为治理农村养殖池塘导致的水体污染,以重庆典型紫色土和废弃燃煤炉渣为滤料,铜钱草为去污植物,研制一套多级生态渗滤系统.对人工鱼塘水体处理结果显示,该系统以连续进水、水力负荷率为1500 L/m2/d方式运行时,系统对COD、氨氮、TN和TP的平均去除率分别可达74.3％、68.9％、54.5％和44.8％.微生物菌群结构分析表明,系统内功能菌群主要包括Rhizobiales_Incertae_Sedis、Sphingomonas、norank_f_JG30-KF-CM45、Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1、Rubellimicrobium、Novosphingobium、Pseudomonas和Nocardioides等菌属.该系统遵循节能降碳、资源循环利用原则,采用经济植物铜钱草进一步降低运行成本,对池塘废水处理效果较好,在农村养殖池塘污染治理方面具有良好的应用前景.

配制模拟生活污水,利用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)反应器在连续曝气条件下进行好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)的培养,研究完全好氧模式下AGS的快速培养及其同步脱氮除碳特性.结果表明:污泥第7天即出现颗粒化,平均粒径0.32 mm,连续曝气SBR中NH3 N、TN、COD的去除率分别为95.3％、77.4％、97.5％;高通量测序分析结果显示,相较接种絮状污泥,与颗粒化相关的丝状菌属、动胶菌属丰度显著提高,HN-AD菌作为脱氮功能微生物,其物种多样性也得以丰富.

通过实地采集水样,测定榨菜腌制废水和废水处理厂进口处及调节池水质,分析榨菜废水的水质特性.水样测定结果表明:腌制废水是高有机物、高氮磷、高盐度的酸性废水,其化学需氧量在41 000～90 400 mg/L,氨氮含量为720～920 mg/L,总氮含量为2 800～3 000 mg/L,总磷含量为380～400 mg/L,盐度为9％～12％,pH为3.8～4.6;榨菜废水处理厂进水口的水质波动范围大且呈酸性,其化学需氧量在7 000～52 300 mg/L,氨氮含量为180～510 mg/L,总氮含量为210～1 380 mg/L,总磷含量为30～220 mg/L,盐度为1.4％～5.8％,pH为3.8～5.7;调节池中的综合废水仍呈酸性,污染物含量较高,其化学需氧量在4 600～5 000 mg/L,氨氮含量为200～270 mg/L,总氮含量为260～340 mg/L,总磷含量为40～60 mg/L,盐度为1.2％～1.6％,pH为5.7～6.2.榨菜生产过程中产生的废水盐度高、污染物含量高、排放不连续、处理成本高.建议从资源回收利用和实现达标排放两个方面考虑,加强对榨菜废水的管理.

研究了重庆工业园区焦化厂污染土壤的微生物群落结构及功能特性,检测了污染土壤中的多环芳烃和氯代芳烃种类和浓度,检测出11种多环芳烃和3种典型氯代芳烃,多环芳烃浓度范围为921 ～37 390 ng/g,氯代芳烃含量范围9 542 ～ 12 301 ng/g,其中1,4-二氯苯浓度最高;多样性测序结果表明污染土壤中微生物丰富度和多样性减少,实现了功能菌属的富集,随着污染物浓度增大,独有微生物数量呈倍数下降,污染浓度最高的样品中独有的微生物的重要菌属为Rhodanobacter;功能分析结果表明Pseudomonas,Rhodanobacter,Hydrogenophaga,Dyella和Xanthomonadaceae5种功能微生物具有降解多种多环芳烃和氯代芳烃的能力;表明污染土壤具有强的原位生物修复能力.

与传统生物处理工艺相比,好氧颗粒污泥(Aerobic Granular Sludge,AGS)具有高生物量、沉降速度快、耐冲击负荷能力强、能够实现同步脱氮除磷等特点,且在去除高氨氮废水中的有机物、氮、磷等具有良好的效果,成为目前污(废)水处理领域的研究热点之一.本文介绍了好氧颗粒污泥在处理垃圾渗滤液、化肥工业污水、畜禽养殖废水等高氨氮有机废水的研究现状,在高氨氮条件下好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理以及主要影响因素,并展望了好氧颗粒污泥技术处理高氨氮废水的工程应用前景.

