In order to collect the sun-air-cured tobacco resources widely, the local tobacco in Kelong village, Wudang dis-trict, Guiyang city was surveyed. The results showed that Kelong tobacco was sun-cured, similar with Suo Shai-hong tobacco. Besides Kelong village, other sun-air-cured tobacco was found in some villages in Wudang district. The Kelong tobacco be-longs to sub-cigar type, and has the characteristics of median aroma quality, certain aroma amount, suitable taste and medi-an sensory quality, Kelong tobacco is suitable raw material for Chinese blend cigarette and cigar.

To evaluate the content of cembrenediol in various sun-cured cultivars, 11 sun-cured cultivars from 6 regions were analyzed by GC-MS. The results showed that: (1) the order of cembrenediol content in different cultivars of sun-cured tobacco was: Pipaye>Yangmei>Heiyan>Cunsanpi>Mayanghong>Xiaoliuye>K326>Erhei>Maer>K16>Heilao>Gonghui, and the 11 cultivars were clustered into three groups based on cembrenediol content; (2) the order of cembrenediol content in different types of sun-cured tobacco was: light red sun-cured tobacco > red sun-cured tobacco > dark red sun-cured tobacco > yellow sun-cured tobacco; (3) Except Maer, cembrenediol content in middle leaves was higher than that in upper leaves; (4) Correlation analysis showed that there was a linear correlation betweenα-2,7,11-cembtratriene-4,6-diol andβ-2,7,11- cembtratriene-4,6-diol, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9576. The results from this study could be used in evaluating quality of different sun-cured tobacco cultivars.

The present situation of medium aroma type tobacco was analyzed, and the three key dilemmas were combed in study of“Characteristics and high-quality flue-cured tobacco developing on Medium Aroma type”. Tobacco region characteristics positioning mode was put forward for crack the three dilemmas, which was “based on ecology, paying attention to aroma notes, breaking the shackles of the traditional aroma, highlight the unique quality characteristics”. Four technological approaches to highlight tobacco characteristics included “consolidating ecology basis of characteristics form, promoting tobacco quality, improving the overall tobacco quality level through technology integration, developing new technology under modern tobacco agriculture”.

In order to enhance tobacco leaf yield and quality,according to Zunyi flue-cured tobacco comprehensive standard and local tobacco production characteristics,tobacco production process was divided into six stages,44 monitoring points,242 monitoring indexes and formed the monitoring index system covering the whole production process combined with technology and management to monitor tobacco quality.The results showed that the tobacco yields were enhanced by 5%,7% and 9% compared with the control.The orange and dark orange leaves and oil content were increased,the single leaf weight,leaf length,leaf width,nitrogen-nicotine ratio,sugar-nicotine ratio and K-Cl ratio were enhanced by 0.33 g,1.98 cm,0.82 cm,0.02,1.55 and 0.18 respectively.Conclusion: The application of quality monitoring system has strengthened the popularization and application of advanced and applicable technology,enhanced the overall tobacco leaf production level and quality.

For further understanding and highlighting tobacco characteristics,the relationships and connotation were analyzed between tobacco characteristics and quality,tobacco characteristics and aroma type,revealed and implied characteristics,tobacco characteristics and modern tobacco agriculture.Based on these analyses,the countermeasures were proposed about improving tobacco quality and highlighting characteristics.

Using the flue-cured tobacco planting regionalization achievements,different ecological areas were selected to forecast tobacco output based on the total quality control of tobacco production system,which was targeted to forecast tobacco output more accurate and adjust purchase plan among counties.Practice of three years presented that the difference between forecast value and actual value is 0.595 million kilograms,the relative error is 0.64%,the forecast value is close to the actual value.This method has good forecast effect and accuracy,which provides decision-making basis for adjusting the purchase plan in the late of tobacco production.

In order to improve quality and security of tobacco leaves,the total quality control of tobacco production system was established on comprehensive standard system of good quality flue-cured tobacco.We can use it to realize information management of tobacco production process.The monitoring targets of the total quality control of tobacco production system are the tobacco leaves condition,producing technology and the environment.The monitor work of the total quality control of tobacco production system was scientifically set up with indices,detection,appraisal and regulation system.To enhance the quality of tobacco and ensure quality safety,the monitoring system was established and realized the information management.After using the system,we found that the realization rate of tobacco production technology increased substantially from 2008-2011,and advanced and practical technologies were extended over the years.The prediction error for tobacco yield was less than 0.1%,the tobacco yield and value was 25.21% and 69.55% higher than in 2007,respectively.The system can monitor the procedure of growth and quality and provide great decision supports for tobacco production.

