劳者有其得、劳动得其应得是劳动正义的基本内涵.共同富裕是以每一个人的辛勤劳动付出和积极劳动创造为基础的共同富裕,其实现的重要前提之一就是使人人都有通过勤奋劳动实现自身发展的机会.共同富裕视域下的劳动正义从人的逻辑出发,冲破了笼罩于资本权力之下资产阶级的劳动正义假象,遵循着马克思劳动正义对人的最高本质与现实本质的价值确证,并在新时代的劳动实践中呈现出鲜明的内在规定.

传统教育体系下的研究生教育,存在着研究生创新性思维培养不足、学生学习的主动性欠缺等问题,制约着研究生培养质量.新工科背景下亟需改进研究生培养措施,提高研究生培养质量.影响研究生教育创新性思维培养的关键因素包括学生学习自觉性和自主性、专业知识与课题研究的适配度以及导师的作用发挥等.新工科背景下研究生教育创新性思维的培养路径包括树立明确的培养目标,拓展学生思考探索的空间,多途径激发学生的创造性思维等.

罗尔斯的理论研究存在一个不自觉的倾向:直观地认为自由已经成为自由主义理论老生常谈的话题,从而将其作为一种共识而不予过多讨论.但从罗尔斯对自由原则表述的变化中可以发现,他对自由的思考并非简单地沿袭自由主义的已有观点,也并非认为自由问题已经得到解决从而不予再考察,相反,在自由的优先性问题以及自由与自由价值的区分等观点中展现了罗尔斯对自由的新思考.从《作为公平的正义》(1958)到《作为公平的正义:正义新论》(2001),记录了罗尔斯对自由原则及自由内涵的理解历程.把握这一过程,有助于我们洞悉罗尔斯在自由的内涵、外延、本质等问题上对传统思想的新贡献,为我们更好地把握正义理论提供新的考察视角.

党的十九大对我国社会主要矛盾进行了新阐述,但这并未改变我国仍然处于社会主义初级阶段这一国情的判断.就基本矛盾本身而言,矛盾双方包括了人的现实发展和需求以及社会的发展阶段与现实,从马克思人的全面发展思想出发,结合当前我国社会的发展现状可以得出,我国社会主要矛盾的表现形式虽然发生了变化,但矛盾的根本性质并未改变,而是体现为矛盾在不同社会发展阶段之层次上的递进与提升.对主要矛盾在新时代的新特征进行正确理解和把握可以更好地指导中国社会的发展之路.

罗尔斯与马克思在各自理论体系中都包含了对理想社会的描绘和憧憬,并且都将自由的实现视为其中最关键的要素.罗尔斯从人的社会性出发,强调以正义原则来规范社会合作和实现社会稳定,从而建构起以维护个人自由权利为主要目标的理想社会;马克思同样立足于人的社会属性,但强调深入到生成和塑造社会性的物质基础去把握人的自由问题,从而勾画出每个人及一切人全面自由发展的未来蓝图.两者在理想社会的实现模式、途径和目标上存在着较大的差异,这正是基于他们不同的理论立场和思维方式.

涛慕思·博格将“纯粹接受方导向”视为罗尔斯在原初状态中所持有的正义标准,认为罗尔斯正是依照这一标准在原初状态中的诸种正义观念候选项中最终选择了两个正义原则.这一正义标准包含了几个基本要素,即结果论的纯粹个人主义、匿名条件及罗尔斯对“利益”概念的特殊界定等.将其应用和对照于罗尔斯对正义原则的筛选依据和主要过程,可以发现两者是基本契合的,但在某些具体环节上仍不具有充分的说服力.因而,这一正义标准的概括遭到了来自其他理论立场的多种批判.而仅从罗尔斯正义理论自身的论证逻辑来看,博格所谓的“纯粹接受方导向”的正义标准也难以证明其合理性.

正义感是正义理论体系中的核心概念,是引领和规范社会道德建设的重要范畴.罗尔斯从道德心理学的角度总结概括了正义感的形成过程,提出正义感是正义观念、正义情感和正义行为的整合和统一.正义感的特点在于其以共识为基础,并最终指向公众领域以规范社会及其成员的观念和行为.因而,在对社会个体的道德人格的完善和社会正义制度的构建方面,正义感起着重要的作用,并且对于我国当前社会道德建设中处理好正义感与社会主义核心价值观建构之道、正义感与当代中国的社会善治的关系具有重要的意义.