蔬菜腌制是一种世界范围内通行的、历史悠久的蔬菜加工方法,但其产生的废水含有大量的盐分和有机物,直接排放会对生态环境造成恶劣影响.因此在许多国家和地区对于此类废水排放的法规变得越来越严格,同时对废水中有机物和盐分的去除提出了要求.高盐有机废水的处理涉及物理化学方法和传统生物处理方法,生物处理方法经济有效但易被高盐度影响,物理化学方法可以对盐分进行去除但成本高昂.目前,仍没有针对此类废水的兼具稳定处理效果和经济性的综合处理方案.本文对国内外主要关注的酱腌菜高盐有机废水可行或具有潜力的处理技术进行综述,总结高盐度对污水生物处理技术的影响,评述相关工程案例,讨论高盐度有机废水处理存在的问题及技术发展趋势.

本文利用生物转笼耦合水生植物系统处理城市湖库重度黑臭和轻度黑臭水体,研究该系统对两种黑臭水体修复性能,以及强化系统脱氮除磷的方法.结果表明:重度黑臭水体系统修复可在4d内快速消除黑臭,轻度黑臭水体修复时间可缩短至3 d.经处理,两种水体氨氮浓度降至8 mg/L以下,溶解氧浓度提升至5 mg/L以上,透明度提升至33 cm以上,氧化还原电位提升至100 mV左右.两种水体经系统修复5 d后,氨氮浓度达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅳ类标准,水中氨氮基本转化为总氮(TN).同时,系统兼具一定的TN、总磷(TP)去除能力.碳源促进微生物和植物耦合技术去除城市黑臭水体TN,TP.间断投加碳源,系统修复作用1周后可使水体TN,TP浓度由《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)的劣Ⅴ类值改善至Ⅳ类以内.

Aerobic granular sludge technique was used to treat villages and towns sewage to access its feasibility for a reconstructing fullscale sewage treatment plant (400 m3 ∕d). The process of sludge granulation, pollutants removal and community differences between inoculated and granular sludge were investigated. Results showed that the granulation of sludge occurred on 13th day, and the average size of sludge reached 0. 499 mm in diameter by a method of alternative feed loading. Completely granulated sludge was observed on 40th day,and the average size was up to 1. 336 mm in diameter. Meanwhile, the ρ(MLSS) and SVI were 8-12 g∕L and 25-40 mL∕g in the reactor, respectively. The effluent CODCr, ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen met A standard of the first level of Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002) in China. Compared with inoculated floc sludge, the species richness and diversity of microbial community of aerobic granular sludge were significantly reduced, whereas the abundance of bacterial communities for denitrification and phosphorus removal was significantly increased. In the aerobic granular sludge, Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira are the main nitrifying bacteria; Dechloromonas and Clostridium sensu stricto 13 are the main denitrifying bacteria; Aeromonas and Clostridium sensu stricto 13 are the main bacteria for phosphorus removal; Uncultured Xanthomonadaceae, Comamonas, Zoogloea are the main bacteria for organics removal and are also the key bacteria for sludge granulation.

In order to explore the performance of integration decentralized sewage treatment device for the sewage with different carbon-nitrogen ratios, the synthetic sewage and actual wastewater were treated by the device, and the removal performance of COD, NH3-N and TN were studied.The results showed that when treating the synthetic sewage with carbon-nitrogen ratio higher than 17:1 and COD concentration of 500 mg/L, as well as the actual wastewater with carbon-nitrogen ratio between 19:1 and 6:1 and COD concentration lower than 253.9 mg/L, the effluent's concentration of COD, NH3-N and TN could all meet the Level 1-B Standard of Discharge standard of pollutants for municipal wastewater treatment plant (GB 18918-2002).In addition, the device has good adaptability to changes of carbon-nitrogen ratio when treating actual wastewater with low COD concentration.

