Purpose: This study aims to establish a prognostic nomogram for patients who underwent transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy. Patients and Methods: Patients who underwent TACE for recurrent early- and middle-stage HCC after hepatectomy between 2009.01 and 2015.12 were included. Enrolled patients were randomly divided into training (n=345) and validation (n=173) cohorts according to a computer-generated randomized number. Independent factors for overall survival (OS) were determined and included in the nomogram based on the univariate and multivariate analyses of the training group. The nomogram was validated and compared to other prognostic models. Discriminative ability and predictive accuracy were determined using the Harrell C index (C-index), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), and calibration curve. Results: The final nomogram was established based on four parameters including resection-to-TACE time interval, recurrent tumor diameter, recurrent tumor number, and AFP level. The C-indexes of the nomogram for predicting OS were 0.67 (95% CI 0.63-0.70) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.68-0.74) in the training and validation cohort respectively. The AUROCs for predicting the 1-year, 2-year and 3-year OS based on the nomogram were also superior to those of the other models. The calibration curve for 3-year survival showed a high congruence between the predicted and actual survival probabilities. According to the scores calculated by the nomogram, patients were stratified into three subgroups: high-risk (scoring >= 53 points), middle-risk (scoring >= 26 and <53 points), and low-risk (scoring <26 points) subgroups with a median OS of 10.1 (95% CI 0.63-0.70), 20.3 (95% CI 17.5-22.5) and 47.0 (95% CI 34.2-59.8) months, respectively. Conclusion: The proposed nomogram served as a new tool to predict individual survival in patients who underwent TACE for recurrent HCC after hepatectomy, with favorable performance and discrimination. For high-risk patients, treatment should be optimized beyond TACE alone based on the nomogram.

Background & Aims: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a severe malignant tumour that shows only modest responses to immunotherapy. We aimed to identify the spatial immunophenotypes of iCCA and delineate potential immune escape mechanisms. Method: Multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) was performed to quantitatively evaluate the distribution of 16 immune cell subsets in intratumour, invasive margin and peritumour areas in a cohort of 192 treatment-naïve patients with iCCA. Multiregion unsupervised clustering was used to determine three spatial immunophenotypes, and multiomics analyses were carried out to explore functional differences.Results: iCCA displayed a region-specific distribution of immune cell subsets with abundant CD15+ neutrophil infiltration in intratumour areas. Three spatial immunophenotypes encompassing inflamed (35%), excluded (35%) and ignored (30%) phenotypes were identified. The inflamed phenotype showed characteristics of abundant immune cell infiltration in intratumour areas, increased PD-L1 expression and relatively favourable overall survival. The excluded phenotype with a moderate prognosis was characterized by immune cell infiltration restricted to the invasive margin or peritumour areas and upregulation of activated hepatic stellate cells, extracellular matrix and Notch signalling pathways. The ignored phenotype, with scarce immune cell infiltration across all subregions, was associated with MAPK signalling pathway elevation and a poor prognosis. The excluded and ignored phenotypes, constituting non-inflamed phenotypes, shared features of an increased angiogenesis score, TGF-β and Wnt-β catenin pathway upregulation and were enriched for BAP1 mutations and FGFR2 fusions. Conclusion: We identified three spatial immunophenotypes with different overall prognoses in iCCA. Tailored therapies based on the distinct immune evasion mechanisms of the spatial immunophenotypes are needed. Impact and implications: The contribution of immune cell infiltration in the invasive margin and peritumour areas has been proved. We explored the multiregional immune contexture of 192 patients to identify three spatial immunophenotypes in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA). By integrating genomic and transcriptomic data, phenotype-specific biological behaviours and potential immune escape mechanisms were analysed. Our findings provide a rationale to develop personalized therapies for iCCA.

作为人类命运共同体思想的重要延伸,数据安全共同体理念具有五维内涵,应发挥其对"一带一路"倡议下数据规则建构的理论指导功能.当前"一带一路"倡议下的数据规则与数据安全共同体理念相比仍有差距,通过借鉴其他双边、区域性协定中的数据规则,结合"一带一路"成员发展现状,提出完善建议:国家维度下,增设政府采购数据"可追溯性"、存储、保密条款,发展数据交换中的安全规则;人民维度下,设置总则性的个人数据保护条款,采纳分类保护规则;主观维度下,强化信任、信心、参与度、通知、救济规则,提升人民数据安全感;工具维度下,建立个人生物、交通数据的附条件共享机制,积极利用数据促进区域安全;发展维度下,采纳政府数据开放与数据包容性条款,并适当限制例外条款的适用.

