目的 探讨单次静脉注射和灌胃毒死蜱后,毒死蜱在家兔体内的毒代动力学过程.方法 分别以2和10 mg/kg·bw剂量给家兔静脉注射染毒,分别以100和500 mg/kg· bw剂量给家兔灌胃染毒,于给药后不同时间采集血液样本;应用气相色谱法测定各样本中毒死蜱及其特异性代谢产物的含量,用DAS 3.0软件计算毒代动力学参数.结果 毒死蜱经静脉染毒2 mg/kg·bw组非房室模型统计矩参数血浆中峰浓度为(1.83±0.43) mg/L;半衰期为(7.03+3.26)h;浓度曲线下面积为(0.53±0.19) mg/L×h.10 mg/kg组非房室模型统计矩参数血浆中峰浓度为(2.95±1.10) mg/L;半衰期为(10.91±2.21)h;浓度曲线下面积为(2.13±0.45) mg/L×h.毒死蜱经口染毒100 mg/kg组非房室模型统计矩参数血浆中峰浓度为(1.21±0.42)mg/L;半衰期为(13.58±11.18)h;浓度曲线下面积为(2.80±0.91) mg/L×h.500 mg/kg·bw组非房室模型统计矩参数血浆中峰浓度为(6.38±1.26) mg/L;半衰期为(22.07±7.73)h;浓度曲线下面积为(154.06±43.69)mg/L×h.结论 毒死蜱经静脉染毒在家兔体内的变化过程符合二室模型,经口染毒符合三室模型.获得了不同染毒方式毒死蜱在家兔体内的毒代动力学参数.

[目的]利用正交设计和体外实验的方法评价血液灌流清除毒死蜱及其代谢产物的效果.[方法]建立体外模拟血液灌流的实验模型.通过正交实验设计探索血药浓度、血液灌流速度、吸附剂的种类和血液灌流持续时间等因素对血液灌流清除毒死蜱及其代谢产物能力的影响.[结果]血药浓度、血液灌流速度、吸附剂种类和血液灌流持续时间对毒死蜱及其代谢产物的清除率均有影响(P＜0.01).对清除率影响程度大小的顺序为血液灌流持续时间＞吸附剂种类＞血药浓度＞血液灌流速度.正交实验表明各因素的最佳组合为在低血药浓度(毒死蜱为1 mg/L,3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇为10 mg/L)中采用2 mL/min血流速度、活性炭吸附剂、血液灌流持续120 min,此时毒死蜱及其代谢产物的清除率最高.[结论]体外实验条件下,血液灌流可有效清除毒死蜱及其代谢产物.血液灌流速度、吸附剂的种类、血液灌流持续时间对毒死蜱及其代谢产物的清除率均有影响.

Objective To establish a methodology for determining indium in human whole blood , serum and urine by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry ( ICP-MS ) .Methods The whole blood , serum and urine samples were diluted 10 times in 0.01%(mass fraction) Triton X-100 plus 0.50%(mass fraction) nitric acid solution, and the indium level was determined by ICP-MS.Rhodium standard solution was used as the internal standard control .Results The working curve obtained from measurement of whole blood , serum and urine of normal individuals was compared to the standard curve and showed no significant difference in quantitative analysis ( P>0.05 ) .The linearity range of indium concentration in whole blood , serum and urine was 0.000-20.000 μg/L, and all the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 with a detection limit of 0.144 μg/L.The recovery rates of whole blood , serum and urine were 87.90%-95.92%, 91.50%-94.20%and 90.40%-96.57%, respectively .The relative standard deviations ( RSDs) of within-run precision were 3.81%-7.05%, 3.75%-5.90% and 4.31%-6.62%, respectively .The RSDs of between-run precision were 2.90%-7.10%, 3.80%-5.92% and 4.16%-5.94%, respectively .Samples could be stored for at least 14 days under the temperature of -20 ℃.The indium in whole blood , serum and urine of workers occupationally exposed to indium (exposure group, 135 person-time) and control group workers (120 person-time) were examined.Indium was detected for 17 person-time in whole blood and serum in the exposure group with a detection rate of 1.26%.Indium was not detected in urine samples in exposure group .It was not detected in all samples in control group .Conclusion This methodology has features of simple operation , high accuracy and good precision , which is suitable for the accurate quantitative analysis of indium in biological samples .

