型的临床表现以及FH基因突变检测.

Background: H2A histone family member Z (H2AFZ) is a special subtype in the H2A histone family, which participates in the regulation of gene transcription. Nevertheless, little is known about the role of H2AFZ in the tumor microenvi-ronment and genetic factors associated with lung cancer. Material/Methods: The expression of H2AFZ in LUAD was analyzed via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases at the mRNA level. To detect the pro-tein expression level of H2AFZ, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using LUAD tissues and non-tumor lung tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were conducted to identify the effect of H2AFZ expression on overall survival (OS) based on TCGA-LUAD and the GEO dataset GSE68465 cohorts, and our LUAD patient cohort was used for validation. Identification of signaling pathways associated with the expression of H2AFZ was performed using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The influences of expression of H2AFZ on tumor immune-infiltrating cell (TIICs) were assessed via TIMER and CIBERSORT. Results: The expression of H2AFZ was increased in LUAD tissues at both mRNA and protein levels. In addition, high expression of H2AFZ predicted poor OS and might be an independent prognostic predictor in LUAD patients. Moreover, H2AFZ affected the relative proportion of TIICs and was positively associated with Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) infiltration level in LUAD. Conclusions: H2AFZ was upregulated in LUAD and related to poor prognosis of LUAD patients; thus, it could be an underly-ing prognostic biomarker correlated with immune infiltration in LUAD.

Aims Considering morphological heterogeneity of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and no objective prognostic grading system existing currently, we aim to establish an ‘optimised architecture-based grading system’ (OAGS) to predict prognosis for resected LUAD. Methods A multicentral study involving three independent cohorts of LUAD was conducted. Predictive ability of the OAGS for recurrence-free probability (RFP) and overall survival (OS) was assessed in training cohort (n=228) by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Harrell’s concordance index ( C -index) and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, which was validated in testing (n=135) and validation (n=226) cohorts. Results The OAGS consists of: grade 1 for lepidic, papillary or acinar predominant tumour with no or less than 5% of high-grade patterns (cribriform, solid and or micropapillary), grade 2 for lepidic, papillary or acinar predominant tumour with 5% or more of high-grade patterns, and grade 3 for cribriform, solid or micropapillary predominant tumour. In all stages, the OAGS outperformed the pattern-dominant grading system and IASLC grading system for predicting RFP (C-index, 0.649; AUC, 0.742) and OS (C-index, 0.685; AUC, 0.754). Multivariate analysis identified it as an independent predictor of both (RFP, p<0.001; OS, p<0.001). Furthermore, in pT1-2aN0M0 subgroup, the OAGS maintained its ability to predict recurrence (C-index, 0.699; AUC, 0.769) and stratified patients into different risk groups of RFP (p<0.001). These results were confirmed in testing and validation cohorts. Conclusions The OAGS is an independent prognostic factor and shows a robust ability to predict prognosis for resected LUAD.

目的 观察体外受精-胚胎移植(in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer,IVF-ET)反复种植失败患者宫腔镜检查情况及子宫内膜CD138表达情况,探讨子宫内膜CD138阳性表达联合宫腔镜检查对IVF-ET反复种植失败患者合并慢性子宫内膜炎的诊断价值.方法 行IVF-ET的患者147例,其中反复种植失败患者81例为失败组,一次移植成功患者66例为成功组,2组患者均行宫腔镜检查及子宫内膜组织病理检查,观察慢性子宫内膜炎发生情况;2组均行子宫内膜组织免疫组织化学检查,观察子宫内膜组织CD138阳性表达情况.比较不同临床病理特征的IVF-ET反复种植失败患者子宫内膜组织CD138阳性表达率;绘制ROC曲线,评估子宫内膜组织CD138阳性表达、宫腔镜检查对IVF-ET反复种植失败患者合并慢性子宫内膜炎的诊断效能.结果 失败组患者宫腔镜检查慢性子宫内膜炎检出率(60.49％)、子宫内膜组织病理检查慢性子宫内膜炎检出率(39.51％)、子宫内膜组织CD138阳性表达率(60.49％)均高于成功组(24.24％、10.61％、37.88％) (P＜0.05).有经期延长、慢性子宫内膜炎、输卵管阻塞、移植次数＞3次的IVF-ET反复种植失败患者子宫内膜组织CD138阳性表达率(88.24％、92.31％、66.18％、87.50％)分别高于无经期延长、无子宫内膜炎、无输卵管阻塞、移植次数2～3次者(53.13％、3.45％、30.77％、53.85％)(P＜0.05),不同年龄、体质量指数、月经周期、不孕时间及有无孕产史、既往流产史、宫颈衣原体感染、阴道炎史、宫颈支原体感染、盆腔炎的IVF-ET反复种植失败患者子宫内膜组织CD138阳性表达率比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).子宫内膜组织CD138阳性表达和宫腔镜检查诊断IVF-ET反复种植失败患者合并慢性子宫内膜炎的AUC分别为0.620(95％CI:0.496～0.744,P=0.069)、0.568(95％CI:0.441～0.696,P=0.301),灵敏度分别为75.0％、68.75％,特异度分别为48.98％、44.90％;二者联合诊断IVF-ET反复种植失败患者合并慢性子宫内膜炎的AUC[0.785(95％CI:0.685～0.886,P＜0.001)]大于单独检测(Z=3.823,P＜0.001;Z=4.528,P＜0.001),灵敏度为93.75％,特异度为63.27％.结论 有经期延长、慢性子宫内膜炎、输卵管阻塞、移植次数＞3次的IVF-ET反复种植失败患者子宫内膜组织CD138阳性表达率增高;子宫内膜组织CD138阳性表达联合宫腔镜检查可提高对IVF-ET反复种植失败患者合并慢性子宫内膜炎诊断率.

