Based on the data (1980—2022) of marine capture productions of Shandong province, we analyzed the marine catch structure and input factor of marine fisheries in Shandong Province. The study showed that the marine capture productions in Shandong Province had been growing before 1999, and declined obviously since 1999. The fishing structure of fisheries catch went to pluralism. The proportion of marine fishes were steady, while the crustaceans and shellfish decreased evidently. The number of marine fishing motor vessels was falling since 1996. By 2001, the number of professional fishing labor force began to decline. And after 2000, the total power and tonnage of marine fishing motor vessels came down year by year. The marine capture productions had a high degree of the number of professional fishing labor force and marine fishing motor vessels. Based on the above analysis, conclusions were given: The fishing capacity of Shandong Province is excessive; The marine fishing vessel has been becoming bigger; With the improvement of fishing policies, the contradiction between the reduction of nearshore fishery resources and fishing capacity has been effectively alleviated; With the decline of fisheries stock, fisheries governance needs to be strengthened; The policy of fishermen's conversion of production and industry needs to be further optimized to shift towards conservation-focused and deep-sea activities.

为探究中国近海大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)耳石微化学成分特征及群体分化状况,采集了连云港、青岛、威海、烟台、秦皇岛、大连、丹东7个野生群体和1个威海养殖群体的大泷六线鱼样本.利用LA-ICPMS技术测定耳石中的微量元素,以微量元素与钙的比值进行了分析,结果显示大泷六线鱼耳石中,Na/Ca、Sr/Ca、Fe/Ca、Mg/Ca较高,而Mn/Ca、Ba/Ca、Zn/Ca、Li/Ca较低.耳石1龄前元素比值的组间比较(S-N-K检验)结果显示:Na/Ca、Sr/Ca、Fe/Ca在群体间具显著性差异(P<0.05).耳石边缘区元素与环境中元素比较发现,Li、Mn元素在耳石中富集程度较大,Sr在耳石的中元素含量远远大于水环境中的浓度,说明耳石中的元素沉积与海水中元素并不是简单的线性关系.判别分析结果显示:耳石1龄前元素指纹的判别分析结果表明,大泷六线鱼群体的判别成功率为63.0％,判别正确范围为30.0％～80.0％,耳石边缘区元素的判别正确率为57.1％,判别正确范围20.0％～80.0％,秦皇岛群体有高的判别成功率80.0％.耳石元素指纹可以用于不同大泷六线鱼群体的判别研究.

The high similarity of shellfish images and unbalanced samples are key factors affecting the accuracy of shellfish recognition. This study proposes a new shellfish recognition method FL_Net based on a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). We first establish the shellfish image (SI) dataset with 68 species and 93 574 images, and then propose a filter pruning and repairing model driven by an output entropy and orthogonality measurement for the recognition of shellfish with high similarity features to improve the feature expression ability of valid information. For the shellfish recognition with unbalanced samples, a hybrid loss function, including regularization term and focus loss term, is employed to reduce the weight of easily classified samples by controlling the shared weight of each sample species to the total loss. The experimental results show that the accuracy of shellfish recognition of the proposed method is 93.95%, 13.68% higher than the benchmark network (VGG16), and the accuracy of shellfish recognition is improved by 0.46%, 17.41%, 17.36%, 4.46%, 1.67%, and 1.03% respectively compared with AlexNet, GoogLeNet, ResNet50, SN_Net, MutualNet, and ResNeSt, which are used to verify the efficiency of the proposed method.

For promoting the healthy and sustainable development of China′s marine breeding and mariculture industry, this paper summarized the development trend of foreign marine seed industry and the development status of China′s marine seed industry, analyzed the problems existing in the development of China′s marine seed industry, and put forward countermeasures and suggestions. The results showed that the developed countries had a deep accumulation of traditional breeding technology, basic research had accelerated industrial technological transformation, and multinational enterprises had accelerated the layout of global marine breeding. China′s marine seed industry had made progress in basic research, breeding technology system and industrial development foundation, but there were some problems such as insufficient supporting capacity of basic research, low efficiency of new variety research and development, low coverage of industrial improved varieties and lagging protection of marine germplasm resources. Therefore, the development of marine seed industry in China should strengthen the basic research, strengthen the research and development of breeding core technology, build an integrated system with enterprises as the main body, and improve the protection level of marine germplasm resources.

为探究邻近海域大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)群体间的判别问题,共采集中国黄、渤海近岸海域7个野生群体(连云港、青岛、威海、烟台、秦皇岛、大连、丹东)和1个养殖群体(威海)的大泷六线鱼共183尾,利用传统形态测量法和傅里叶分析对不同群体耳石形态进行多元统计分析.典型判别分析结果显示,传统形态测量法选择8个参数值用于判别分析,傅里叶分析法选择12个系数(elliptic Fourier descriptors,EFDs)用于判别分析,综合判别成功率为79.2％.聚类分析显示,威海养殖群体在最外层,与野生群体距离较远,与判别散点图结果一致.丹东、青岛野生群体自成一支,与其他群体距离较远,可被认定为独立的生态群体,推测环境因素是导致不同群体间耳石差异的主要原因.