The theory of building a community with a shared future for mankind contains the view on human rights with rich implications, including the idea that the right to existence and the right to development are the primary basic human rights, the idea of the right to a better life, the idea of systematic governance and the idea of exchange and mutual learning, which constitute the view of human rights under the theory of building a community with a shared future for mankind.At present, this view of human rights has achieved some institutional results under the “the Belt and Road” initiative.However, compared with the institutionalization of the Western view of human rights in bilateral and regional agreements, it still has shortcomings: the “primary and basic” status of the right to existence is not prominent enough, the institutionalization of poverty reduction and employment issues is not sufficient, the institutionalization of collective human rights and emerging human rights is not comprehensive enough, and the attention to procedural rules is insufficient, and the institutionalization of the concept of exchange and mutual learning is not mature enough.It is suggested to comprehensively promote the institutionalization of the human rights view of building a community with a shared future under the Belt and Road Initiative from three aspects: the chapter arrangement, the substantive system and the procedure system.In this way, while making full use of the rules to effectively improve the level of human rights protection, China will further expand its institutional voice in the field of human rights.

数据资产证券化是以数据资产未来产生的现金流为偿付支持,发行数据资产支持证券的过程;它能为数据产业提供强大的金融驱动力,是突破我国数字产业化与产业数字化发展瓶颈的关键环节.美国实践表明,数据资产证券化存在特殊法律风险,涉及数据来源的合法性、数据资产评估的准确性、数据企业经营活动的稳定性、数据安全隐患等.我国现有规则难以防范上述新型风险,这种局限性的理论症结在于数据权益分配争议和多数人侵权理论分歧.借鉴美国的理论和实践经验,能使我国深入认识数据资产证券化的特殊法律风险,提前做好充分的制度准备.我国可运用实用主义原理调和理论困境,在规则层面明晰数据来源合法性判断规则、完善数据资产评估规则、调整数据企业的合规义务、健全管理人管理规则,助力中国数据资产证券化顺利实施、数字经济蓬勃发展.

在经济全球化背景下,国家公权力对全球供应链的干预,即利用核心企业的供应链管理权,使凝聚国家意志的供应链规则在跨国供应链内二次实施,并可实现倡导性规则的强制化、国内法规则的国际化.动用国家公权力干预全球供应链,是各国应对严峻的全球性挑战、维护国家和人民利益的必要举措,但以美国为代表的一些国家,在实施干预的过程中违背比例原则、非歧视性原则、不干涉内政原则和国际合作原则,构成公权力的滥用.通过批判性审视美国相关立法和实践可知,公权力对供应链的正当干预类型有预防性、纠偏性和应急性三种,其均具有一定限度;不正当的干预类型则包括歧视性、对抗性、以干涉他国内政为目的的干预.在反思、批判美国既有干预举措的基础上,建议我国制定以供应链审查为核心的预防性干预规则、促进社会共治的纠偏性干预规则和保障供应链安全与韧性的应急性干预规则,并在涉外法治框架下,稳步推进国内供应链规则的域外适用.

Significant improvements in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during the past three years have urged the timely update of clinical guidelines in China. In brief, aMAP score is newly recommended as an effective risk stratification tool to predict HCC occurrence especially for non-cirrhotic patients. Biomarker-based surveillance including 7 micro-RNA panel and GALAD score are advocated to assist early diagnosis. China liver cancer (CNLC) staging system proposed in the 2017 guideline continues to be the standard model for staging with modifications in the treatment allocations. Conversion therapies using multi-modal, high intensity strategies are advocated to facilitate subsequent resection for patients with technically unresectable CNLC stage Ia, Ib, IIa HCC, or technically resectable IIb, IIIa HCC. Super-selective transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with the assistance of Cone-Beam CT if necessary is recommended to guarantee the efficacy of TACE. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) using oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX) regimen alone or in combination with systemic therapy is recommended for TACE-refractory patients or for patients with locally advanced HCC. The systemic treatments for HCC have evolved considerably since atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, and suntilimab plus bevacizumab analogue showing superior survival benefit to sorafenib, and donafenib with comparable efficacy with sorafenib are added to the first-line treatments. In addition to regorafenib, apatinib, camrelizumab and tislelizumab are added as the second-line systemic therapies for patients who progressed on sorafenib. Updates in the 2022 Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) guidelines and Japanese Society of Hepatology (JSH) consensus statement are also introduced and compared with the 2022 Chinese guidelines.