OBJECTIVE To discuss the sterilization effects of different cycle modes with hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization and the selection of cycle under special circumstances ,so as to minimize the hidden dangers of health risks caused by unqualified sterilization to ensure patients′ safety .METHODS STERRAD 100S low‐temperature hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilizers were divided into experimental group (long cycles ,from Apr .to Jun .2016) and control group (short cycles ,from Jan .to Mar .2016) according to different cycle modes .Under 4 different situations (Group A ,B ,C ,D) that caused unqualified sterilization effect and were challenging to monitor with current methods ,120 loads of instruments were sterilized with different lengths of cycles respectively .The time interval between two loads in group A was 4 hours ,sterilization load in group B was ≥ 80% ,instruments not compatible with the process were loaded in group C ,and sterilization agent diluted due to factors like excessive sun exposure ,high temperature or violent shaking during transportation belonged to group D .Sterilized bags were cleaned ,disinfected ,dried ,and packaged according to hospital disinfection supply center operation standards ,and the sterilization effects were monitored ,evaluated ,and analyzed .RESULTS Comparison between experimental group and control group ,the qualified rates of Nordonbio 628 biological PCD were 83 .33% and 6 .67% respective‐ly with a significant difference (P< 0 .001) ,qualified rates of Nordonbio ? 728 (PCD) were 80% and 6 .67% re‐spectively with a significant difference (P< 0 .001) ;qualified rates of CycleSureTM biological test agent and Nor‐donbio ? 628 biological PCD in the same group were 86 .67% and 6 .67% respectively with a significant difference (P< 0 .001) ;and qualified rates of STERRAD chemical indicators and Nordonbio 728 (PCD) in the same group were 96 .67% and 6 .67% respectively with a significant difference (P < 0 .001) .CONCLUSION In the process of hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization ,using long cycle for sterilization can significantly improve sterilization qual‐ity of the lumens and complex instruments .Long cycle sterilization should be chosen under special circumstances , and PCD monitoring results are more accurate during the sterilization process .

As an extreme phenomenon of water pollution,malodorous black water body causes ecological damage,and seriously affects residents' hfe and physical and mental health as well as the sound development of city.In this paper,the causes and pollution status of malodorous black water bodies in China were analyzed.The remediation technologies were classified into physical technology,chemical technology and biotechnology,and the principles,advantages,disadvantages and applicability of these remediation technologies were introduced.Through the analysis of practical projects in China and abroad,the experiences of success and failure were summed up.It is necessary to transform the traditional concept of remediation into a feasible remediation route.Only if we select proper combinations of technologies according to the actual situation and local conditions can we maintain a long-term remediation effect.

In order to explore a rural decentralized sewage treatment technology ,a decentralized sewage treatment device was designed .The start-up of the device was studied .The effect of hydraulic retention time ( HRT) and rotating speed on the removal of chemical oxygen demand ( COD) and ammonia nitrogen was studied .The results indicated that the device could be quickly started-up and could achieve a high removal rate of COD and ammonia nitrogen , as well as good anti-shock hydraulic loading capability and anti-shock hydraulic shear capability.

为了探索城市湖库黑臭水体修复技术,本文对筒车与生物膜联合技术修复重度黑臭湖库水体进行了研究,结果表明,该技术在有效去除COD和氨氮的同时,还能快速提高水体的溶解氧、透明度和氧化还原电位.依据城市黑臭水体整治工作指南要求,该技术对消除城市湖库水体黑臭现象是可行的.

为了考察负荷及碳氮比对分散式生活污水处理装置处理效果的影响,本文研究了分散式生活污水处理装置对不同浓度和不同碳氮比模拟污水的处理效果.结果发现,该处理装置具有较良好的耐负荷冲击能力,并兼具处理较低C/N生活污水的能力.处理COD、 氨氮、TN、TP浓度分别为104.96~619.93 mg?L-1、4.57~29.93 mg?L-1、6.17~29.47 mg?L-1和0.97~6.00 mg?L-1的人工污水,出水COD、 氨氮、TN均能满足 《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准.在C/N不低于14:1条件下,出水COD、 氨氮浓度达到 《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级标准;在C/N不低于17:1条件下,出水COD、 氨氮、TN浓度达到 《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准.同时,工艺装置具有50%以上的总磷去除率.