Objective To analyze the epidemiological and personal behavioral data of HIV-infected patients in Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, so as to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in Shenzhen.Methods The general information of HIV-infected patients diagnosed in Peking University Shenzhen Hospital were collected during the period from 2010 to 2014.SPSS 15.0 was used for the descriptive epidemiological analysis.Results A total of 228 HIV-infected patients were diagnosed during 2010-2014, including 191 males and 37 females.Among these patients, 70 cases (30.70％) were local residents in Shenzhen, The educational level of 170 cases (74.56％) were below junior college.One hundred sixty-nine cases (74.12％) were 20-39 years old.The transmission routes included heterosexual transmission (162 cases), homosexual transmission (56 cases), transmission via blood or needle sharing (5 cases), and unknown routes (5 cases).Conclusions Sexual transmission was the main transmission route of HIV in Shenzhen.Young adults, mobile population or temporary residents, and people with low educational level were high risk population groups and needed more health education.The testing of HIV in hospitals should be strengthened for early detection and medical interventions for HIV-infected patients/AIDS patients.Therefore, the life quality of HIV/AIDS patients could be improved, as well as the professional exposure of medical staff could be reduced.Finally, the AIDS related education programs for high risk population should be enhanced.The occupational exposure of medical workers can thus be diminished.

目的:分析福田区恶性肿瘤现状,探讨恶性肿瘤发病分布规律及趋势,为制定防治策略提供科学依据.方法:建立恶性肿瘤登记报告制度,收集辖区各医疗单位2009-2014年连续6年的恶性肿瘤报卡进行统计分析.结果:2009-2014年福田区恶性肿瘤发病率有上升的趋势;户籍人口恶性肿瘤发病率相对稳定,非户籍人口发病率快速上升;乳腺癌、结直肠癌、肺癌、宫颈原位癌、甲状腺癌发病率高,是福田区恶性肿瘤发病的主要类型;发病率从30岁开始随着年龄增高而不断上升,至80岁达到高峰,发病年龄有提前的趋势.结论:恶性肿瘤已成为严重威胁福田区居民健康的危险因素.因此,开展恶性肿瘤危险因素研究,加强预防恶性肿瘤的健康教育,开展疾病筛查,充分利用社区资源,建立由卫生部门为主导,多部门共同参与的社区恶性肿瘤综合防治是当前卫生工作的重点.

Objective To establish a simple and sensitive method for simultaneous detection of chlorpyrifos (CPF), and its metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) in plasma samples by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Methods The 0.5 mL of blood sample was extracted by ethyl acetate , then separated by C18 column using acetonitrile/water as a mobile phase and detected by diode-array detector under the ultraviolet spectrum of 298 nm (0.0-2.0 min) and 289 nm (2.0-5.0 min) through UPLC.Results The method showed that a good linear range was 1.00-50.00 mg/L of both CPF and TCP, and the correlation coefficients was 0.999 9.The limit of detection was 0.30 mg/L and the lower limits of quantitation was 1.00 mg/L of both CPF and TCP .The recovery rates of CPF and TCP were 87.20%-103.08%and 86.20%-99.28%, respectively.The within-run relative standard deviation ( RSD) of CPF and TCP was 5.28%-6.17%and 2.32%-4.43%, and the between-run RSD was 6.62%-7.53%and 3.55%-5.24%.Samples can be kept in 4 degrees Celsius refrigerator for 7 days.Conclusions The proposed method is simple , reliable and sensitive .It can be applied for simultaneous detection of CPF and its metabolite TCP in plasma samples .

目的 了解2009-2014年深圳市福田区工作场所苯系物职业危害状况,为制定控制苯系物职业危害的具体措施和方案提供依据.方法 对使用苯系物企业进行职业卫生学调查,工作场所空气中苯系物经活性炭采集,二硫化碳解析后,注入氢火焰离子检测器(FID)气相色谱仪进行分析,计算空气中苯系物浓度,并对福田区5年内的空气样品的检测结果分布进行分析.结果 苯系物中,甲苯的检出率最高(36.7％),其余依次为乙苯(26.7％)、二甲苯(16.2％)、苯(6.9％)、苯乙烯(2.4％).苯的检出率虽低,但检出浓度[8 h时间加权平均浓度(CTWA)]较高,27.3％的检出样品CTWA超过职业接触限值,部分样品达到职业接触限值的3～4倍,最高浓度为23.8 mg/m3.风险较大的其次为甲苯,6.7％的检出样本CTWA超过限值的50％,并有1.5％检出样品超标.二甲苯、乙苯、苯乙烯风险较小,其中乙苯检出率虽高,但浓度较低,CTWA全部分布于职业接触限值的10％以下.结论 相比于二甲苯、乙苯、苯乙烯,福田区工作场所苯、甲苯职业危害风险较大,应有针对性地加强生产工艺改革和通风等防护措施,改善作业环境,加强职业卫生健康监测.

