为有效利用林麝分布区可饲野生植物资源、拓展多指标综合评价法在麝饲料营养价值中的应用.以林麝分布区常见野生植物叶概略养分粗蛋白质、粗纤维、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物及粗灰分5项养分含量为评价指标,基于Z值法、主成分法、Topsis法及熵值系数法等多指标评价模型评价不同植物叶营养价值,并对4种评价结果进行二次综合评价.结果显示4种评价方法获得植物营养价值优劣总体具有一定的相似性,如细齿樱桃营养价值均最高,部分植物营养价值高低存在一定差异,个别植物营养价值评价结果差异较大;二次综合评价结果优劣排序为细齿樱桃(Cerasus serrula)＞薄叶铁线莲(Clematis gracilifolia)＞藜(Chenopodium album)、白 桦(Betula plaryphylla)＞梾木(Cornus macrophylla)＞高丛珍珠梅(Sorbaria arborea)＞美花铁线莲(Clematis potaninii)＞楤木(Aralia chinensis)＞红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)＞陇东海棠(Clematis gracilifolia)＞猕猴桃藤山柳(Clenatoclethra actinidioides)＞广布野豌豆(Vicia cracca)＞高山柳(Salix cupularis)＞微毛樱桃(Cerasus clarofolia)＞皂柳(Salix wallichiana)＞沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)＞湖北花楸(Sorbus hupehensis)＞披针叶胡颓子(Elaeagnus lanceolata)、多叶勾儿茶(Berchemia polyphylla)＞疏花槭(Acer laxiflorum)＞直穗小孽(Berberis dasystachya).研究结果可为探索驯养林麝种群饲料综合营养价值评价拓展思路、提供方法,为构建麝群科学化、稳健化发展相关技术体系提供补充.

Insights into changes in microorganisms and metabolites in irradiated marbled beef may help elucidate the beneficial effects of irradiation on prolonging the shelf life of meat. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and Pearson's correlation analyses were conducted to detect key microorganisms, core metabolites, and potential correlation between the microbiome and metabolome in marbling beef. Microbiome analysis showed that irradiation effectively eradicated the spoilage bacterium Leuconostoc and reduced the proportions of Carnobacterium and Lactobacillus in marbled beef. Additionally, results of metabolomic analysis involving irradiated marbled beef revealed that metabolites with significant differences were mainly organic acids and their derivatives, lipids, and lipid-like molecules, including six core metabolites. Furthermore, a significant correlation between key bacteria and metabolites was observed. Carnobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Leuconostoc affected the accumulation of core metabolites in irradiated marbled beef by influencing amino acid and lipid metabolism. Characterization of the microbiota and metabolites, as well as clarification of their correlation, can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms whereby irradiation helps maintain meat quality.

以3处不同地域驯养林麝种群为研究对象，采用分层随机抽样法对四川某麝场61只林麝（离散型年龄分布群）、陕西安康某麝场23只和凤县某麝场5只成体麝（＞2岁）泌香期不同生理阶段持续时间、主要气候因子及产香状况等进行观测、记录、统计分析。研究显示陕西、四川驯养种群泌香生理反应均存在2个泌香高峰期，安康驯养种群泌香高峰期集中于5月初和5月底，以5月底频发，四川则出现在6月初和6月下旬，以6月初频发，且5岁前随着年龄的增长，泌香反应集中且明显，此后随年龄增长而趋于平缓，四川驯养种群泌香启动时间较陕西晚1个月左右，两者泌香高频发期接近且两地麝群泌香生理反应主要在40d内完成；四川麝群不同年龄林麝泌香生理反应初期、盛期、后期及总持续时间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）,合并育成组和成年组仅麝群在泌香后期组间有显著差异；安康、四川两地麝群仅泌香后期持续时间差异显著（P＜0.05）;麝群中存在11.48%的个体在泌香季节出现2次泌香生理反应现象，但其麝香产量相对较低、且集中于8—9岁以上雄麝，麝群空香率9.8%左右，主要集中于9岁以上雄麝个体；麝群低产麝（产香量≤10g）占18.93%,中产麝（10g＜产香量≤20g）占45.94%,高产麝（20g＜产香量）占35.13%,产香量表现出较大变化幅度。上述结果显示不同地域温度、光照时间等对驯养麝群泌香期各生理阶段持续时间无显著影响，但对麝群泌香期启动时间影响显著；此外观测到林麝麝香产量似有与泌香生理反应强度有关。

