试验旨在研究壳寡糖对断奶仔猪生长性能、血清抗氧化指标及肠道微生物菌群的影响.选取300头(6.71±0.19) kg“杜×长×大”健康的28日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10头猪.对照组(A)饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验组(B、C、D、E)分别在基础饲粮中添加0.25、0.5、1g/kg和2g/kg壳寡糖,试验期为35 d.结果表明:C组和E组提高了断奶仔猪15～35 d和0～35 d这两个阶段的平均日增重并且降低了料重比,同时C组降低了断奶仔猪腹泻率.C组和D组显著提高0～14 d阶段血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量(P＜0.05),C组同时提高了总抗氧化能力(T-AOC) (P＞0.05).试验35dC组显著提高了血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的含量,C组Papillibacter cinnamivorans数量相较于其它各处理组较高.壳寡糖可有效提高断奶仔猪日增重、饲料转化率、降低腹泻率同时可提高血清中总抗氧化能力、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶与超氧化物歧化酶的活性,增加Papillibacter cinnamivorans数量,且最适添加量为0.5 g/kg饲料.

The effects of different feed additives on pork quality were studied by testing the physiological and biochemical in-dex.270 healthy weaned pigs of 21 days old,were randomly divided into 5 treatments with 6 replicates and 9 per replicate.The positive control group(A)was fed a basal diet supplemented with antibiotics,groups(B,C,D,E)were fed experimental diets supplemented with 0.05 g/kg Lactococcus probiotics(Enterococcus faecium),0.25 g/kg compound probiotics(E.faecium and Lactobacillus plantarum),0.334 g/kg polyphenol additives and 0.15 g/kg selenium yeast,respectively.The trial period was 138 days.Results showed that :diet supplementation with different feed additives could increase the brightness,tenderness and sweetness of pork.The antioxidant capacity was improved to varying degrees.Selenium yeast had the best effect and Lac‐tobacillus took the second place,both were better than Lactococcus probiotics and polyphenol additives.

断奶仔猪腹泻是一类严重危害养猪业发展的疾病.目前养殖生产中常用抗生素治疗,导致耐药性增加,从营养调控角度预防腹泻是主要措施之一.研究从断奶仔猪生理特点阐述腹泻产生原因及主要营养调控手段,以期降低抗生素使用,推动绿色健康养殖.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Lactobacillus salivarious Ls04 on the intestinal microflora and the mucosal SIgA content in mice.Totally 100 SPF male mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups:Ls high-,Ls medium-and Ls low-dose and control groups,and the mice were orally administrated with different doses of Ls04 and water for continuous 15 d,respectively.The mice in all treatments before and at 15 d of oral administration,and the mice in the Ls medium-dose group at 3 d,7 d and 14 d after the termination of oral administration were sacrificed.The populations of Bifidobacterium,Lactobadllus,Enterococcus,Enterobacteriaceae,and Clostridium perfringens and the SIgA contents were determined in the large intestine tissue and in the small intestine mucosa,respectively.Ls04 significantly increased the numbers of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria,and significantly reduced the counts ofEnterobacteriaceae,Enterococcus and C.perfringens,and compared with Ls high-dose group,Ls medium-dose group exhibited no significant differences in the numbers of Bifidobacterium,Enterobacteriaceae,and Enterococcus in this experiment.After the end of the oral administration in the Ls medium-dose treatment,the numbers of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were decreased significantly (P＜0.05),but still the numbers at 14 d were higher than those before oral administration.Enterococcus were still significantly inhibited at 14 d.During oral administration,the content of the mucosal SIgA were significantly increased in the Ls medium-dose group,and although the SIgA content was significantly decreased after the end of the oral administration,the SIgA content at 14 d was still higher than that before the oral administration.Our findings indicated that Ls04 could effectively increase the numbers of the beneficial bacterial and inhibit the enteropathogenic bacteria,and effectively improve the secretion of the mucosal SIgA,stimulating the immune response in mice.

A total of 368 Duroc×Landrace×Large finishing pigs were randomly allocated to four treatments with 4 replicates per treatment according to body weight.Diets were:control without Bacillus subtilis;100 g/t Bacillus subtilis supplementation;200 g/t Bacillus subtilis supplementation and 300g/t Bacillus subtilis supplementation.Dietary 300 g/t Bacillus subtilis increased FCR(P<0.05),and decreased the use of gastrointestinal drugs compared with the control group.Finishing pigs in 300 g/t Bacillus subtilis supplementation group can make another 43 yuan in profit compared to the control.In conclusion,the re-sults indicate that bacillus subtilis supplementation can improve the growth performance and economic benefit of finishing pigs.