OBJECTIVE To establish the method of capillary column gas chromatography for determination of ethylene glycol in workplace air. METHODS Ethylene glycol in workplace air was collected with silicone tube, desorbed with methanol, separated with FFAP (nitroterephthalic acid-modified polyethylene glycol)capillary column, and measured with flame ionization detector. RESULTS The detection limit of ethylene glycol was 0.41 mg/L, the lower limit of quantification was 1.4 mg/L, the range of measurement was 1.4~163.9 mg/L, and the minimum detectable concentration was 0.3 mg/m3 (1.5 L of air was collected as the sample). This method had a good repeatability, the relative standard deviation was 1.4%~5.2%, the average desorption efficiency was 94.4%~101.7%, and the sampling efficiency was 99.2%~100%. The penetrating capacity of 200 mg silicone was higher than 6.9 mg, and the samples could be preserved for 14 days at room temperature. CONCLUSION The method has a low detection limit, high accuracy, and good precision, which is feasible for determination of ethylene glycol in workplace air.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the sensitization effect of different chemical modifiers in the determination of indium in whole blood by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, and to develop a new method for the determination of indium in whole blood.METHODS:A mixture of 0.3% HNO3 (V/V) + 0.1% Triton X-100 (V/V) was used as a diluent, and a solution of 1 000 µg/ml Pd (NO3)2 + 3 000 µg/ml Mg (NO3)2 was used as modifier. After being diluted five times, the concentration of indium of the blood was directly determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.RESULTS:The detection limit of the method was 0.33 µg/L, the linear range was 0.33~100.00 µg/L, the relative standard deviation was 1.43%~2.65%, and the recovery rate was 98.3%~105.3%.CONCLUSION:The method is simple and fast and has high recovery and precision, and it is suitable for the determination of indium in whole blood.

OBJECTIVETo understand the exposed positions and levels of indium and its compounds in manufacture of liquid crystal displays, and to evaluate the degree of occupational hazard from indium and its compounds.METHODSOn-site investigation of occupational health, occupational hazard monitoring, and occupational health examination were used to evaluate the degree of occupational hazard from indium and its compounds in three manufacturers of liquid crystal display panel in Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.RESULTSThe time-weighted average (TWA) and short-term exposure limit (STEL) concentrations of indium and its compounds to which sputtering machine operating positions were exposed were less than 0.002~0.004 mg/m³ and 0.006~0.007 mg/m³, respectively, both of which complied with the National Hygienic Standard (PC-TWA = 0.1 mg/m³; PC-STEL = 0.3 mg/m³); the TWA and STEL concentrations of indium and its compounds to which grinding positions were exposed were 0.114~2.98 mg/m³ and 0.31~10.02 mg/m³, respectively, both of which exceeded the National Hygienic Standard with the highest concentration 33-fold higher than the standard. No significant health damages were found in exposed workers according to the results of occupational health examination.CONCLUSIONThe grinding positions are the key to the control of occupational hazard from indium and its compounds in manufacture of liquid crystal display panel. The workers should be equipped with the anti-particulate full-face respirator, which is an effective way to prevent occupational hazard from indium and its compounds.

随着我国科学技术的不断发展,铟及其化合物已被广泛地应用于制造业、临床医学,甚至航空及原子能工业等多种行业,人们接触铟及其化合物的机会愈来愈多,铟及其化合物对健康的影响也日益受到社会和学术界的关注.对铟及其化合物接触生物标志物的检测可反映个体暴露水平,并对预防相关健康损害有积极作用.我们综述了近年来铟及其化合物接触生物标志物方面的研究进展。

目的建立尿中三氯乙酸(TCA)的顶空气相色谱-质谱联用测定方法。方法尿中TCA加热脱羧生成三氯甲烷,经三合一自动进样器顶空进样,气相色谱柱分离,质谱检测器检测。结果 TCA在0.061 1～305.436 8μmol/L范围内线性良好(相关系数>0.999),最低检出浓度为0.009 2μmol/L(V=3 ml),不同浓度的相对标准偏差为4.5%～8.7%,样品加标回收率为82.0%～98.3%。结论本法简便、灵敏、准确,可同时应用于正常人群、职业接触人群和中毒病人的尿TCA的检测。