Breeding captive forest musk deer is an important way to obtain musk resources, but it also causes changes in the ecological environment of the breeding site. This study compared the changes in soil bacterial communities inside and outside the captive breeding site and tried to find out its influencing factors. High-throughput sequencing analysis and other methods were used to analyze the changes in the bacterial community structure in the natural soil and forest surrounding the musk deer site after 4 years of captivity. The results showed that the main dominant phyla in the captive soil samples were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi. In order, Sphingomonadales (8.7%), Acidobacteriales (9.9%) and Solibacterales (6.1%) were dominant in the captive soil, while Rhizobiales (11.3%) and Gaiellales (6.2%) were found in non-captive soil. The main soil-specific microorganisms under captive conditions were Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales and Sphingomadales. These microorganisms mainly gather at the order level and can be used as indicator microorganisms. A canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the microbial diversity in captivity soil was significantly affected by the contents of organic matter, available phosphorus and total nitrogen. These results will provide a basis for the healthy breeding of animals and shed light on the protection of the ecological environment in the Bashan Mountains of Qinling.

Background Forest musk deer is an endangered species globally. The death of captive forest musk deer can be caused by certain respiratory system diseases. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a huge threat to the life of forest muck deer that breed in our department. Methods Lung histopathologic analysis was conducted by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The lung gene changes triggered by ARDS were examined by RNA sequencing and related bioinformatics analysis in forest musk deer. The potential functions of unigenes were investigated by NR, SwissProt KOG, GO, and KEGG annotation analyses. Vital biological processes or pathways in ARDS were examined by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Results A total of 3265 unigenes were differentially expressed (|log 2 fold-change|> 2 and adjusted P value < 0.01) in lung tissues of 3 forest musk deer with ARDS compared with normal lung tissues of the non-ARDS group. These differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) played crucial roles in immunity and defense responses to pathogens. Moreover, we identified the DEGs related to one or more of the following biological processes: lung development, immunity, and bacterial/viral/fungal infection. And six DEGs that might be involved in lung injury caused by immune dysregulation or viral/fungal infection were identified. Conclusion ARDS-mediated lung gene alterations were identified in forest musk deer. Moreover, multiple genes involved in lung development and lung defense responses to bacteria/viruses/fungi in ARDS were filtered out in forest musk deer.

Pneumonia can seriously threaten the life of forest musk deer (FMD, an endangered species). To gain a comprehensive understanding of pneumonia pathogenesis in FMD, iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis was performed in diseased (Pne group) lung tissues of FMD that died of pneumonia and normal lung tissues (Ctrl group) of FMD that died from fighting against each other. Results showed that 355 proteins were differentially expressed (fold change ≥ 1.2 and adjusted P-value < 0.05) in Pne vs. Ctrl. GO/KEGG annotation and enrichment analyses showed that dysregulated proteins might play vital roles in bacterial infection and immunity. Given the close association between bacterial infection and pneumonia, 32 dysregulated proteins related to Staphylococcus aureus infection, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells, and pathogenic Escherichia coli infection were screened out. Among these 32 proteins, 13 proteins were mapped to the bovine genome. Given the close phylogenetic relationships of FMD and bovine, the protein-protein interaction networks of the above-mentioned 13 proteins were constructed by the String database. Based on the node degree analysis, 5 potential key proteins related to pneumonia-related bacterial infection in FMD were filtered out. Moreover, 85 dysregulated proteins related to the immune system process were identified given the tight connection between immune dysregulation and pneumonia pathogenesis. Additionally, 12 proteins that might function as crucial players in pneumonia-related immune response in FMD were screened out using the same experimental strategies described above. In conclusion, some vital proteins, biological processes, and pathways in pneumonia development were identified in FMD.