A mature production mode in respect to animal welfare should both satisfy basic needs of animal behavior and suit to the large-scale and factory production,so that animal production and carcass quality could be guaranteed.In this review,we introduced some aspects related to animal welfare including basic needs of animal welfare,management and welfare of sows,stress in piglets,health welfare,prevention and control of diseases and slaughter in order to provide a scientific basis for the improvement of pig welfare.

霉菌毒素不仅会对细胞的RNA、DNA以及蛋白质各种物质的合成产生一定的影响,而且还对在一定程度上增加细胞内部活性氧的含量,这样便可以造成一定的氧化应激状态,进一步对细胞造成一定的氧化损伤和DNA损伤.低浓度的霉菌毒素还会对畜禽的免疫功能和生产性能造成一定的影响,高浓度的霉菌毒素还会对动物的各个脏器造成严重的损伤,甚至还会危及生命.鉴于此,本文先对霉菌毒素的危害进行了一定的分析,然后对霉菌毒素吸附剂进行了一定的阐述,以其可以为相关人士提供一定的参考.

The study was conducted to test that the effects of different levels of Lactobacillus casei on weaned piglet growth performance and antioxidative ability.A total of 96 (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) piglets weaned at 14 days old were randomly allocated to one of four treatments with 4 replicates per treatment according to bodyweight.The control group fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet and treatments supplemented with 106,107 and 108 CFU/g of Lactobacillus casel The results showed that:compared with the control group dietary Lactobacillus casei had no effect on average daily gain (ADG),average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed convertion ratio (FCR) of piglets.Dietary 107 and 108 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei reduced diarrhea rate compared with the control group and 106 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei group (P＜0.05),and there was no difference between 107 and 108 CFU/g Lactobacillus casel Dietary 107 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei increased (P＜0.05) serum and liver glutathione peroxidase (SOD) activity and reduced (P＜0.01) maleic dialdehyde (MDA) levels of piglet compared with the control diet.In conclusion,Dietary 107 CFU/g Lactobacillus casei was effective in reducing diarrhea rate and enhancing antioxidant enzymes activity of weaned piglets.

沙门菌作为常见的食源性病原菌之一,同时是引起断奶仔猪腹泻的重要病原菌之一,我国每年因沙门菌感染所引起的经济损失严重.沙门菌感染通常会导致猪副伤寒,主要特征是严重的系统性疾病,并且可能会导致肠炎或腹泻性疾病.本研究通过收集全国范围内仔猪腹泻样品,对沙门菌进行分离鉴定,了解规模化猪场沙门菌流行情况,同时对沙门菌抗生素敏感性进行分析.从我国16个省份,84个猪场,571份样品中分离得到的128株沙门菌中,发现最常见的血清型是鼠伤寒沙门菌,其次是德尔卑沙门菌、伦敦沙门菌、婴儿沙门菌、韦太夫雷登沙门菌和阿贡纳沙门菌.这些沙门菌的耐药情况严重,尤其是复方新诺明,其耐药率高达100％.

试验旨在研究微生态制剂、植物提取物多酚和酵母硒对仔猪生产性能和肠道菌群多样性的影响.试验选用270头21日龄健康断奶仔猪,随机分为5组:在玉米-豆粕型基础日粮中分别添加50g/t乳球菌微生态制剂、250g/t乳酸菌复合微生态制剂、334g/t多酚复合添加剂和150g/t酵母硒;正对照组饲喂基础日粮+抗生素,试验期138d.试验结果表明,与正对照抗生素组相比,各处理组的生产性能无显著差异,从数值上看,乳球菌组和乳酸菌组的料重比均低于正对照组.试验第1d,乳酸菌组粪便中卷曲乳酸杆菌、解纤维梭菌和瘤胃球菌增多,乳球菌组柔嫩梭菌增多,多酚组和酵母硒组Papillibacter cinnamivorans增多.由此可见,以上几种添加剂对仔猪和生长育肥猪的生长性能均有改善作用,且对仔猪肠道内微生物菌群有一定影响.

随着社会的发展,我国的养禽业规模不断扩大,对于禽产品的需求量不断增加,同时也暴露出了更多的问题,主要是畜禽沙门氏菌病所造成的公共卫生问题,该部分也是越来越受到重视.就目前的情况来看,我们需要高度重视加强鸡场的卫生消毒和禽沙门氏菌病的检疫净化工作,防止沙门氏菌病的不断传播,并且也不断加强日常的管理,定期地进行饲养环境的控制,防止大范围的传播,更好地确保禽养殖业的健康发展.基于此本文分析了畜禽沙门氏菌病防治.