目的 探讨肉瘤样尿路上皮癌(sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma,SUC)的临床特点及分子病理学特征.方法 回顾性分析20例SUC的临床病理学特征,其中6例采用荧光原位杂交(flourescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术检测患者尿脱落细胞,分析其分子病理学特征.结果 20例SUC患者中,男性17例,女性3例;发病年龄46～70岁,中位年龄58岁.肿瘤部位:13例位于膀胱、5例位于肾盂、2例位于输尿管.肿瘤侵犯全层12例,浸润深肌层6例,浅肌层2例.18例患者获得随访,随访时间5～17个月,其中15例死亡,3例存活.6例患者行尿脱落细胞FISH检测,4例发现3或7号染色体的多倍体.结论 SUC属于高度侵袭且预后差的肿瘤,好发于老年男性,主要发生于膀胱,确诊需依据其病理形态学特征及免疫组化检测.FISH技术检测患者尿路脱落细胞,是诊断SUC的无创性辅助检查方法.

Purpose According to the WHO, the cribriform pattern is a subtype of acinar (Aci) predominance in invasive adenocarcinoma (ADC) of the lung. Recently, several studies have demonstrated poor prognosis in patients with cribriform predominance. This study was performed to examine the correlations of cribriform pattern with the clinicopathology, molecular features and prognosis in patients with invasive ADC. Methods Histological subtypes were evaluated in 279 patients who underwent complete resection for invasive ADC. Patients of the Aci-predominant subtype were divided into two subgroups according to the percentage of cribriform cancer (>= 5% vs <5%). Clinicopathological characteristics, overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and molecular changes were compared. In addition, both OS and DFS were compared between patients with cribriform-predominant (n=33) and pure Aci-predominant (n=88) ADCs. Results A cribriform pattern was found in 111 (39.8%) cases and ranged from 5 % to 100 % of the total tumour volume (mean +/- SEM, 30%+/- 2%). Of 117 patients with Aci predominance, 79 showed the cribriform pattern, while the remaining 38 did not. The cribriform pattern was associated with aggressive pathological behaviour, including advanced stages of cancer, nuclear atypia, mitoses, lymph node invasion, metastasis and larger tumour size. The subgroup with cribriform cancer (>= 5%) had significantly poorer OS and DFS compared with the cribriform-negative (<5%) group. In addition, Cox multivariate analyses revealed that the cribriform pattern was an independent predictor of OS but not DFS. Moreover, OS was significantly lower in the cribriform-predominant group than in the Aci-predominant group. Conclusion The cribriform pattern is associated with aggressive pathological behaviour and is an independent poor prognostic indicator in patients with Aci-predominant ADC of the lung.