损害结果要件是美欧FTAs劳工制度中的"格式条款",其解释和适用将显著影响争端解决的胜败.在美国诉危地马拉案中,美国败诉正是因为其未能证明危地马拉未有效实施国内劳动法的行为对美国造成"损害结果".根据不干涉内政原理、损害赔偿原理和法经济学原理,FTA劳工条款不能简单剔除损害结果要件;USMCA设置损害结果举证责任倒置的规定也有失公允.应从公平贸易的立法目的入手,坚持逐案证明一国国内劳工事务与国际贸易、投资之间的联系,并将损害结果的举证责任分配给起诉方.在申请加入CPTPP的背景下,中国应做好充分准备,以应对CPTPP劳工条款下的争端解决,并运用好相关机制,主动维护国家、企业和劳动者的合法权益.

在有关传染病防治的国际法制度中,非医药干预制度、疫苗免疫制度、非针对性治疗制度是三大支柱.由于国际社会防疫准备的短视性、防疫行动与国家主权及人权保障的冲突等,现有制度暴露出较大缺陷.应更加关注疫苗免疫制度,继续围绕《国际卫生条例》落实非医药干预制度,同时加快非针对性治疗制度的国际立法.中国须结合本国防疫经验,以联合国与世界卫生组织为中心,围绕三大领域全面完善国内传染病防治制度体系:积极推进主权国家与国际组织的合作联动,激发非国家行为体的能动作用,倡导国际社会共同构建人类卫生健康共同体.

兼具实用性和艺术性的物品因符合独创性和可复制性的条件而应受到著作权的保护,其可构成实用艺术作品.我国关于实用艺术作品的制度存在缺陷,主要是实用艺术作品的概念不清、法律地位不明确,著作权法存在体系性矛盾,对源于国内和国外的作品保护有差异.这引发了司法中的问题,比如概念理解有偏差、审美标准不统一、"分离"标准不合理等等.实用艺术作品著作权保护的难点在于"实用性"和"艺术性"的界定,总结各国经验可以预见,该问题在短期内难有突破.对此,可采用"整体分离法"将实用性、艺术性和独创性的判断合为一步,提取讼争对象与"基础设计"的差异,将著作权的保护范围限定在差异部分."整体分离法"不仅具有合理性及较强的可操作性,而且也不会导致著作权的过度扩张,能够在合理确权的同时,回避"实用性"和"艺术性"界定中的争议,进而可以进一步完善我国实用艺术作品的著作权保护制度.

人类命运共同体理念下的国际法价值构造呈正金字塔形.充分保障人权与各国人民福祉是国际法目的价值,位于第一层级.国际法工具价值中,和平、发展、合作、共赢是共识价值,已获得多数国家的认可,而且各国对其内涵的理解基本一致,位于第二层级.非共识价值位于第三层级,根据是否有必要形成国际共识,分为趋同性价值和多元性价值.为促进国际法的价值实现,应将国际法目的价值作为一切国际法治行动的总纲领,坚定维护现有的国际法共识价值,推动趋同性价值上升为新的共识价值,鼓励各国发展各自的多元性价值,并运用国际法价值体系指导解决实践中的价值冲突.

在国际环境民事公益诉讼中适用域外管辖,不但有利于规制外籍主体损害中国环境公益的行为,还能促使"走出去"的企业肩负起保护国际环境公益的义务.在域外管辖的适用中,需确立"人类长远共同利益原则"的指导地位,拓展"社会公共利益"的国际内涵,以"人类长远共同利益"标准替代"最低联系"标准作为域外管辖的适用条件;并基于平等协商,将国际环境民事公益诉讼的域外管辖及其制衡机制纳入多边条约法;在解决全球环境问题中贡献中国法治力量的同时,兼顾对他国司法主权、环境主权的尊重与保护.