This experiment was conducted to explore the effects of Lactobacillus johnsonii on average daily gain,blood indices and organ indices in rats.Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats,half of male and female,were randomly allotted into 4 groups in accordance with the principle of similar weight:Negative control group,group Ⅰ (5 000 mg/kg body weight),group Ⅱ (1 000 mg/kg body weight) and group Ⅲ (200 mg/kg body weight).Each group had 20 rats,half of male and female.The experiment lasted for 30 days.Lactobacillus johnsonii was added to drinking water and the dosage was calculated as 20％ of the weight of the rats.The results showed as follows:there was no significant difference (P＞0.05) on BWG,total feed intake,FCR,blood indices and organ indices of rats when the dosage was 200 mg/kg and 1 000 mg/kg body weight.When the dosage was 5 000 mg/kg body weight,there was no significant difference (P＞0.05) on aspartate transaminase,blood glucose and total cholesterol.Compared with other groups,the alanine aminotransferase were significantly decreased (P＜0.05);serum albumin and total protein were significantly increased (P＜0.05);while blood urea nitrogen level of female and creatinine level of male rat were significantly increased (P＜0.05).It is concluded that when the dosage of Lactobacillus johnsonii was lower than 1 000 mg/kg body weight,it had no effect to rats on average daily gain,blood indices and organ indices;when the dosage of Lactobacillus johnsonii was up to 5 000 mg/kg body weight,it had an effect on the organ index of rats.

本试验研究了饲粮添加不同水平约氏乳杆菌对断奶仔猪生产性能、血液学指标、脏器指数和组织病理学的影响,以评价约氏乳杆菌的耐受性.试验选用180头28日龄三元杂交(杜×长×大)断奶仔猪,随机分为5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6头猪,对照组基础饲粮中不添加约氏乳杆菌,4个处理组分别在基础饲粮中添加1.0×105、1.0×106、1.0×107和1.0×108 CFU/g约氏乳杆菌,试验期28 d.结果表明:与对照组比较,饲粮添加1.0×105～1.0×108 CFU/g约氏乳杆菌处理组的仔猪,其耗料增重比均显著降低(P＜0.05),且各处理组间差异不显著(P＞0.05);饲粮添加1.0×107和1.0×108 CFU/g约氏乳杆菌组,其肝脏指数显著高于其他各组(P＜0.05),其他指标各组间均无显著差异(P＞0.05).综上所述,饲粮添加约氏乳杆菌会显著改善断奶仔猪耗料增重比;饲粮添加1.0×107和1.0×108 CFU/g约氏乳杆菌对断奶仔猪肝脏指数有显著影响;饲粮添加高达1.0×108 CFU/g约氏乳杆菌对断奶仔猪组织病理观察无不良影响.

Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) in piglets is associated with colonization of the intestine with bacterial pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the use of recombinant porcine β-defensin 2 (rpBD2) as a medicated feed additive for weaned piglets. The crude extract from the culture supernatant of rpBD2-expressing Pichia pastoris was used as a medicated feed additive for weaned piglets. Dietary treatments included a positive control (basal diet + antibiotics, designated PC) and three different rpBD2 treatments without antibiotics (basal diet supplemented with 1, 5, or 15 g of crude rpBD2/kg basal diet, designated 1PD, 5PD, and 15PD, respectively). Of all the treatments, 5PD had the greatest impact on the weaned piglets. It increased their body weight, average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake, and intestinal villus height in the duodenum and jejunum, and reduced the incidence of PWD. The diversity of the cecal digesta and mucosa microflora was compared between the weaned piglets in the PC and 5PD groups. Piglets treated with 5PD had lower diversity indices and fewer bacterial pathogens in their cecal digesta and mucosa than the PC group. Our results demonstrate that crude rpBD2 could provide an alternative to the traditional antibiotic feed additives given to weaned piglets.

本试验研究了日粮添加不同水平约氏乳杆菌菌粉对断奶仔猪生产性能、免疫指标、肠道pH值和有机酸含量的影响.试验选用180头28日龄平均初始体重为8.03 kg杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪,随机分为5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复6头猪.对照组日粮为玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,4个试验组日粮分别在基础日粮中添加1.0×105、1.0×106、1.0×107、1.0×108 CFU/g约氏乳杆菌菌粉,试验期28 d.结果表明:日粮添加约氏乳杆菌菌粉显著改善了断奶仔猪的耗料增重比(P＜0.05);日粮添加1.0x 106～ 1.0× 108 CFU/g约氏乳杆菌菌粉极显著降低仔猪的血清IgM含量(P＜0.01),显著降低了盲肠pH值(P＜0.05);日粮中添加1.0×107、1.0× 108 CFU/g约氏乳杆菌菌粉显著降低了回肠pH值(P＜0.05);而日粮中添加1.0×108 CFU/g约氏乳杆菌菌粉显著提高仔猪结肠食靡的乳酸含量(P＜0.05).因此,日粮中添加约氏乳杆菌菌粉可以提高耗料增重比,改善肠道内环境.

