构建三级表面流人工湿地处理低浓度猪场废水并评价其净化效果,同时利用高通量测序技术表征湿地运行前后底泥微生物群落结构变化.低浓度猪场废水中化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)分别为87.7、32.3、29.5、3.3 mg/L,经三级人工湿地处理后出水各指标平均质量浓度分别为20.0、8.7、8.5、0.5 mg/L,即该人工湿地对各指标的去除率分别为77%、73%、71%、84%.表面流人工湿地的运行影响了底泥微生物群落结构,各级人工湿地底泥细菌群落多样性和丰富度均显著高于原始土壤.微生物群落分析表明,酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)以及脱硫菌门(Desulfobacterota)是底泥微生物群落的优势门.基于共线网络分析发现,m(COD)/m(P)、m(N)/m(P)以及TP是影响底泥菌群结构的主要环境因素,其对Acidobacteria以及Desulfobacterota有显著影响.

[目的]我国有机废弃物产量巨大,理清我国有机废弃物总量及其养分资源量,有助于实现有机废弃物中养分资源的充分利用,对保障化肥使用量零增长和国家粮食安全具有重大意义.[方法]以我国2009-2019年间典型有机废弃物(秸秆、畜禽粪便、农村人粪尿、污泥和生活有机垃圾)的年产量为研究对象,通过查阅我国统计数据和公开发表的文献资料,对近10年我国有机废弃物总量及其养分资源量进行估算,分析有机废弃物利用潜力.[结果]2009-2019年有机废弃物资源量和养分总量相对稳定,平均有机废弃物总量(干重)为12.9亿t,平均养分含量(N、P2O5、K2O)为4537.9万t.2019年废弃物资源量达13.11亿t(干重),相比2009年增加7.1％;养分总量达到4503.5万t,相比2009年增加3.0％.2019年有机废弃物全量还田可以输入氮(N)约1653.3万t、磷(P2O5)约799.6万t、钾(K2O)约2050.6万t,分别占作物养分需求量的71.8％、75.9％和153.2％.秸秆的氮和钾养分量最大,分别占有机废弃物中单质总养分的46.3％(N)和65.8％(K2O),磷养分量以畜禽粪便最高,占单质总养分的54.5％(P2O5).[结论]我国近10年有机废弃物年产生量及其养分资源量保持较高水平,具有广阔的利用空间.在我国有机废弃物养分资源结构保持不变且全量还田的情况下,有机废弃物中的氮、磷、钾养分可以满足作物各类养分需求的71.8％(N)、75.9％(P2O5)、100％(K2O).

The study was carried out to determine the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and Lactobacillus casei ( L. casei) supplementation on growth performance, serum antioxidant enzyme activi?ty and structure of intestinal microflora of weanling piglets. A total of 312 crossed-bred (Duroc× Changbai×Dabai) weanling piglets, weighted an average body weight of (7.06±0.02) kg, were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 6 replicates and 13 piglets per treatment according to the body weight:control group (A) fed a basal diet, groups (B, C, D, E) fed experimental diets supplemented with 0.5 g/kg COS, 1010 CFU/kg L. casei, 0.5 g/kg COS and 1010 CFU/kg L. casei respectively. Supplemen?tation of 0.5 g/kg COS and 1010 CFU/kg L. casei (group D) increased the average daily gain (ADG) and reduced the feed to gain ration (F/G) for the periods 0~14 d, 15~32 d and 0~32 d, especially the effect of reducing F/G for the period 15~32 d was remarkable (P<0.05). Supplementation of 1010 CFU/kg L. casei (group C) decreased ratio of diarrhoea of weanling piglets. Supplementation of 0.5 g/kg COS (group B) increased the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reduced the concentra?tion of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum for the period 0~32 d (P<0.05). After 14 days, the quan?tity of Flintibacter butyricum and Lactobacillus crispatus of group C and D are higher than group A and B, meanwhile, the quantity of Ruminococcus bromii and Roseburia intestinalis of group C and D are higher than group A and B after 32 days. In conclusion, COS could improve antioxidant function, L. casei could increase the number of intestinal probiotics and decrease ratio of diarrhoea of weanling piglets; Supplementation of COS and L. casei could improve feed conversion rate, increase the number of beneficial microorganisms in intestinal tract and make the intestine healthier of piglets.