The relationships between nicotine content and the contents of medium and trace elements in flue-cured tobacco leaves from different stalk positions were analyzed with descriptive statistics analysis,stepwise regression analysis and path analysis.The tobacco was cultivated with the same cultural practices at twelve counties in seven main tobacco-growing provinces.The results indicated that the contents of medium and trace element and nicotine content in flue-cured tobacco leaves from different stalk positions were of medium degree of variation.The variation of Mn content among different areas was the largest in all the tested medium and trace elements,while that of P content was the smallest.Among leaves from different stalk positions,the variation of nicotine content in lower leaves was relatively larger.The elements in the order of direct effect influencing nicotine content in lower leaves were SiCuCaZnB,in middle and upper leaves were PFeCuMoB and SiFeCaCuB,respectively.Because of the interactions among medium and trace elements,their combined influences on nicotine content in leaves from different positions presented many variations.To reduce nicotine content in tobacco leaves by regulating the contents of medium and trace element,proper measures should be taken to leaves from each position: focusing on increasing the contents of Si,Ca and Cu for upper leaves;decreasing B and Fe contents and raising Mo content for middle leaves;reducing B content and increasing Zn and Cu contents for lower leaves.

Days available for tobacco-growing in fields as the basis were provided for the arrangement of its rational distribution and production technical measures.We used the daily data of 84 meteorological stations in Guizhou from 1961 to 2010 to analyze the initial temperature and final temperature for tobacco growing on the GIS platform to determine its available days in field.The results showed the days available for tobacco growing in field varied largely with locations,which reduce with the elevation.According to the length of time,geographical distribution and climatic characteristics,the days available were divided into four types of areas.Apart from the areas above the altitude of 2000 meters,available days in fields can ensure the normal growth for flue-cured tobacco.According to various areas of available days and climate characteristics,use patterns and technical requirements are presented for different types of areas,and arrangement propositions are proposed for the transplanting period and the end of harvest period for all types of areas.

The concept of tobacco aroma type is proposed,that is: the aroma type is the classifications of overall aroma characteristics from smoking tobacco leaves.With reference to previous studies,the composition of aroma type of flue-cured tobacco was summarized as Two Notes Theory based on the note analysis of clean aroma type,full-bodied type and moderate type used in China.Then,the problems existed in Two Notes Theory,nomenclature of aroma type,standard of aroma type and standard sample,and moderate aroma type are discussed,suggestions for improvement is also presented.

Artificial neural network is a powerful tool for modelling and prediction in various fields. Tobacco management specialists need simple and accurate techniques to evaluate tobacco growth and cultivation in the growth period. The objective in this study is to develop a back-propagation neural network (NN) model to accurately predict tobacco growth under various climatic and soil conditions in China. The proposed model used the field test data at 11 locations in main tobacco areas in China. As the output of the NN, the dry weight of tobacco plants was significantly influenced by dry weigh preceding stage, time for sampling, average temperature, relative humidity, soil organic matter and available P value, so these 6 environment factors were taken as the NN input. In the study, an optimal NN model was developed with 6 inputs, 1 output and 19 neurons in the hidden layer. With the same test data, the proposed NN model could perform better than the conventional regression model in terms of the relative error ranges and relative coefficient.

In order to investigate the relationship between quality of flue-cured tobacco and soil texture,170 tobacco leaf samples and 170 soil samples of four types of soil texture were studied.The results showed the majority of tobacco planting soils in Guizhou province had texture of middle and moderately clay.Tobacco leaves planted on sandy loam was with characteristic of high sugar,low nicotine,high ratio of sugar to nicotine and high ratio of all nitrogen to nicotine.Tobacco leaves planted on silty clay was with characteristic of low sugar,high nicotine,low ratio of sugar to nicotine and low ratio of all nitrogen to nicotine.Because of suitable soil fertility and about 7% volume of gravelly in soil texture of high clay,the sensory evaluation score of tobacco leaf planted on heavy soil was better than those planted on light soil.