Objective: To study clinical and pathologic characteristics of leiomyomas of the gastrointestinal tract, and to investigate the distribution characteristics of interstitial cells of Cajal ( ICCs ) in gastrointestinal leiomyomas. Methods: One hundred and forty-seven cases of leiomyomas of gastrointestinal tract were collected at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from June 2012 to June 2017. Clinical and pathologic findings were analyzed, combined with immunohistochemistry, Alcian blue-osafranin staining and molecular study. Results: The age of patients ranged from 13-82 years with mean age of 52 years. Male to female ratio was about 1∶2. Histologically, all tumors were composed of ovoid to spindle cells arranged in short intersecting fascicles. All tumors were diffusely and strongly positive for smooth muscle antibodies, desmin and h-caldesmon by immunohistochemical staining. A prominent interspersed subpopulation of elongated/dendritic-like cells with CD117 and DOG1 positivity (accounting for 1% to 30% of all tumor cells) and negative for Alcian blue-osafranin staining was identified in all esophageal leiomyomas, 16 of 20 (80%) gastric leiomyomas and 3 of 12 small bowel leiomyomas, but none in colonic/rectal leiomyomas. Mutational analysis in 16 cases showed absence of mutation in exons 9, 11, 13 or 17 of C-KIT and exons 12 or 18 of PDGFRA. Conclusions: ICCs are identified in esophageal and gastric leiomyomas, as well as in small percentage of intestinal leiomyomas. Such findings may bring significant diagnostic pitfalls for misdiagnosis as gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Careful attention to the distribution of CD117 and DOG1 positive cells and molecular mutation analysis of C-KIT and PDGFRA may be necessary to establish the correct diagnosis.

Aim: To describe the clinicopathologic features of uterine tumors resembling ovarian sex cord tumors (UTROSCT). Methods:Clinicopathological data and follow-up data of 8 patients with UTROSCT were retrospectively re-viewed. Histopathologic analysis was performed on sections after HE-staining and immunohistochemical staining. Results:All patients were premenopausal women,with age ranged from 27-52 years. Five patients presented with abnormal uterine bleeding and two with abdominal pain,while another one without any symptoms,the tumor was found during physical exam-ination. Five tumors were located in the uterine muscle wall and three cases were located under the mucosa with the diame-ter from 2.1 cm to 14.0 cm. Microscopic examination revealed that tumors were completely composed of sex cord-like cells or epithelioid cells,with few or without mitosis,and necrosis was not seen. By immunhistochemistry, all cases expressed more than 2 sex cord markers(α-inhibin,WT-1,CD56 or CR),epithelial markers(CK,CAM5.2,EMA) and myogenic markers including smooth muscle actin(SMA) and desmin. However,H-caldesmon was negative in all cases. Interesting-ly,four cases showed neuroendocrine markers(NSE,SyN,CgA) expression. The follow-up data suggested that one patient died of lung cancer 26 months after complete hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy, and one case relapsed after having accepted a total hysterectomy 30 months later, while the other 6 patients had no recurrence or metastases. Conclusion:The diagnosis of UTROSCT mainly relies on morphological character and immunophenotype,though the tumor generally be-haves in a benign clinical course,it can relapse or metastasis,therefore all patient need long-term follow-up.

Objective To investigate the role of SF1 and CK8 in the classification of pituitary adenomas .Methods The ex-pressions of SF1 and CK8 in 49 pituitary adenomas were detected by immunohistochemistry .The difference of the expression (SF1 and CK8) in multiple pituitary adenoma were analyzed .Results The rate of SF1 positive staining in gonadotroph adenoma (90％ , 18/20) was significantly higher than that in other pituitary adenoma types (0％ ,0/11) (P<0.01);the rate of CK8 high expres-sion in SF1 immunopositive pituitary adenoma (5/24 ,21％ ) was significantly lower than that in SF1 immunonegative pituitary ad-enoma (23/25 ,92％ ) .Conclusion SF-1 is a key molecular event and play a important role in the diagonosis of gonadotroph adeno-ma .CK8 immunonegative or low expression is one of the molecular characteristics of the gonadotroph adenoma ,and it can be used for the classification of pituitary adenoma .

Objective To investigate the role of ATRX and P53 gene mutations in the classification of diffuse glioma in Chinese. Methods A total of 89 cases of diffuse astrocytoma (IDH mutation) or diffuse astrocytoma (IDH wild type) and all levels of oligodendroglioma from 2016 to 2017 were collected, and detected the expression of ATRX protein and over expression of P53 protein by immunohistochemistry, and analyzed their expression in different types of diffuse gliomas. Results The ratio of ATRX loss expression in diffuse astrocytoma (IDH mutation) (17/24) was higher than that in oligodendrogliomas (3/16), P<0.01; the ratio of P53 over expression in diffuse astrocytoma (IDH mutation) (15/24) was higher than that in oligodendrogliomas (1/16), P<0.01; the ratio of ATRX loss expression in diffuse astrocytoma (IDH mutation) (71%, 17/24) was higher than that in diffuse astrocytoma (IDH wild) (41%, 20/49), P<0.05. Conclusions ATRX and P53 mutation is one of the molecular genetic characteristics of diffuse astrocytoma (IDH mutation), which may be contributed to diagnose diffuse astrocytoma. Key words: Diffuse glioma; Tumor suppressor protein P53; Alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome-X