本试验旨在研究家养林麝饲用植物叶养分特征和营养价值,为其不同生理状态下饲粮配制和饲料资源库建立提供基础数据.按国标规定的饲料概略养分分析法测定家养林麝采食的21种野生植物饲用部位养分含量,并进行适口性调查及营养类型划分;采用聚类及主成分分析法进行相似性分析和营养价值综合评价.结果显示:1)家养林麝采食的21种野生植物隶属11个目,13个科,17个属,其中乐食种类占9.52％,喜食种类占23.81％,嗜食种类占66.67％;饲用部位平均干物质、粗蛋白质、粗纤维、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物及粗灰分含量分别为(30.42±1.85)％、(16.18±5.59)％、(10.71±3.03)％、(4.55±2.69)％、(50.81±7.83)％及(8.24±3.96)％.2)植物营养类型可划分为7类,即氮型(14.29％)、氮碳型(57.14％)、碳氮型(9.52％)以及碳型、氮-灰分型、灰分-氮型和氮碳-灰分型(19.04％).3)综合评定营养价值依次为细齿樱桃>广布野豌豆>藜>薄叶铁线莲>白桦>披针叶胡颓子>梾木>皂柳>高丛珍珠梅>沙棘>猕猴桃腾山柳>美花铁线莲、红桦>高山柳>多叶勾儿茶>微毛樱桃、楤木>直穗小孽>疏花槭>陇东海棠>湖北华楸,该结果与聚类分析结果具有较高的一致性.综上所述,家养林麝可饲用植物性饲料类别较为丰富,种属分布广;风干基础粗纤维含量均低于18％,属粗纤维含量低、粗蛋白质含量高的非粗饲料类型,无氮浸出物含量高于50％的种类占71.43％,普遍具有可消化养分高的营养特性;喜食、嗜食植物种类高达90.48％,基本上属适口性好、喜食度高的饲料类型,生产中可广泛使用;营养类型中氮碳型种类最多,其次为氮型,此类饲料可为林麝提供大量碳源和氮源.

对陕西省14家林麝养殖场的211只仔麝进行泌尿系统结石病的调查,共发现5例病例,全部为雄性,雄麝发病率4.9％,治愈一只,治愈率仅20％.总结了此病的发病原因,对其预防和治疗提出了一些建议.

针对当前林麝养殖管理、遗传育种智能化水平较低的现状,融合养殖管理技术与分子遗传学设计了林麝资源管理平台,支持林麝资源及林麝养殖的日常管理,并可以通过养殖过程数据、林麝遗传谱系数据和有效分子标记数据进行林麝智能选配育种;基于当前主流的"公司+农户"的养殖场景,采用Net Framework和SQL Server构建了 B/S架构的平台软件系统,实现了养殖场管理、个体管理、品系管理、养殖过程管理、系谱分析绘制、亲缘系数计算、分子序列比对、个体/群体选配、可视化数据分析、系统配置等功能模块;通过测试发现,该平台功能完备、实现正确、人机交互界面友好,能够满足林麝日常养殖管理和配种选育需要,也可为改善林麝种质资源提供数据依据.