A series of field experiments were carried out to investigate growth and nutrition of flue-cured tobacco seedlings grown in typical and representative soils in 10 counties of 7 provinces in north and south China in three consecutive years.The nutrients studied in the experiment included nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,calcium,magnesium,sulfur and chlorine.The results indicated that growth of and nutrient absorption by tobacco seedlings was slow in the early and late growing periods but fast in the middle growing period and that plant growth and nutrient absorption were greater in north China than in south China in the late growing period.The variation coefficients of nitrogen and potassium absorption were found to be similar but higher than that of phosphorus,while micronutrient absorption varied quite complicatedly in variation coefficients.Nutrients absorbed by the tobacco seedlings were mainly concentrated in leaves and their distribution was in the order of leaf>stem>roots.The biggest differences of nutrients between the north and south regions were found in the leaves,less in roots and smallest in stems of tobacco seedlings,indicating the stability of nutrients in stems but sensitivity in leaves to the environment.The rate of nutrient absorption,distribution in organs and concentrations in leaves changed generally with ecosystem environments including soils and climates.This could be the reasons why the quality of tobacco leaves is so diverse in various tobacco-producing regions of China.What is note-worthy is the fact that chlorine content is stably high in tobacco leaves of north China and nitrogen content is also high,which may lead to high concentrations of protein and nicotine in tobacco leaves.

1087 soil samples from 16 kinds of mother rocks and 1440 tobacco samples were analyzed to study the relationship between tobacco quality and mother rocks.The results showed that there was obvious difference in soil physical and chemical properties between different mother rocks and in quality of tobacco leaves.The organic matter and nitrogen content,and fertilizer conservation capacity of the soil developed from sand rock and sandy rock is lower.The available K content in the soil developed from basalt is higher.The chlorine content in the soil developed from tuff is lower.The exchangeable calcium and magnesium content in the soil developed from slate is poor.The CEC content in the soil developed from purple rock with calcium and basalt is high.The leaves of tobacco plants planted in the soils developed from basalt,tuff and purple rock with calcium has the characteristics of high sugar and lower nicotine content.The leaves of tobacco plants planted in the soil developed from slate has the characteristics of high K content and higher sugar/nicotine ratio.The leaves of tobacco plants planted in the soil developed from dolomitic limestone has the characteristics of high nicotine and lower sugar content.The sensory quality score of tobacco plants planted in the soil developed from slate is the highest,followed by the soils developed from tuff,purple rock with calcium,shale,basalt,sand rock and sandy rock.

Regionalization of tobacco with characteristics is tremendously significant to optimize tobacco resource configuration,reasonably arrange tobacco production,demonstrate leaf tobacco characteristics and improve tobacco qualities.The following issues concerning current regionalization of tobacco with characteristics are discussed.(1) The regionalization of tobacco with characteristics is based on tobacco quality characteristics and ecological conditions.(2) The concepts and characteristics of tobacco typical area and type area are suggested;(3) Suggestion is proposed on sub-regionalization,special type and boundary line in tobacco regionalization.

In this study, 12 counties in 7 provinces of China’s main tobacco cultivation areas were divided into 7 ecotopes based on geographic orientation and latitudinal difference. Then nicotine content variation in flue-cured tobacco under the same cultivation conditions in different ecotopes was analyzed. The results show extensive flue-cured tobacco nicotine content variation for different ecotopes. The degree of inter-annual nicotine content variation is highest for Liaoning and lowest for Henan and Fujian regions. Inter-annual nicotine content stability in the southern regions (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan and Fujian) is higher than in the northern regions (Liaoning, Shandong and Henan). Nicotine content variation in flue-cured tobacco among different stalk parts is highest for Guizhou and Sichuan, but lowest for Liaoning. The characteristics of nicotine content in the stalk parts are more obvious for the southern than the northern regions. Nicotine content variation in the stalk parts is low for Henan region but high for Fujian region. Nicotine content variation is high in middle leaves, low in lower leaves and relatively stable in upper leaves. Nicotine content stability in the different stalk parts and grades in north are higher than in the south. Nicotine content of orange leaves is higher than lemon-yellow leaves in all the ecotopes. Nicotine content variation among the different regions is mainly driven by variation of nicotine in orange leaves of flue-cured tobacco. Difference in nicotine content from one ecotope to another is significant. Nicotine content of flue-cured tobacco is highest for Henan region and lowest for Liaoning, and is higher for the north than for the south; that in Liaoning region is approaching that in the south, while that in Yunnan region approaching the north.