良性纤维组织细胞瘤(benign fibrous histiocytoma,BFH)是皮肤常见的间叶源性肿瘤,在形态上易与隆突性皮肤纤维肉瘤(dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans,DFSP)等多种软组织肿瘤混淆.我们收集了85例BFH,应用免疫组织化学方法检测CD10在BFH及DFSP的表达情况,探讨CD10在BFH病理诊断和鉴别诊断中的应用价值.

目的 探讨胃肠道神经鞘瘤(gastrointestinal schwannoma,GS)的临床病理学特征、免疫表型,提高对该肿瘤的认识水平.方法 收集27例GS患者的临床资料,采用HE及免疫组化EnVision两步法染色进行病理学观察,并复习相关文献.结果 男性9例,女性18例;年龄41～83岁,平均60岁.27例均发生于胃,临床多表现为腹痛或黑便.肿瘤直径2.7～8.5 cm,均位于肌壁内,边界较清,切面灰黄色.低倍镜下20例(74.1％)肿瘤周围可见淋巴细胞套;肿瘤实质由梭形细胞组成,呈条束状或波浪状排列.免疫表型:肿瘤细胞不同程度表达S-100(100％,27/27)、SOX-10(100％,27/27)、GFAP(63.0％,17/27)、CD57(70.4％,19/27)、pgp9.5 (70.4％,19/27).9例GS行c-KIT及PDGFRA基因测序,均为野生型.21例患者于手术后随访5 ～ 126个月(平均56个月),均未见复发或转移.结论 GS是一种罕见的消化道软组织肿瘤,淋巴细胞套是重要的形态学特征之一,需结合S-100、SOX-10等免疫组化标志物确诊.

目的 探讨细胞角蛋白14(CK14)和P16在宫颈病变组织中的表达及其病理诊断价值.方法 应用免疫组化EnVision法检测30例正常宫颈、40例宫颈低级别鳞状上皮内病变、40例宫颈高级别鳞状上皮内病变及30例宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织中CK14和P16的表达.结果 CK14在正常宫颈、低级别鳞状上皮内病变、高级别鳞状上皮内病变和宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织中阳性表达率分别为86.7％、67.5％、40.0％、26.7％,前2组的阳性表达率明显高于后2组,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).P16在正常宫颈、低级别鳞状上皮内病变、宫颈高级别鳞状上皮内病变和宫颈鳞状细胞癌组织中阳性表达率分别为6.7％、42.5％、65.0％、86.7％,前2组的阳性表达率明显低于后2组,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).结论 随着宫颈疾病的进展,CK14表达升高,而P16表达降低,两者联合检测可为宫颈癌前病变的分级和宫颈癌早期诊断提供客观依据.

Objective To analyze the endoscopic and pathological features of gastric mucosa heterotopic in duodenal bulb. Methods Seventy cases of ectopic gastric mucosa in the duodenal bulb examined by gastroscopy and pathologi-cal examination were collected,from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2017. The endoscopic,pathological and clinical data were ret-rospectively analyzed. Results The ectopic gastric mucosa accounted for 17.7% of the pathological examination of du-odenal bulb in the same period,and 85.7% of them were diagnosed as polyps or small apophysis by endoscopy. Con-clusion Ectopic gastric mucosa in duodenal bulb is not uncommon in symptomatic patients, and there may be some correlations with clinical symptoms. It should cause more attention of clinical, endoscopic and pathological physicians, so as to achieve early diagnosis and early treatment.

Aim:To investigate the expression of CD10 in benign fibrous histiocytoma(BFH) and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans(DFSP),as well as its application in the differential diagnosis. Methods: The expressions of CD10, CD68, SMA and CD34 in 80 cases of BFH and 50 cases of DFSP were evaluated by immunohistochemical EnVision method.Re-sults:The expression rate of CD10 in BFH was 85.0%(68/80) and that in DFSP was 16.0%(8/50),and the difference was significant(P<0.05). The expression rate of CD34 was 28.8%(23/80) in BFH and 88.0%(44/50) in DFSP,re-spectively,and the difference was significant(P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the expression of CD68 or SMA between BFH and DFSP(P>0.05). CD10 has a high sensitivity(85%) and specificity(84%) in diagnosis of BFH. Conclusion:CD10 may be a useful marker to diagnose BFH,and it can be used in the differential diagnosis of BFH and DFSP.

