为治理农村养殖池塘导致的水体污染,以重庆典型紫色土和废弃燃煤炉渣为滤料,铜钱草为去污植物,研制一套多级生态渗滤系统.对人工鱼塘水体处理结果显示,该系统以连续进水、水力负荷率为1500 L/m2/d方式运行时,系统对COD、氨氮、TN和TP的平均去除率分别可达74.3％、68.9％、54.5％和44.8％.微生物菌群结构分析表明,系统内功能菌群主要包括Rhizobiales_Incertae_Sedis、Sphingomonas、norank_f_JG30-KF-CM45、Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1、Rubellimicrobium、Novosphingobium、Pseudomonas和Nocardioides等菌属.该系统遵循节能降碳、资源循环利用原则,采用经济植物铜钱草进一步降低运行成本,对池塘废水处理效果较好,在农村养殖池塘污染治理方面具有良好的应用前景.

利用水热法和碱刻蚀法制备多孔球状镧铁复合物(LFA-C).通过扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和比表面及微孔物理吸附仪对复合物材料进行表征分析,并考察其作为吸附剂对磷酸盐的吸附性能.结果表明,LFA-C材料表面形貌粗糙多孔,碱刻蚀过程促进氢氧化镧在LFA-C的表面生成,同时LFA-C的比表面积增加有利于获得更多的吸附活性位点.吸附动力学研究表明,LFA-C的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型.热力学研究发现Langmiur模型能更好地拟合吸附等温线,拟合饱和吸附量为159.08 mg/g.在共存离子条件下,LFA-C吸附磷酸盐的抗干扰能力强,同时LFA-C通过吸附-解析过程展现出良好的循环性能.LFA-C作为高效去磷、抑制富营养化的环境功能材料,具有广阔的应用前景.

综述了HN-AD菌去除三氮的途径,从氮平衡、关键酶系特征等角度系统分析了HN-AD菌的氮代谢机理,重点总结了HN-AD菌脱氮过程中的代谢终产物和适用领域,简述了HN-AD菌的工艺研究现状,展望了HN-AD菌今后的研究方向,可为未来HN-AD菌的理论研究与实际应用提供参考.

硅藻土是死亡的硅藻细胞壁矿物质经地质作用沉积形成的矿物.硅藻土(主要成分为SiO2)是一种来源广泛、性质稳定、价格低廉的天然无机非金属矿产资源,其应用前景十分广阔.由于独特的微孔结构和成分组成,近年来硅藻土开始逐渐被应用到水泥基胶凝材料中,以期达到改善水泥基材料性能的目的.目前,硅藻土在水泥基材料中的用途可根据添加形式分为三类:以矿物掺合料添加、以纳米材料形式添加和用作轻质骨料.采用的添加形式不同,硅藻土对水泥基材料性能的影响也各不相同.与此同时,硅藻土在其他胶凝材料(如沥青、地质聚合物等)中也显示出其应用潜力.本文根据近年来国内外在硅藻土领域的研究现状,总结了硅藻土材料在水泥基材料中的用途,探讨了用硅藻土替代混凝土中不同组分对胶凝材料性能的影响;归纳了硅藻土在其他胶凝材料制备中的作用,并对其在水泥胶凝材料中的应用进行了展望.

随着水环境质量监测技术的高速发展,水环境质量数据的种类、数量均都呈现爆炸式增长.原位监测与遥感监测是水环境监测的重要数据来源,如何快速高效地理解海量的监测数据是人工智能技术在生态环境研究领域的热点.因此,以三峡库区境内的国家良好水体——长寿湖为例,研究改进WRCNN卷积神经网络算法模型直接对遥感影像中的水环境数据进行特征提取,结合原位在线监测数据对遥感影像数据进行标注,增加CNN网络的宽度,提高遥感数据的水环境特征提取的能力,消除函数选择的不确定性,减少参数确定带来的计算步骤和抑制过拟合的影响,实现对大尺度水环境遥感特征的利用.结果表明,改进WRCNN卷积神经网络算法模型能有效识别长寿湖富营养化表征指标叶绿素a的浓度,为库区水体富营养化监测提供高效手段.