为研究紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)体尺性状和体质量性状对足丝性状的影响,作者选取山东省青岛市即墨养殖区的紫贻贝为研究对象,分别测量壳长、壳宽、壳高等3个体尺性状,全湿质量、软体质量2个体质量性状以及足丝直径和足丝茎直径2个足丝性状,通过相关性分析、多元回归分析和通径分析等方法分别研究了体尺性状和体质量性状对足丝性状的影响.结果显示:所有性状间相关系数为0.678～0.892,性状间相关性达到极显著水平(P<0.01);多元回归和通径分析结果显示,壳高和全湿质量分别对足丝性状的影响最大,壳高对足丝性状通径系数分别为0.515和0.508,全湿质量对足丝性状分别为0.417和0.520;建立了体尺性状、体质量性状对足丝直径和足丝茎直径的回归方程.

太平洋牡蛎又称长牡蛎、褶牡蛎,隶属于软体动物门、瓣鳃纲、翼形亚纲、珍珠贝目、牡蛎科、巨蛎属.太平洋牡蛎原产于日本,20世纪80年代被我国引进,因其生长快、产量高、口感细嫩、味鲜清香,很快成为我国主要海水养殖品种,带动了我国牡蛎养殖业的发展.我国牡蛎养殖模式从传统的滩涂乱石、条石、插竹等养殖方式,逐渐发展为浅海棚架、延绳、浮筏、吊笼、生态养殖等多种养殖方式.本文就目前我国太平洋牡蛎主要养殖模式进行总结,以期对太平洋牡蛎养殖业的绿色可持续发展有所促进.

从患病的鲤鱼体内分离出一株致病菌S-1,通过16S rRNA测序分析及系统进化树构建等综合鉴定该菌为维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii).序列分析结果显示,该菌株与维氏气单胞菌的亲缘关系最近,相似率达到99.8％.该菌株对氯霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、头孢氨苄、头孢哌酮、头孢曲松、头孢唑林、头孢他啶、头孢呋辛、米诺环素、氧氟沙星、哌拉西林、丁胺卡那、复方新诺明等抗生素高度敏感,对诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、羧苄西林、痢特灵、多粘菌素B、卡那霉素、苯唑西林、万古霉素、克林霉素、氨苄西林、青霉素等药物具有耐药性.该研究对防治由维氏气单胞菌引起的水产养殖动物疾病有积极意义.

为探讨山东沿海不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum形态变异与地理分化特点,采用形态度量学方法,通过方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析对山东沿海菲律宾蛤仔的滨州无棣(WD)、烟台八角(BJ)、烟台牟平(MP)、烟台蓬莱(PL)、威海乳山(RS)、青岛丰城(FC)和青岛七沟(QG)7个野生群体共765个样本进行形态变异分析.结果表明:7个群体形态上存在一定的差异,但仍为种群间差异;主成分分析得到两个主要成分,第一主成分由壳宽/壳长、总重/壳长、壳宽/壳高决定,贡献率为57.36％,第二主成分主要由软体重/壳长决定,贡献率为38.32％,两者的累计贡献率达到了 95.67％.乳山群体壳薄,壳型最扁,最肥,经济价值最高;无棣群体的贝壳小,壳厚,肥满度仅次于乳山群体;蓬莱、牟平群体贝壳大,壳薄;青岛八角与丰城群体贝壳小,壳厚,肥满度一般;青岛七沟群体壳最厚,最瘦.聚类分析结果显示7个地理群体形态上的变异与地理距离并不明显相关.

近年来水产种质领域从国家层面到省级层面陆续建立了多个种质资源信息平台,通过标准化的数据加工处理建立起了完整、实用、方便、高效的水产种质资源信息系统,使种质资源数据管理更加科学化、规范化.文章对我国当前水产种质资源信息平台现状进行了梳理,简要介绍了几个重要的国家级平台和部分省级平台,分析了信息平台的数据来源、类型等,并对水产种质资源信息平台后续发展提出了建议.