"构建人类命运共同体"是以人类共同长远利益为核心的一种价值理念和基本行为逻辑,在其指导下,国际金融法治应以人为本、因地制宜,服务于人类整体利益和发展需求.国际金融法治经历了拉丁货币联盟、斯堪的纳维亚货币联盟的失败,"两大集团"及"三方协议"时期的混乱,布雷顿森林体系崩溃之后,又陷入了长期的无序状态.究其哲学根源,在于其治理核心忽略"人本"而重视"资本"的理念异化、二元哲学与和平发展的矛盾和经济理性主义在发展命题下的失灵."构建人类命运共同体"对国际金融法律制度提出了全面变革的诉求,在原则层面包括国家主权与互不干涉内政原则的柔化、契约自由与有约必守原则的相对化、国际合作原则的强化、人类共同长远利益原则的践行;在规则层面则需创制人类共同利益导向的信用管理制度,协作互惠的汇率稳定制度,因地制宜、因时而变的发展援助制度和国际金融参与主体直接承担国际责任制度.

"财产权劳动理论"与功利主义是解释知识产权正当性的两种路径,前者只能推导出财产所有权,后者则能解释期限性、条件性、地域性、可限制性和刑事救济谦抑性等知识产权制度特点.新近发展表明,国际知识产权越来越趋近"财产权劳动理论"下的权利形态——所有权,偏离了功利主义的法理基础.这是在违背国际主流意志的情况下,对功利主义的价值偷换,与人类共同利益背道而驰.应对这种非理性的发展趋势,须根据各类知识产权的特点,分别确定适宜的法理基础,使"财产权劳动理论"与功利主义在国际知识产权规则内调和、共存.

"构建人类命运共同体"理念要求亚太经济伙伴关系建设必须以人民为中心,追求人类长远共同利益,坚持平等互利,开放共赢.不同于TPP搁置条款体现的资本本位主义,RCEP的制度设计全面贯彻了互联互通的共商理念、权责共担的共建理念、互利共赢的共享理念,以民生幸福为国际合作的最终目标,是"构建人类命运共同体"理念的伟大实践.面对RCEP的未来挑战,中国应尽快推进其规则的实施,完善国内法,尽早加入CPTPP,促进RCEP、CPTPP与其他经济体之间的对话沟通,巩固并弘扬多边主义,从而推动构建人类命运共同体.

在我国当前的司法实践中, 诉讼效率低下的问题较为突出, 先定后审、 突袭性裁判的情况也是 层出不穷, 这导致我国法院一次性解决纠纷的难度较大, 当事人对诉讼过程与最终判决较为不满, 上诉、 再审率居高不下。这些问题与我国释明制度尚未完善存在紧密的关联。立法上, 释明制度的法 律层级过低、 缺乏普通情形之事实释明与法律释明的法律依据、 规定过于细致、 忽视释明内容等, 未充分发挥释明的效用。司法实践中, 出于对辩论主义的片面理解、 破坏司法中立的担忧, 以及释明 时机、 方式等具体指导的缺失, 法官释明积极性普遍不高。 强化法官释明有其合理性。作为协同主义在诉讼制度上的重要体现之一, 释明制度架构起了法 院与当事人之间的沟通桥梁。在注重界定释明边界的同时, 更应对适用范围更广的事实释明和法律 释明给予足够的关注。法官释明与职权主义存在本质区别, 相对程序正义的价值取向与实用主义的 法哲学基础解释了法官释明对诉讼效率的促进作用。应在《民事诉讼法》中确立以释明权为主、 以释 明义务为补充的综合性释明制度体系；司法层面, 我国法官可在庭审准备、 法庭调查和法庭辩论阶 段适当借鉴域外法官的释明技巧, 各省(市)高级人民法院则须尽快出台释明规则, 促进标准化释明 的推行。 此外, 我国释明制度的发展与完善还需要各方法律人士的共同努力。除了立法机关与司法机关 以外, 学界、 律师协会则须调整以往对释明的消极态度, 加强对释明制度的宣传与教育, 协助律师等实务人士加深对释明制度的理解, 在诉讼中适应进而有效利用法官释明。在今后的发展过程中, 还可进一步完善当事人的释明申请制度、 释明异议制度等等, 从而促使法院与双方当事人之间形成 一种良性互动的局面, 使协同主义从一种诉讼理想变为现实。