由于理论逻辑和历史背景上的差别,罗尔斯与马克思对政治自由采取了不同的研究途径,在政治自由的产生逻辑、本质属性和现实作用等问题上有较大的分歧.罗尔斯关注政治自由在特定制度环境中的有效实现和积极作用,马克思则立足于人类解放的全局视角,侧重对政治自由的阶级性和历史性的考察、批判与反思.通过对罗尔斯与马克思思想的比较研究,我们既可以把握政治自由理论研究的不同维度,也有助于为现实的政治实践提供丰富的启示.

Sartre wrote “Critique of Dialectical Reason” at his later time.With dialec-tics in Marxism as breakthrough,Sartre attempts to bridge existentialism and Marxism.Con-sidering the different understanding on dialectics and its nature,Sartre deviates from Marxist dialectics.However,his ideas make a new discussion upon the relation of man and society. Based on Sartre’ s basic points on dialectics,as well as his ideas and analysis of Marxism,it attempts to reveal twhat his attitude to Marxism may teach us.

Sayers highlights Hegelian theme in Marx's thought on alienation in his new book He not only affirms the presence of Hegel’s idea in Marx’s theory of alienation but also stresses the breakthrough Marx made to surmount the limitation of Hegel’s thought.Sayers first redefines the relationship between Marx and Hegel’s thought based on the inherent concept of alienation,revealing the objective,historic and critical feature in Marx’s thought. Secondly,Sayers explains the new concept of labor and alienated labor combined with traditional theoretical perspectives,pointing out its intrinsic historical significance.Finally,Sayers gives answer to the relation between the realm of necessity and the realm of freedom from the perspective of labor,stressing the historical inevitability of freedom’s achievement by understanding of the degree of freedom.

The structure of social democracy in a socialist country and the ideas of democracy within the party have revealed the uniqueness of Luxemburg's theories.But most of the previous studies have not done the further investigation of the value of democracy or grasped the essence of consistency between democracy and freedom. Based on the revelation of the dialectical relationship between them, this study will expound the importance of free-dom as the soul and the core of socialist democracy and inner-party democracy.The pursuit of freedom contributes to present the soul of Luxembourg's thought on democracy.Moral foundation, solid core, realistic and effective protection of freedom are all key factors needed to be considered in democratic structure, also they reveal the inher-ent association between democracy and freedom.

Hu Shi proposed the idea of "reconstruction of civilization" during the New Culture Movement. He transformed the problem of culture reconstruction to the method of culture and attitude problems at methodological level, trying to achieve the transformation of culture by revealing and advocating scientific rationality, which implies in the development of traditional culture and emergences in the modern Western culture. Due to the limitation of the experimental method, Hu overly respected of scientific rationality from the perspective of methodology, and ignored investigation of the cultural content, leading to the difficulty in creation of a new culture.

Moral anomie is a common phenomenon in the historical development, which is more typical and widespread in the transitional period in China.The main performance is the weakening of the quality of "moral man".The reasons of moral anomie are explored from the perspective of the development and enlightenment of rational spirit, which helps to deepen the research.The defect in the enlightenment of rational spirit and the development tendency in the rational spirit lead to the immorality of individual behaviors and their social behaviors. System supply and rational norms, media integration and rational guidance, self reflection and rational progressive is the feasible way to reconstruct rationality,and make an effective response to moral anomie from three levels of state,society and individuals.

《黑格尔法哲学批判》是马克思早期的一篇重要著作,作为其批判黑格尔哲学的第一部作品,在马克思哲学发展历程中占有重要的历史地位.自公开发表以来,国内外学界对这部著作开展了大量的研究,并取得了丰硕的研究成果.以对文本内容的研究及其精神内涵的探讨为切入点进行考察,能够从几个侧面反映当前的研究概况和成果,呈现各种观点的争锋,同时也有助于对研究中涉及的个别问题作探讨性阐发.