The effects of different feed additives on pork quality were studied by testing the physiological and biochemical in-dex.270 healthy weaned pigs of 21 days old,were randomly divided into 5 treatments with 6 replicates and 9 per replicate.The positive control group(A)was fed a basal diet supplemented with antibiotics,groups(B,C,D,E)were fed experimental diets supplemented with 0.05 g/kg Lactococcus probiotics(Enterococcus faecium),0.25 g/kg compound probiotics(E.faecium and Lactobacillus plantarum),0.334 g/kg polyphenol additives and 0.15 g/kg selenium yeast,respectively.The trial period was 138 days.Results showed that :diet supplementation with different feed additives could increase the brightness,tenderness and sweetness of pork.The antioxidant capacity was improved to varying degrees.Selenium yeast had the best effect and Lac‐tobacillus took the second place,both were better than Lactococcus probiotics and polyphenol additives.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Lactobacillus salivarious Ls04 on the intestinal microflora and the mucosal SIgA content in mice.Totally 100 SPF male mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups:Ls high-,Ls medium-and Ls low-dose and control groups,and the mice were orally administrated with different doses of Ls04 and water for continuous 15 d,respectively.The mice in all treatments before and at 15 d of oral administration,and the mice in the Ls medium-dose group at 3 d,7 d and 14 d after the termination of oral administration were sacrificed.The populations of Bifidobacterium,Lactobadllus,Enterococcus,Enterobacteriaceae,and Clostridium perfringens and the SIgA contents were determined in the large intestine tissue and in the small intestine mucosa,respectively.Ls04 significantly increased the numbers of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria,and significantly reduced the counts ofEnterobacteriaceae,Enterococcus and C.perfringens,and compared with Ls high-dose group,Ls medium-dose group exhibited no significant differences in the numbers of Bifidobacterium,Enterobacteriaceae,and Enterococcus in this experiment.After the end of the oral administration in the Ls medium-dose treatment,the numbers of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were decreased significantly (P＜0.05),but still the numbers at 14 d were higher than those before oral administration.Enterococcus were still significantly inhibited at 14 d.During oral administration,the content of the mucosal SIgA were significantly increased in the Ls medium-dose group,and although the SIgA content was significantly decreased after the end of the oral administration,the SIgA content at 14 d was still higher than that before the oral administration.Our findings indicated that Ls04 could effectively increase the numbers of the beneficial bacterial and inhibit the enteropathogenic bacteria,and effectively improve the secretion of the mucosal SIgA,stimulating the immune response in mice.

A total of 368 Duroc×Landrace×Large finishing pigs were randomly allocated to four treatments with 4 replicates per treatment according to body weight.Diets were:control without Bacillus subtilis;100 g/t Bacillus subtilis supplementation;200 g/t Bacillus subtilis supplementation and 300g/t Bacillus subtilis supplementation.Dietary 300 g/t Bacillus subtilis increased FCR(P<0.05),and decreased the use of gastrointestinal drugs compared with the control group.Finishing pigs in 300 g/t Bacillus subtilis supplementation group can make another 43 yuan in profit compared to the control.In conclusion,the re-sults indicate that bacillus subtilis supplementation can improve the growth performance and economic benefit of finishing pigs.

The study was conducted to test that the effects of different levels of Lactobacillus casei on weaned piglet growth performance and antioxidative ability.A total of 96 (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) piglets weaned at 14 days old were randomly allocated to one of four treatments with 4 replicates per treatment according to bodyweight.The control group fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet and treatments supplemented with 106,107 and 108 CFU/g of Lactobacillus casel The results showed that:compared with the control group dietary Lactobacillus casei had no effect on average daily gain (ADG),average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed convertion ratio (FCR) of piglets.Dietary 107 and 108 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei reduced diarrhea rate compared with the control group and 106 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei group (P＜0.05),and there was no difference between 107 and 108 CFU/g Lactobacillus casel Dietary 107 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei increased (P＜0.05) serum and liver glutathione peroxidase (SOD) activity and reduced (P＜0.01) maleic dialdehyde (MDA) levels of piglet compared with the control diet.In conclusion,Dietary 107 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei was effective in reducing diarrhea rate and enhancing antioxidant enzymes activity of weaned piglets.

试验旨在研究微生态制剂、植物提取物多酚和酵母硒对仔猪生产性能和肠道菌群多样性的影响.试验选用270头21日龄健康断奶仔猪,随机分为5组:在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中分别添加50g/t乳球菌微生态制剂、250g/t乳酸菌复合微生态制剂、334g/t多酚复合添加剂和150g/t酵母硒;正对照组饲喂基础日粮+抗生素,试验期138d.试验结果表明,与正对照抗生素组相比,各处理组的生产性能无显著差异,从数值上看,乳球菌组和乳酸菌组的料重比均低于正对照组.试验第1d,乳酸菌组粪便中卷曲乳酸杆菌、解纤维梭菌和瘤胃球菌增多,乳球菌组柔嫩梭菌增多,多酚组和酵母硒组Papillibacter cinnamivorans增多.由此可见,以上几种添加剂对仔猪和生长育肥猪的生长性能均有改善作用,且对仔猪肠道内微生物菌群有一定影响.

The study was carried out to determine the effects of maternal Chinese herb supple mentation during gestation and lactation on performance of sows and their nursing piglets.A to tal of 60 multiparous sows were randomly allocated to two treatments with 30 replicates per treat ment according to parity number and backfat thickness.Sows were fed 1 of 2 diets from gesta tion to 21 d of lactation.Diets were: control without Chinese herb and with 1% Chinese herb sup plementation.Piglet bodyweight was measured at birth and 21 d.Average daily feed intake(AD FI) of the sows during lactation was recorded.Fecal score was obtained from the gestation and lactation sows.The total number of piglets born,piglets born alive and piglets born dead per lit ter did not differ among groups.Chinese herb supplementation increased the birth weights,weight gains of piglets(P<0.10) and weaning weights(P<0.05) compared with the control group.Dietary Chinese herb also increased sow ADFI during lactation(P<0.10).Fecal score of sows fed the Chinese herb diets was lower(P<0.05) during late-gestation and lactation compared with the control sows.In conclusion,the results indicated that Chinese herb supplementation increased ADFI of sows and weights of weaning piglets,and improved the constipation problem of sows.