为了探究干酪乳杆菌对断奶仔猪回肠黏膜组织发育及免疫功能的影响,将96头14日龄断奶仔猪随机分为空白对照组、乳杆菌对照组、K88攻毒组、预防组,每组4个重复,采用组织化学和免疫组织化学方法观察回肠黏膜组织结构及上皮内淋巴细胞数量的变化.结果显示,饲用干酪乳杆菌进行预防能够显著提高断奶仔猪回肠绒毛高度、V/C值,增加PCNA含量,提高肠上皮内淋巴细胞数量.表明干酪乳杆菌能保护肠道组织,提高肠道免疫力,降低大肠杆菌对肠道的损害.

试验旨在研究中草药饲料添加剂对育肥猪生产性能、肉品质及其主要生理生化特性的影响.试验选取120头体重(100±1.55) kg的“杜×长×大”三元杂交育肥猪,随机分成5个处理组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复4头猪:对照组(A)饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验组复方1组(B)、复方2组(C)、藿香组(D)与五味子组(E)分别饲喂添加不同中草药的试验饲粮,试验期14 d.试验期间,猪舍内平均温度为(34.46±2.14)℃,平均湿度为(49±2.46)％.结果表明:在高温环境中试验C组可显著提高育肥猪的日增重,并显著地降低了料重比(P＜0.05);试验B组和E组显著降低了育肥猪背最长肌的滴水损失及剪切力(P＜0.05);而且不同的中草药添加剂对糖类代谢也表现出显著的调控作用(P＜0.05).由此可见,高温环境中添加上述中草药饲料添加剂可提高育肥猪日增重、饲料转化率及肉品质,缓解高温对猪生产性能的影响.

建立了HPLC-免疫亲和柱净化,柱后光化学衍生检测玉米中4种黄曲霉毒素B1,B2,G1,G2的分析方法.玉米样品提取、浓缩、过滤后经免疫亲和柱净化,液相色谱分离后采用光化学衍生器对黄曲霉毒素B1,B2,G1,G2进行在线衍生,通过配制荧光检测器的液相色谱同时检测玉米中B1,B2,G1,G2这4种黄曲霉毒素.结果表明,4种黄曲霉毒素B1,B2,G1,G2的色谱分析时间在6～11 min内完成,检测定量限分别为:0.10,0.03,0.10,0.03 μg/kg,完全符合并高于欧盟检测标准定量限,通过光化学衍生器在线衍生将B1、G1的分析定量限提高到2.7倍和3.6倍.玉米基质中B1,B2,G1,G2在添加水平为10,3,10,3μg/L时其回收率分别为:90.3％,85.6％,93.5％,92.8％.其线性范围分别为0～ 20 μg/L,0～6μg/L,0～ 20 μg/L,0～6μg/L,RSD分别为2.3％,1.5％,2.7％,3.2％.文章建立了分析玉米中4种黄曲霉毒素B1,B2,G1,G2的分析方法,经验证该方法定性准确,定量灵敏度高,可同时检测出玉米中4种黄曲霉毒素B1,B2,G1,G2含量.

防御素是一类富含半胱氨酸的阳离子活性多肽,是动物先天性免疫防御系统的重要组成部分,防御素在动物组织细胞中广泛表达,是宿主抵抗外界病原微生物入侵的第一道防线.防御素具有的抗菌谱广、抗菌机制特殊、不易产生耐药性、残留低、对动物自身正常细胞没有伤害等特点,使防御素成为替代抗生素的最佳候选之一,未来将在畜禽生产中具有广阔的应用前景.本文主要对猪防御素基因的特点及其在动物组织中的表达谱、防御素在猪体内的表达调控特性、基因工程菌以及防御素在饲料业中的应用等方面进行阐述.

抗菌肽是由宿主先天性免疫防御系统产生的一类可抵抗外界病原体感染的小分子阳离子多肽.抗菌肽具有抗菌谱广、对多重耐药菌有良好杀伤作用、热稳定性和水溶性好、对哺乳动物正常细胞几乎无毒害作用等特点,因此在畜牧业中有望替代抗生素成为新一代抗菌添加剂.本文主要就抗菌肽在提高断奶仔猪生长性能、减少腹泻、改善肠道平衡以及促进机体免疫功能等方面的作用进行了阐述.