采用软骨-硬骨双染色方法,对大泷六线鱼仔稚鱼头部骨骼的发育过程进行详细观察与分析.结果显示:大泷六线鱼初孵仔鱼头部已存在迈克尔氏软骨、腭方骨、舌棒骨和第一基舌软骨等骨骼元件;当仔鱼4 DPH时,第二基鳃软骨出现在第一基鳃软骨后端,缘带向后延伸,且软骨桥出现,将头盖骨分为前卤和后卤;9 DPH时,3对鳃下骨,第五对角腮骨可见;13 DPH时,迈克尔氏软骨背中部突,4对鳃上骨、鼻骨、中筛板和侧筛板相继出现;16—21 DPH时,基舌骨出现在第一基鳃软骨前方;23 DPH时,齿骨开始骨化;26 DPH时,前颌骨和上颌骨开始骨化;至35 DPH时,前颌骨和上颌骨完成骨化;50 DPH时,副蝶骨、前鳃盖骨、缘带、后翼骨、鼻骨和续骨完成骨化;60 DPH时,大泷六线鱼头部骨骼,除舌棒骨外,基本骨化完成.研究摸清了大泷六线鱼仔稚鱼头部骨骼不同骨元件的发育时序,阐释了头部骨骼的发育规律及其特殊性,为大泷六线鱼早期骨骼功能发育研究及头部骨骼畸形鉴定提供了科学依据.

种质是指生物体亲代传递给子代的遗传物质,往往存在于特定品种中.水产种质资源是农业种质资源的重要组成部分,是水产育种业、养殖业的遗传材料,是支撑国民生产、人民生活和社会科技活动的重要基础.生物遗传资源的拥有量和研发利用程度现已成为衡量一个国家可持续发展能力和综合国力的重要指标.2020年2月,国务院发布的《国务院办公厅关于加强农业种质资源保护与利用的意见》指出了农业种质资源保护利用的重要意义,并提出了具体要求和管理措施等,这份文件将农业种质资源保护利用提高到一个新的高度.受新冠肺炎疫情影响,水产品安全问题受到社会的广泛关注,更显得水产种质资源的保护利用技术及食物安全研究对满足生产实际需求和优质安全水产品生活保障意义重大.

为调查青岛即墨丁字湾潮间带菌种资源及优势度情况,采集丁字湾潮间带沉积物,利用平板划线法分离纯化细菌,根据生理生化实验和16S rRNA 基因序列分析对分离细菌进行菌种鉴定.结果表明:共分离到细菌66株,属于细菌域的2个大系统发育类群:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)中的2个科(Vibrionaceae和Bacillaceae))3个属(V ibrio 、Bacillus和Shew anella) .青岛即墨丁字湾潮间带内地衣芽孢杆菌(12 .12%) 、枯草芽孢杆菌(22 .73%)和蜡状芽孢杆菌(12 .12%)属于优势种,其他菌株均为常见种,芽孢杆菌属为优势属(74 .24%) .

开展魁蚶中国群体和韩国群体的正反杂交试验,建立了中国群体 ♀ × 韩国群体♂(中韩正交群体)、中国群体♀ ×中国群体♂(中国群体)、韩国群体♀ ×中国群体♂(中韩反交群体)、韩国群体♀×韩国群体♂(韩国群体)4个群体.稚贝出池后在海区(N 35°32′41.85″,E 119°41′29.49″)常规笼养,分别在4、5、7、9、11、13月龄取样,分析其生长、存活及杂种优势.研究结果显示,中韩正交群体壳长、壳高、壳宽和湿质量的杂种优势变化趋势一致:前期杂种优势率随着日龄的增长而持续增大,到11月龄时最高,13月龄又明显下降.11月龄壳长、壳高、壳宽和湿质量的杂种优势率分别为7.73％、4.80％、8.84％ 和27.44％,其中湿质量的杂种优势最为显著;中韩反交群体4个性状在7月龄和11月龄的杂种优势率基本为正值,最高值为2.61％.中韩正交群体和中韩反交群体存活率的杂交优势率均为正值,分别为5.89％ 和4.15％,中韩正交群体杂交优势略高于中韩反交群体.综合分析表明,中韩正交群体在生长性状和存活率上存在明显的杂种优势,是一种理想的育种材料.研究结果可为魁蚶种质资源的开发利用和杂交育种提供理论支撑和技术参考.

太平洋牡蛎又称日本真牡蛎,主要分布在日本沿海,具有体形大、生长快、出肉率高、适应性强等优点,经济价值较高.20世纪70年代,我国将其从日本引进,成功建立了太平洋牡蛎人工育苗技术,有效带动了牡蛎产业的发展.近些年,随着养殖规模的不断扩大,太平洋牡蛎人工繁育群体出现了种质退化、抗逆能力变差等问题.因此,在太平洋牡蛎苗种培育过程中,每个环节都需要严格把控,培育健康苗种十分必要.