公权力限制知识产权兼具正当性和有限性,其正当性主要基于公共利益优先保护原理、国家主权原理,以及智力成果财产权的自然权属性较弱等原因;其有限性主要基于人权保护原则、比例原则和国家主权独立、平等原则等.在公权力限制知识产权的方式中,暂停履行知识产权保护义务、知识产权国家征用、强制许可、全境封禁和出口管制,是五种正当但有条件的限制方式;而强迫放弃知识产权、强制出售知识产权、实施知识产权次级管制,是三种不正当的限制方式.我国应完善知识产权国家征用制度和强制许可制度,以增强公权力限制知识产权的合法性,并积极理性应对外国对知识产权的限制措施.

Liver cancer is the fourth most prevalent and the second most lethal cancer in China. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver ultrasonography plus alpha-fetoprotein every 6 months continues to be the predominant surveillance modality. The age-Male-ALBI-Platelets score was recommended in the recent 2022 Chinese guidelines to predict HCC occurrence. The Chinese liver cancer (CNLC) staging system proposed in the 2017 guidelines continues to be the standard model for staging with modifications in the treatment allocations. Considering the aggressive nature of HBV-associated HCC, multimodal and high-intensity strategies like the addition of immunotherapy-based systemic treatment to local therapies, including resection, ablation, and intra-arterial therapies, have been adopted in real-life practices in China. The latest Chinese guidelines recommend atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, suntilimab plus a bevacizumab analog, lenvatinib, sorafenib, donafenib, and FOLFOX (folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin) chemotherapy as first-line treatment without priority. Regorafenib, apatinib, camrelizumab, and tislelizumab have been added as second-line systemic therapies for patients who progressed on sorafenib. Systemic therapies adopted in real-life practice are sophisticated with various combination modalities and different sequences.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitor sintilimab plus tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in a real-word cohort of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). Methods: A total of 60 patients treated with sintilimab plus TKI between February 2019 and December 2019 were enrolled. Radiological response was recorded by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline and every 6-12 weeks after treatment initiation. Tumor response was assessed according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 and HCC-specific modified RECIST (mRECIST). Results: As of the data cutoff on September 30st, 2020, the median duration of follow-up was 10.4 (4.3-23.9) months. The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 36.7% (95% CI: 24.9-48.5%), 81.7% (95% CI: 71.9-91.5%) according to the RECIST 1.1, and 52.8% (95% CI: 39.1-66.5%), 83.0% (95% CI: 73.2-93.8%) according to mRECIST criteria. Among 36 HCC patients with multinodular HCC or locally-advanced HCC with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT), 14 patients received one session of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) within 1 month before or after the combinational systemic therapies, and the rest 22 patients did not receive any local regional therapies. After propensity score matching, patients from the TACE group tended to have a longer PFS (median, 10.1 vs. 9.1 months, P=0.73) than those from the non-TACE group but without significant differences. A total of 8 patients received surgical resection after the combined systemic therapies and 3 patients achieved pathological CR. No recurrence or metastasis was observed in 6 patients. A total of 46 (76.7%) patients reported adverse event (AE) with any grade and 8 (13.3%) patients discontinued the combination therapy due to grade 3/4 severe adverse events. Conclusions: PD-1-targeted immunotherapy sintilimab plus TKIs exhibited promising efficacy with tolerable toxicity in unresectable HCC. The addition of TACE to the combined systemic therapies also resulted in a favorable tumor control and safety. For select responders, surgical resection might be a choice for radical treatment.

科技战是中美贸易战中的关键战役,自2018年特朗普政府推出《出口管制改革法》以来,美方频频利用长臂管辖阻断正常的中美技术贸易,引发了国际社会的广泛关注.美国技术管制中的长臂管辖分为长臂立法管辖、长臂执法管辖和长臂司法管辖三类,其中长臂执法管辖一律适用美国法并直接起到技术管制的效果,是美国技术管制中的核心步骤.