[Objective]To establish solvent desorption gas chromatographic method for determination of propionic acid and acrylic acid in the air of workplace.[Methods]After collection with silicagel tube,propionic acid and acrylic acid were desorbed with acetone,and then separated with FFAP capillary columns and detected with flame ionization detector[Results]A satisfactory separation was obtained with sharp peak shape. The linearity ranges were 1. 9-1 984 mg / L for propionic acid and 2. 1-526. 0 mg / L for acrylic acid. The linear correlation coefficients were both higher than 0. 999. The limits of detection were 1. 9 mg / L and 2. 1 mg / L respectively. And the minimum detectable concentrations were both 0. 2 mg / m3( 15 L air sample). The method had a good reproducibility,with relative standard deviations( RSD) of 0. 4%-1. 9% and 0. 4%-2. 5% respectively. The average desorption efficiencies were 89. 0%-94. 1% and 83. 6%-89. 2%. [Conclusion]The method is feasible for simultaneous determination of propionic acid and acrylic acid in the air of workplace.

[目的]建立工作场所空气中正丙醇的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。[方法]采用活性炭管采集,1%异丁醇的二硫化碳溶液解吸,经FFAP毛细管色谱柱分离的气相色谱测定方法。[结果]正丙醇线性范围为0.64-964.3μg/mL;最低检出浓度为0.4 mg/m(3以采集1.5 L空气样品计);相对标准偏差为1.7%-4.3%;解吸效率为84.1%-84.8%;采样效率为98.5%-100%;100 mg活性炭对正丙醇的穿透容量大于16.0 mg;样品在室温下至少可保存7 d。[结论]本方法重现性好,适用于工作场所空气中正丙醇的测定。

OBJECTIVE:To establish a solvent desorption Gas chromatographic method for detecting the isoflurane in air of workplaces.METHODS:This method is based on "Standardization of methods for determination of toxic substances in workplace air".RESULTS:This method presents the linear relation with the minimum detectable limit 1.0 µg/ml and the minimum detectable concentration 0.07 mg/m(3). The precision (RSD) was 0.5% ∼ 5.0%, the mean dsorption efficiencies were 96.7% ∼ 98.9%, the absorption efficiencies were 92.1% ∼ 100%, the breakthrough volume was 3.7 mg isoflurane/100 mg active carbon. Other volatile organic solvents (Sevoflurane, Enflurane and Ethyl Alcohol) did not interfere the detection. The sample could be stored in the active carbon tube at least for 10 days.CONCLUSION:This method is meet the requirement of GBZ/T 210.4-2008 "Guide for establishing occupational health standards-Part4: Determination methods of air chemicals in workplace" and is feasible for determining the isoflurane in the air of workplaces.

[Objective]To establish solvent desorption gas chromatographic method for determination of n-pentane、n-heptane and noctane in the air of the workplace.[Methods]Capillary gas chromatography was applied to collect samples with activated carbon tube and separate with DB-1 capillary columns.[Results]Linear limits of the methods was 0. 3 ～ 3131 mg/L for n-pentane,0. 3 ～ 3418 mg/L for n-heptane,and 0. 3 ～ 7025 mg/L for n-octane. The linear equation were Y = 1. 910X + 23. 00( r = 0. 999 91) ,Y = 2. 251X-10. 64( r = 0. 999 98) and Y = 2. 305X-34. 45( r = 0. 999 97) respectively. The limits of detection were 0. 3 mg/L . The determination has a good reproducibility . Their relative standard deviations ( RSD) were 0. 2% ～ 0. 6% ,0. 4% ～ 0. 8% and 0. 4% ～ 0. 8% respectively. The average desorption efficiencies were 98. 0% ～ 105. 2% ,99. 1% ～ 101. 4% and 98. 7% ～ 99. 3% .[Conclusion] The method shows lower detection limit,high accuracy and precision. It is feasible for determination of n-pentane、n-heptane and noctane in workplace air.

目的 建立石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定全血中钴的新方法 .方法 以3 g/L Mg(NO3)4、0.2%Triton X-100和0.1%HNO3(体积分数)混合液为基体改进剂,对血液适当稀释后,直接用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定钴的含量.结果 方法 最低检出限(n=10)为0.27 μg/L,平均特征质量为16.3～18.8 pg/0.0044 A,线性范围为0～80μg/L,相对标准偏差3.2%～4.8%,平均回收率为91.0%～96.9%.结论 方法 具有简便、快速、回收率高、精密度高的优点,该法适用于全血中钴含量的测定.