配制模拟生活污水,利用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)反应器在连续曝气条件下进行好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)的培养,研究完全好氧模式下AGS的快速培养及其同步脱氮除碳特性.结果表明:污泥第7天即出现颗粒化,平均粒径0.32 mm,连续曝气SBR中NH3 N、TN、COD的去除率分别为95.3％、77.4％、97.5％;高通量测序分析结果显示,相较接种絮状污泥,与颗粒化相关的丝状菌属、动胶菌属丰度显著提高,HN-AD菌作为脱氮功能微生物,其物种多样性也得以丰富.

通过实地采集水样,测定榨菜腌制废水和废水处理厂进口处及调节池水质,分析榨菜废水的水质特性.水样测定结果表明:腌制废水是高有机物、高氮磷、高盐度的酸性废水,其化学需氧量在41 000～90 400 mg/L,氨氮含量为720～920 mg/L,总氮含量为2 800～3 000 mg/L,总磷含量为380～400 mg/L,盐度为9％～12％,pH为3.8～4.6;榨菜废水处理厂进水口的水质波动范围大且呈酸性,其化学需氧量在7 000～52 300 mg/L,氨氮含量为180～510 mg/L,总氮含量为210～1 380 mg/L,总磷含量为30～220 mg/L,盐度为1.4％～5.8％,pH为3.8～5.7;调节池中的综合废水仍呈酸性,污染物含量较高,其化学需氧量在4 600～5 000 mg/L,氨氮含量为200～270 mg/L,总氮含量为260～340 mg/L,总磷含量为40～60 mg/L,盐度为1.2％～1.6％,pH为5.7～6.2.榨菜生产过程中产生的废水盐度高、污染物含量高、排放不连续、处理成本高.建议从资源回收利用和实现达标排放两个方面考虑,加强对榨菜废水的管理.

随着城市化进程的加快,城市河道污染现状与其景观、水源、分洪等功能定位之间的矛盾日益突出.文章在介绍城市河流水文现状和生态基流重要性的基础上,以城市河道水生态恶化问题为研究对象,以山地城市水文循环为主要研究内容,重点提出对应的山地城市河流生态基流量对应计算方法以及河道补水措施,初步分析了补水活水的综合应用情况,以期保障河道生态基流量、提升河道水动力、改善河道水生态、加强水体自净能力,为山地城市河道水生态修复指引新方向.

与传统生物处理工艺相比,好氧颗粒污泥(Aerobic Granular Sludge,AGS)具有高生物量、沉降速度快、耐冲击负荷能力强、能够实现同步脱氮除磷等特点,且在去除高氨氮废水中的有机物、氮、磷等具有良好的效果,成为目前污(废)水处理领域的研究热点之一.本文介绍了好氧颗粒污泥在处理垃圾渗滤液、化肥工业污水、畜禽养殖废水等高氨氮有机废水的研究现状,在高氨氮条件下好氧颗粒污泥的形成机理以及主要影响因素,并展望了好氧颗粒污泥技术处理高氨氮废水的工程应用前景.

综述了微生物絮凝剂产生菌筛选和培育方面的研究进展,介绍了微生物絮凝剂在给水和饮用水、乳化液的油水分离、污水处理等领域的应用,以及廉价培养基的探索实践.提出针对影响微生物絮凝剂产生菌生长代谢的环境条件开展深入研究,同时寻找或设计廉价培养基,降低生产成本,推动其工业化应用.

蔬菜腌制是一种世界范围内通行的、历史悠久的蔬菜加工方法,但其产生的废水含有大量的盐分和有机物,直接排放会对生态环境造成恶劣影响.因此在许多国家和地区对于此类废水排放的法规变得越来越严格,同时对废水中有机物和盐分的去除提出了要求.高盐有机废水的处理涉及物理化学方法和传统生物处理方法,生物处理方法经济有效但易被高盐度影响,物理化学方法可以对盐分进行去除但成本高昂.目前,仍没有针对此类废水的兼具稳定处理效果和经济性的综合处理方案.本文对国内外主要关注的酱腌菜高盐有机废水可行或具有潜力的处理技术进行综述,总结高盐度对污水生物处理技术的影响,评述相关工程案例,讨论高盐度有机废水处理存在的问题及技术发展趋势.