Alpine musk deer, Moschus chrysogaster, a solitary, primitive ungulate inhabiting high elevation areas (3000–4500 m) is an endangered species facing threat of extinction globally due to excessive hunting for its musk. In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome of M. chrysogaster, which was 16,354 bp in length, and revealed the same gene order and genomic organization as typical Moschidae mitochondrial DNA. Start codons in 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) were all typical ATGs except ATA for ND2 and ND3 and ATT for ND5. Stop codons were all typical types except an incomplete stop codon T for COX3, ND2, ND3, and ND4. Secondary structures in 22 transfer RNA genes all showed typical cloverleaf except tRNA-Ser (AGY), in which the dihydrouridine arm formed a simple loop. No repeat units were found in the control region. The topology structure indicated that M. cupreus was primitive and located at the root of the Moschidae clade. Phylogenetic reconstruction placed M. chrysogaster as a distinct lineage, closely related to the branch of M. leucogaster, M. berezovskii (wild) and predicted a sister relationship with M. moschiferus, M. anhuiensis, and M. berezovskii (captive). However, we suggested that the genetic resources of M. chrysogaster_JQ608470 should be further investigated.

麝科动物所有种以其资源珍稀、分泌麝香而成为珍稀类药用反刍动物典型物种之一.人工圈养种群研究及其产业的稳健发展有力地促进了麝类资源保护及以麝香产品开发相关的中医药事业发展.随着饲养规模、生存环境、生产性能等的逐步变化,麝类动物健康养殖相关技术研究需要进一步探索、完善.结合现有研究资料及在林麝饲养生产实践经验基础上,对林麝胃肠道、下泌尿道中几种疾病病因、临床症状、剖解结果与用药效果等方面进行了探索、阐述,期望对麝健康养殖科学饲养管理及相关疾病的诊治提供参考.

花面狸属杂食性经济类小型动物,人工圈养种群发展较快、经济价值较高、技术成熟度高.主要依据多年来从事花面狸研究及积累的实践经验,总结、凝练了花面狸养殖场在群体结构合理的基础上,日常管理及技术操作涵盖的内容、要点和注意事项,并编制了群体数量变化、谱系档案记录、繁殖记录、疾病记录及调拨记录等,旨在为花面狸养殖场制定科学、合理的生产计划,以便简便、快速的掌握养殖场经营利用状况和生产中的问题,科学规范的进行花面狸养殖、提高生产效率及经济效益等方面提供参考.

为了探究泌香期雄麝皮质醇和睾酮的变化规律及其对麝香产量的影响,试验选取6头雄麝,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定雄麝泌香期粪便中的皮质醇和睾酮含量,并对其与麝香产量进行相关性分析.结果 表明:在泌香期三个阶段,皮质醇和睾酮含量都呈现先增高后降低的趋势;皮质醇、睾酮含量与麝香产量相关性不显著(P＞0.05).说明利用粪便样品来研究圈养林麝类固醇激素是一种较为理想的方法,可以开展以粪便类固醇激素为核心的多种试验和推广工作.

通过对胚体期和生后期花面狸的形态特征及体质量、体尺指标进行观测和数理分析,揭示其生长发育规律,并构建最优生长曲线模型,为掌握花面狸生长发育规律进行科学饲养、选育提供依据.结果显示,母狸妊娠15日龄时胚胎已附植,25日龄胎儿基本具备花面狸外形,35日龄胎儿性别分化,48日龄胎毛覆盖较多且部分特征性斑纹明显,出生前被毛、斑纹发育完全;胎儿体质量增长最快,生长强度35日龄最强;体长生长速度35日龄前最快,生长强度35日龄最高;肩高生长速度出生前最快,生长强度35日龄最显著;尾长35日龄前生长速度最快,生长强度最高;生长发育早晚顺序为尾长、体长、肩高及体质量.幼狸1～3月龄生长发育最快,3～5月龄次之,5月龄以后变慢;雌、雄狸体质量最大生长强度分别达4.00、4.14,体长为0.93、0.92,肩高为0.86、0.94,尾长为0.11、0.10;生后期体长、肩高不存在体型性二型,幼体、亚成体尾长不存在体型性二型,但成体期存在较为明显的体型性二型,体质量各阶段存在较为明显的体型性二型.Brody模型最适于描述花面狸的生长发育状况,采用拟合度高且有生长拐点的Gompertz模型估测雌、雄花面狸的体质量生长拐点为6.71月龄和6.62月龄.