本文比较了胰酶消化法、网搓法和机械研磨法3种方法对获得游离日本蟳精子的效果.对获得的精子进行超低温冷冻保存,用曙红Y进行染色,检测精子的存活率.使用7种不同稀释液、不同浓度的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、甘油(GLY)、1,2-丙二醇(PG)为抗冻保护剂,在6种不同的降温程序下,对日本蟳精子进行超低温冷冻保存,后在不同的温度下解冻复苏精子.实验结果表明:3种精子获取方法中以搓洗法的实验效果最好,胰酶消化法的效果次之,最差的是机械研磨法.其中搓洗法中以500目的筛绢效果最好,精子密度达2.56×1013个/mL.日本蟳精子冷冻保存实验结果表明,稀释液以去钙人工海水、抗冻保护剂以5％ DMSO、平衡时间20 min、降温程序P-1(0℃平衡20 min;-5℃/min降至-80℃;-80℃平衡5 min;-20℃/min降至-180℃;然后置于液氮中保存),水浴解冻37.5℃的效果最好,精子存活率最高.

The black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii is a commercially important fish species for marine fishery stock enhancement in Asia. This work aimed to evaluate the potential genetic impacts of releasing hatchery-reared juvenile black rockfish on wild stock in Lidao Bay, China. A partial sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and 38 microsatellite DNA loci were used to assess the genetic impact. The haplotype diversity parameter (h) and nucleotide diversity parameter (π) in hatchery-released stock were 0.902 and 0.00483, respectively. The h values in wild stock before stock enhancement and the mixed stock after enhancement were 0.970 and 0.939 (p = 0.025), respectively, and the π values were 0.00581 and 0.00526 (p = 0.150), respectively. The mean effective number of alleles (Ae) in hatchery-released stock was 4.76, the mean polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.674, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.668, and the expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.697. In wild stock before stock enhancement and the mixed stock after enhancement, the Ae, PIC, Ho, and He values were 6.01 and 5.82, 0.698 and 0.716, 0.709 and 0.741, and 0.735 and 0.754, respectively. These results indicated no marked decrease in the hatchery-released stock, although it displayed slightly lower levels of genetic diversity and heterozygosity than the wild stock. And the mixed stock after release exhibited similar genetic diversity to that of the wild stock before release. Accordingly, we propose that stock enhancement may not cause genetic diversity reduction on wild S. schlegelii stock in Lidao Bay over the short term. Whereas, discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) analysis identified three major clusters. The fixation index (FST) and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) also clearly showed low level but significant differentiations between the hatchery-released and wild stocks, and the wild stock before enhancement and the mixed stock after enhancement. Consequently, long-term genetic evaluation might be required.

通过分离鉴定患病鲥鱼致病菌,研究其药敏特性.从患病的鲥鱼体内分离出一株致病菌W-1,通过生理生化反应及16S rRNA测序分析等进行综合鉴定,最后进行药敏试验确定其药敏特性.结果发现致病菌W-1为革兰氏阴性菌,呈淡黄色圆形菌落.序列分析结果显示,该菌株与温和气单胞菌的亲缘关系最近,相似率达到99.8％,综合鉴定该菌为温和气单胞菌,对头孢拉定、头孢曲松、头孢他啶等18种抗生素高度敏感,对青霉素、克林霉素、万古霉素、等药物具有耐药性.该研究对防治由温和气单胞菌引起的水产养殖动物疾病有积极意义.

为研究不同群体许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)营养成分差异,对烟台、青岛、威海、日照、丹东及大连地区6个不同群体的许氏平鲉进行肌肉基础营养成分测定和氨基酸评价.参考国家标准规定方法进行水分、灰分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白及肌肉氨基酸的测定,实验结果表明,6个群体许氏平鲉肌肉中水分含量差异性不显著(P＞0.05),灰分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白组间有显著性差异(P＜0.05).青岛群体的必需氨基酸总量及氨基酸总量、氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)及必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)均要高于其他群体;青岛和烟台群体的鲜味氨基酸总量较高.对所有氨基酸进行主成分分析与聚类分析,发现烟台群体与其他群体差异较大.对6个群体进行普通判别分析,判别成功率均为100.00％.AAS结果表明,烟台群体第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸与胱氨酸,其他群体第一限制性氨基酸均为缬氨酸.CS结果表明,6个群体第一限制性氨基酸均为蛋氨酸与胱氨酸.综合比较,许氏平鲉是一种良好的蛋白质来源,以青岛许氏平鲉蛋白质营养价值最高.

许多爱吃鱼头的人会遇到被鱼头里小石头状东西硌到牙的情况,这个白色稍带珍珠光泽的“小石头”就是鱼的矢耳石.鱼类耳石存在于硬骨鱼类内耳的膜迷路中,起平衡和听觉作用.耳石具有种的特异性,并且记录了鱼类生长过程中丰富的理化信息,因此自上世纪80年代开始,诸多研究人员开始对耳石进行研究.硬骨鱼类共有三对耳石,微耳石、矢耳石和星耳石各一对,分别在鱼内耳的椭圆囊、球囊和听壶中(图1),主要由碳酸钙构成,起平衡和听觉作用.目前为止人们研究最多、了解最多的是矢耳石,本文主要对矢耳石展开介绍.