为了解重庆地区典型水库抗生素分布状况,对3个典型水库表层水体6类28种抗生素的分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,3个水库共检出3类7种抗生素,检出频次较高的为林可霉素(LIN)、氟苯尼考(FF),罗红霉素(ROM)、红霉素(ERM)和氯霉素(CAP),含量最高的为LIN,与中国其他地区水库相比,检出种类远少于南京、江苏等.由于3个水库均具有饮水灌溉功能,水库补给区应加强抗生素使用监管,开展抗生素排放限制相关研究.

The mass concentrations of 28 kinds of antibiotics (6 types) from the stem streams and 6 tributaries of the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir area were investigated by solid phase extraction,high performance liquid chromatography and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS).The ecological risks were assessed by the rating method proposed by Hernando and according to the EU environmental risk assessment method to calculate the risk quotient value (RQs) and joint risk quotient value (RQsum).The results indicated that 10 antibiotics were detected from drugs for livestock and poultry with a mass concentration range of 0.6-218 ng/L,except ofloxacin (OFX) and chloramphenicol (CAP).The detected antibiotics included sulfadiazine (SDI),sulfamethoxazole (SMX),sulfamethazine (SMZ),erythromycin (ERM),roxithromycin (ROM),tylosin (TYL),florfenicol (FF) and lincomycin (LIN).Among them,FF and LIN are ranked in the top five livestock and poultry drugs used in China.Moreover,the RQsum exhibited an interesting finding:Laixi River ＞ Qiongjiang River ＞ Qijiang River ＞ Bixi River ＞ Jialing River ＞ Yangtze River ＞ Wujiang River.RQ value in Laixi River reached up to 5.5,indicating higher risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms from three kinds of antibiotics SMX,ERM and OFX.In contrast,RQsum in Qiongjiang River,Qijiang River,Bixi River and Jialing River were in the range of 1 to 2 with relatively high risk,but the individual RQs in each of the four rivers was less than 1,implying low risk.In addition,RQsum value of the Yangtze River was 0.605;the risk status of antibiotics TYL,ERM and ROM were in the middle level,and the risk status of other antibiotics risk were at a low level.Interestingly,RQsum of Wujiang River was 0.013,and the detected antibiotics were at low risk,indicating that the water body had minimum interference by human activities.Although the contents of antibiotics in major water basins around the Three Gorges Reservoir were slightly lower than those in other rivers,the antibiotics are used in great doses in the livestock and poultry breeding industry.Therefore,regulations should be strengthened and more studies should be conducted on limiting the amount of livestock and poultry feces that is returned to the fields.

对三峡库区受回水影响的42个城镇饮用水源地水质进行调查研究,运用美国环境保护署推荐的健康风险评价模型对水源地水体中化学污染物质的健康风险作了初步评价.结果显示:研究区域致癌物的致癌风险偏高,三江水源地总致癌风险1.22×10-6～7.19×10-5 a-1,支流水源地总致癌风险1.50×10-6～7.19×10-5 a-1,地下水水源地总致癌风险3.05×10-6～7.19×10-5a-1,3种类型水源人均年致癌风险接近或超过了瑞典环境保护署、荷兰建设和环境署、英国皇家协会及国际放射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平,水源地类型的致癌风险顺序为地下水＞支流＞三江＞水库;非致癌物的总致癌风险均小于或略超过荷兰建设和环境署推荐的可忽略风险水平(10-8 a-1).因此,认为12种非致癌物通过饮用水途径引起的风险是可以接受的,其总致癌风险处于Ⅲ级、中风险状态.与全国其他区域相比,15种参评因子所占总致癌风险值比例大致相同.