麝香质量受种类遗传、年龄、当年泌香期健康状态、饲养管理水平等多方面影响,水分、麝香酮是影响麝香质量的主要因素,形状、色泽、气味等物理性状是判别麝香质量的重要依据,为了解天然麝香物理性状与水分、麝香酮含量间的相关性,对采集的新鲜麝香样品按照物理性状分4组,Ⅰ组麝香形状干散、杂质少、豆瓣含量多、棕褐色、气味浓烈;Ⅱ组麝香湿散砂状、有小颗粒、棕褐色、气味浓;Ⅲ组麝香湿泥条状或糊状、灰褐或浅棕色、气味淡;Ⅳ组麝香为白色或浅黄色、味腥.在各组中随机抽取天然麝香样品,常规法测定水分,并用GC/MS法测定其麝香酮含量.结果 表明:鲜麝香平均水分含量51.28％,经测试4组样品中各组水分含量相似,组内方差分析差异不显著(P＞0.05).水分含量Ⅰ组最低,平均为(45.24±4.50)％,Ⅲ组最高,平均为(60.64±6.27)％;麝香酮含量,Ⅰ组平均为(2.94±0.36)％＞2.5％,Ⅱ组平均为(2.10±0.08)％＞2.0％,Ⅲ组平均为(1.62±0.05)％＜2.0％,Ⅳ组平均为(0.56±0.15)％＜1.0％.通过对麝香物理性状与麝香酮、水分含量等相关性的研究,首次构建一种简单易操作的麝香产品收购分级分类方法,可为麝香的品质鉴定实践提供指导.

The musk response is a unique physiological function of the musk deer, which is directly expressed in the secretion and formation of musk. This study aimed to reveal the relationship between the musk secretion start-up time, different physiological stages and age distribution of musk deer in order to elucidate the mechanism of musk, explore factors influencing musk yield and quality, and provide scientific feeding and breeding management techniques for musk deer. Genealogical records were collected for 50 musk deer from six age groups (1-, 2-, 4-, 5-, 7- and 9-year-old). Observations of feeding intake, behavior, defecation frequency, texture, color and smell of pellets were used to classify the entire musk period into three stages. Complete data for 39 musk deer were recorded. All data were analyzed using Excel 2003 and SAS 9.0 software. Two peaks in the age group were dominated by the adult (> 2-year-old ) and bred group (≤ 2-year-old). The start-up time of the adult group was earlier than that of the bred group (approximately 15 days), and the whole physiological period lasted longer and the change was relatively flat. Younger the musk deer, later the start up time of musk secretion; However, the musk physiological period was more concentrated. The duration of every physiological stage in the 6 age groups was not significantly different, and the duration of variation was bigger. A T-test of non-paired samples was carried out to compare the differences in 3 stages between the adult and bred group. The prime musk-secreting stage was not significantly different (T = –0.68, P = 0.499 2). The vigorous musk secreting stage of the bred group (2.89 d, n = 18) and adult group (4.10 d, n = 21) was significantly different (T = –2.59, P = 0.013 5), whilst the later musk secreting stage was not significantly different (T = –0.26, P = 0.799 7). The total musk physiological period of the bred group (8.67 d, n = 18) and adult group (10.24 d, n = 21) was significantly different (T = –2.05, P = 0.047 0). These results show that the time of vigorous musk secreting stage, total time and musk yield, and quality need to be further explored. The results of this study can lay the foundation for scientific feeding and breeding management techniques and clarify the relationship between the duration of different physiological stages of the musk-secreting period and the yield and quality of musk.