Objective To observe the clinical and pathological features ,diagnosis and differential diagnosis of vertebral canal sehwannoma .Methods The clinical presentation ,histological observation and immunohistochemical staining were analyzed in 78 cases and related literatures were reviewed .Results The incidence ratio of vertebral canal sehwannoma in male and female were 1.4 :1 .The ages ranged from 14 to 67 years old ,with mean age of 51 .The site of occurrence included lumbar vertebra (35 cases , 44.8％ ) ,thoracic vertebra (24 cases ,30.7％ ) ,cervical vertebra (17 cases ,21.8％ ) and sacrococcygeal region (2 cases ,2.6％ ) . Histological analysis showed that the tumor was composed of spindle ,oval or fusiform cells arranged in fascicles or paliforms , hemorrhage and cystic changes were commonly observed .Immunohistochemical staining showed that the cells were typically and strongly positive for S-100 ,SOX-10 and PgP9.5 ,some cases stained for CD34 .Of the 54 of 78 cases ,the follow-up period was 3 months to 24 years ,1 case had recurrence .Conclusion Vertebral canal sehwannoma is a rare tumor with good prognosis and com-plex histological expression .Its differential diagnosis includes exothelioma ,astrocytoma and others .

Objective To investigate the basic clinical features in 371 cases of colorectal polyps and its relationship with fecal occult blood and carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA).Methods The retrospective analysis was performed on 371 inpatients with colo-rectal polyps.The relationship among gender,number of polyps and polyps anatomical site in different ages of patients was investi-gated,and the relationship between fecal occult blood and CEA with polyp canceration was analyzed by 1.5?3.0 years follow-up. Results Among 371 cases of colorectal polyps,the female patients were gradually increased and single polyp was gradually de-creased along with the age increase;due to different ages,there was the statistically significant difference in the polyp locations (χ2 =9.759,P=0.045);the distribution difference of the patients with polyp canceration among three age groups was statistically significant(χ2 =5.138,4.107,13.153,P<0.05).The cases of fecal occult blood positive and CEA abnormal increase were gradual-ly increased with age increasing(χ2 =15.544,11.959,P<0.01);with the number of polyps increasing,the cases of fecal occult blood positive showed the increasing trend(χ2 =14.043,P=0.001);the canceration rate in colorectal polyp cases of fecal occult blood positive and CEA abnormal increase was significantly higher than that in the cases of fecal occult blood negative and CEA normal range(χ2 =40.165,43.249,all of P< 0.001).Conclusion The fecal occult blood test and CEA detection results have a certain significance to the follow up for preventing colorectal polyps canceration.

AIMTo understand the molecular mechanism of esophageal cancer development and provide molecular markers for screening high-risk populations and early diagnosis.METHODSTwo-dimensional electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry were adopted to screen differentially expressed proteins in nine cases of fetal esophageal epithelium, eight cases of esophageal cancer, and eight cases of tumor-adjacent normal esophageal epithelium collected from fetuses of different gestational age, or esophageal cancer patients from a high-risk area of esophageal cancer in China. Immunohistochemistry (avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase complex method) was used to detect the expression of peroxiredoxin (PRX) 6 in 91 cases of esophageal cancer, tumor-adjacent normal esophageal tissue, basal cell hyperplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma in situ, as well as 65 cases of esophageal epithelium from fetuses at a gestational age of 3-9 mo.RESULTSAfter peptide mass fingerprint analysis and search of protein databases, 21 differential proteins were identified; some of which represent a protein isoform. Varying degrees of expression of PRX6 protein, which was localized mainly in the cytoplasm, were detected in adult and fetal normal esophageal tissues, precancerous lesions, and esophageal cancer. With the progression of esophageal lesions, PRX6 protein expression showed a declining trend (P < 0.05). In fetal epithelium from fetuses at gestational age 3-6 mo, PRX6 protein expression showed a declining trend with age (P < 0.05). PRX6 protein expression was significantly higher in well-differentiated esophageal cancer tissues than in poorly differentiated esophageal cancer tissues (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONDevelopment and progression of esophageal cancer result from interactions of genetic changes (accumulation or superposition). PRX6 protein is associated with fetal esophageal development and cancer differentiation.