Microbial fuel cells(MFCs) were introduced in this paper in respects of their composition and structure.The principles and affecting factors of power generation and wastewater treatment related to MFCs were assessed,and the application of MFC technology was analyzed.Finally,the problems concerning the development of MFC technology were summed up.

It is very important to investigate the change of nutrient in Three Gorges Reservoir for analyzing the influence after normal storage and proposing reasonable management methods. The water quality parameters were determined monthly from March in 2008 to February in 2009. Six horizontal monitoring sites and one vertical site were set in Three Gorges Reservoir. The period was separated into two different periods with taking account of the water level after the Three Gorges Reservoir storaged water, which were October-February and March-September respectively. Then, the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of nutrient and environmental features in different periods were studied with the water quality data. The results showed that there were no significant differences of water quality parameters except DO in different periods. There were also no significant differences of the vertical distribution of hydrology, water quality indexes among the three observed levels. The concentration of DO in high water level (8.29 mg/L)was higher than that in low water level (7.49 mg/L) and the mean of saturation degree of DO was 83.5%. Total nitrogen (TN), NH4+ -N, total phosphorus (TP) values were 1.42-2.23 mg/L, 0.15-0.36 mg/L, 0.08-0.14 mg/L respectively, and plane of nutrition in high water level was higher than that in low water level. The main factor influenced the concentrations of TN, NH4+ -N and TP were rainfall runoff process. Significantly positive correlation was observed by correlation analysis between nutrients fluxes and the flux at the section Cun Tan. The fluxes of TN, NH4+ -N, TP were 368.4, 97.2, 29.5 thousands tons respectively, and the non-point pollution accounts for more than 55.5%.

Experimental Study has been conducted to investigate the impacts on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris from, phosphorus and nitrogen respectively. Specially, the Kse and KSN , which represent growth effects from phosphorus and nitrogen, were obtained by using the Monod Equation based on experimental results. The study suggests that impacts from TP overtake that from TN, with KSN 〉Ksp. While the level of Chlorella vulgaris peaks when the ratio of N/P reach 60.

On the basis of investigating the environmental information of centralized drinking water sources Chongqing City water quality classification,water quality eutrophic state,water quality healthy risk and water pollution of reservoir-based drinking water sources in Chongqing City were evaluated.And the analytical hierarchy process also was used to evaluate water security comprehensively.Finally,the water security status of reservoir-based drinking water sources of Chongqing City was achieved,which can provide a reference for protection and management of drinking water source.The results show that the water quality of reservoir-based drinking water sources is good,the rate of water sources security reaching standard is 97 percent.

From the blue-green algae species a representative algae, namely, ChloreUlla vulgaris (CV)to belong to Chlorophyta is selected as one of algae species studied in order to investigate the effect of TN, TP on the growth behavior of CV with the Monod equation, and calculate the semi-saturation constants of CV to TP(K(SP)) and TN(K(SN)). K(SN) >> K(SP) showed that the effect of TP on growth of CV is obvious significant than that of TN. The growth rate of Chlorella vulgaris is very sensitive to the concentration of phosphorus: Compares with the blank value, the special growth rate (mu) has been enhanced under the low concentration of 0.002 mg x L(-1), then the concentration turned to 0.2 mg x L(-1) the special growth rate (mu) has been enhanced obviously; but there was hardly any change under the concentration of nitrogen from 0.000 to 0.050 mg x L(-1). At the same time, in order to reveal whether there was a generalized character associating the growth dynamics of CV with that of dominant blue-green algae species, the dynamic models including CV constructed from our experimental data, dominant blue-green algae and sea algae from literature information have been compared and analyzed systemically, and the results showed that their growth dynamics behavior and ecological characteristic were extremely similar and common. According to extrapolation of the intercommunity of all growth dynamics we could describe and show availably there is a common behavior to the growth of dominant blue-green algae in the Three Gorges reservoir region. This conclusion would have some important theoretical and applied significance.