Molecular markers is a quick and efficient method for collecting forest musk deer DNA,and is also the fundament for selection of improved varieties.In this study,feces of forest musk deer was used as object,efficiency of DNA extraction from feces of forest musk deer was compared between normal and improved methods,and two methods were used as control and treated group,respectively.The feces were exposed for 0 d,2 d,4 d,6 d after it was collected from forest musk deer.Two methods with control and treated group were carried out to extract feces DNA,and PCR was used to amplify samples by primer of GAPDH in forest musk deer.Target DNA fragment was separated by agarose gel electrophoresis.Optical density of DNA sample from feces exposed in air for 0 d for reference,and relative optical density was obtained by comparing optical density from that of 2 d,4 d and 6 d with that of 0 d.The results showed that feces were gradually tarnished and roughened with timedependant.DNA was efficiently extracted from forest musk deer feces by both methods in control and treated groups.In treated groups,DNA level significantly increased by comparing 2 d and 4 d with 0 d,and there was no difference at 6 d,compared with 0 d;in control group,DNA level was only obviously elevated at 2 d,compared with 0 d,and DNA level at 4 d and 6 d was declined to that of 0 d.With control groups used as reference,DNA level from treated group was significantly higher than that of control group at all time points.The results demonstrated that DNA could be efficiently obtained from forest musk deer feces from treated groups,which would provide the basis for molecular marker and breeding in forest musk deer.

林麝是濒危资源动物,林麝驯养是保育濒危林麝资源及可持续利用麝香的有效方式。基于对2001至2012年间的陕西凤县林麝驯养的监测和调查,分析了其种群动态、性比和年龄结构。结果表明,陕西凤县的林麝驯养在近10余年获得了快速发展,全县共有150余个麝场,麝场数呈指数式增长,增长率达27.33%,但其平均驯养规模无明显增长,平均存栏种群仅为16.38头。凤县的驯养麝种群总体增长近似指数式增长,增长率达27.22%,目前存栏种群已达3712头。区分性别和年龄,各亚群的增长均呈指数式增长,幼年麝的增长率（30.30%）高于成年麝（27.16%）,雄麝的增长率（28.30%）高于雌麝（27.78%）。在2001至2012年间,幼麝种群的雌雄性比（（102.64±3.15）%,n=12）和成年麝种群的雌雄性比（（100.85±2.585）%,n=10）均显著偏雌（P＜0.01）,但幼麝、成年麝种群间的性比差异不显著（P＞0.05）。在2005年及2010—2012年间,幼麝（0.5岁龄）占种群的比例为31.91%,亚成体麝（1.5岁龄）占种群的比例为21.11%,成麝（2.5—12.5岁龄）比例为42.72%,老年麝（13.5岁龄及以上）仅占种群的4.26%。合并年龄分析,育龄前个体（幼麝和亚成体麝）的平均比例为53.02%,表明凤县驯养林麝属快速增长种群,其增长潜力较大。在林麝驯养实践中,管理部门可制定准入制度或适当重组现有麝场,促进较大的驯养种群构建,并建立通畅的麝香交易渠道,控制林麝种源的过热交易,以利于林麝驯养种群的性比平衡及可持续的繁育、增长。

根据GenBank已公布的化脓隐秘杆菌溶血素(（Pyolysin,PLO）基因设计6条引物,建立一种灵敏的环介导等温扩增方法（loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP）用于化脓隐秘杆菌（Arcanobacterium pyogenes）的快速检测,并对检测方法的特异性和灵敏度进行验证。对化脓隐秘杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、非O1霍乱弧菌、单增李斯特氏菌、表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、嗜水气单孢菌、副溶血性弧菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌等9株实验菌株进行的特异性试验表明,建立的LAMP方法仅对化脓隐秘杆菌的检测结果为阳性;该方法的检测灵敏度在DNA水平上可达112 fg。采用本研究建立的方法检测20份林麝临床病例样品,共鉴定出10株化脓隐秘杆菌,与API Coryne生化鉴定方法的符合率为100%。