A series of field experiments were conducted to investigate the growth and qualities of flue-cured tobacco grown in typical and representative soils in 10 counties of 7 provinces in north and south China for three years.The results indicate the higher biomass and leaf yield of tobacco in north China(north tobacco) than those in the south(south tobacco).The slow growth rate of tobacco seedlings was observed in the early and late growth periods but fast in the middle.Simultaneously,south tobacco seedlings grew fast than the north in the early period and behaved otherwise in the middle and late.The results suggest that the fast growth in the middle and late growth periods resulted in the high biomass and high yield of north tobacco.In addition,the lower variation coefficients of growth rate were observed in north tobacco than the south.The diverse ecological conditions could benefit to produce tobacco with variable styles in south China.The contents of total and reductive sugars,proteins and nicotine were higher in north tobacco than that in south.Chloride was close to the maximum of criteria in north tobacco.These could be the reasons for the north tobacco tastes strong and flavors contrast with the south which is tastes light with delicate fragrances.Both north and south tobaccos were similar in the ratios of sugar/nicotine and sugar/protein,which ranged in normal scales,indicating harmonious chemical components and fine qualities of tobacco with different styles produced in China.

The relationship between soil nutrients and nicotine content of flue-cured tobacco leaves was analyzed by descriptive statistic analysis, stepwise regression analysis and canonical correlation analysis under the same cultivation conditions in 12 counties of 7 provinces. The results indicated that considerable differences of soil nutrient contents were found in different pilot counties. The variation extents of available P and total P were the biggest. The soil pH exhibited balanced distribution, while available K and total K showed the opposite. The variation of nicotine content was bigger in lower leaves than that in middle or upper leaves. There was significant correlation between nicotine content and soil nutrients. The correlation degree between nicotine content of different positioned flue-cured tobacco leaves and soil nutrient was apparently different. The dominant soil nutrient factors influencing the nicotine content of tobacco leaves were available N, pH, OM, available P and total P. The available N had the greatest effect on nicotine content, followed by soil pH. The available N, pH and OM had positive effects on nicotine content, while the available P and total P had negative correlations with nicotine. The principle measures to nutritional regulation of nicotine included the selection of weak acidic soil with moderate organic matter content, the control of nitrogen fertilizer rate and the increase of phosphate fertilizer rate.

In this study,12 counties in 7 provinces of Chinese main tobacco production areas were divided into south and north tobacco growing zones according to geographic orientation and latitude differences.Correlation and stepwise multiple regression between main chemical compositions of tobacco leaves and climate factors in different stages during the growing season in different tobacco-growing areas were performed under the same cultivation conditions.The results showed that there were significant correlation between chemical compositions of tobacco leaves and climatic factors in the north,but not in the south.There were more climatic factors affecting chemical compositions of tobacco leaves in the north than in the south.The relationships between tobacco chemical constitutions and different weather factors differed at different stages in the south and north tobacco growing areas.The dominant climate factors also varied.In general,the dominant climatic factors influencing the chemical compositions of tobacco leaves were relative humidity,diurnal temperature range and 10cm soil temperature in the north tobacco growing area,but were sun shine duration and rainfall in the south tobacco growing areas.

灰色关联分析是建立在灰色理论基础上的一种分析方法,应用灰色关联分析的原理,分析毕节地区气象因子与烟叶糖碱比之间的关联度。结果表明,各个气象因子与烟叶的糖碱比之间的关联度依次为:4月日照(0.767 983)>海拔(0.767 7)>20℃初日(0.766 7)>5月日照(0.7658)>纬度(0.7649)>年日照(0.7646)>6月日照(0.7641)>经度(0.7641)>9月日照(0.7640)>8月日照(0.7637)>7月日照(0.763 6)>4￣5月降水(0.760 4)>7月温度(0.759 4)>7￣8月温度(0.759 2)>18℃积温(0.672 2)>20℃日数(0.664 6),为毕节地区优质烤烟生产体系建立提供了重要的理论依据。