BACKGROUND:Nicotine is a fat-soluble substance that is easily absorbed through the skin and mucosal tissues of the human body. However, its properties, such as light exposure, heat decomposition, and volatilization, restrict its development and application in external preparations.OBJECTIVE:This study focused on the preparation of stable nicotine-encapsulated ethosomes.METHODS:During their preparation, two water-phase miscible osmotic promoters, ethanol and propylene glycol (PG), were added to obtain a stable transdermal delivery system. Skin nicotine delivery was enhanced through the synergistic action of osmotic promoters and phosphatidylcholine in binary ethosomes. Various characteristics of the binary ethosomes were measured, including the vesicle size, particle size distribution, and zeta potential. In order to optimize the ratio of ethanol and PG, the skin permeability test was performed on mice in vitro in a Franz diffusion cell to compare cumulative skin permeabilities. The penetration depth and fluorescence intensity of rhodamine-B-entrapped vesicles in isolated mouse skin samples were observed using laser confocal scanning microscopy.RESULTS:When ethanol:PG was used in a ratio of 5:5 (w/w), binary ethosomes were found to be the most stable, had the highest encapsulation rate (86.13 ± 1.40), smallest particle size (106.0 ± 11.0) nm, maximum transdermal depth (180 μm), and maximum fluorescence intensity (160 AU). Nicotineencapsulated ethosomes (ethanol: PG = 5:5, w/w) were an efficient and stable transdermal delivery system.CONCLUSION:The nicotine-encapsulated ethosomes containing ethanol and PG are considered to be safe and reliable as a transdermal administration agent, which does not irritate the skin.

The purpose of this article is to identify the characteristics and research progress of resting-state EEG microstates in patients with schizophrenia， in order to provide references for clinical research of schizophrenia from the perspective of neuroelectrophysiology. In September 2022， literature was retrieved from CNKI， Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform and PubMed database， and 27 studies meeting the requirements were finally included. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia show increased presence of microstate class C and decreased presence of microstate class D in resting-state recordings， and the two commonly EEG microstate classes have been suggested as a potential endophenotype for schizophrenia. Although the correlation between psychiatric symptoms and resting-state EEG microstate abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia remains unclear， the altered resting-state EEG microstates in patients before and after treatment have undoubtedly validated its clinical significance.

Objective: To explore the clinical effect of applying behavioral activation technology in psychological nursing of female depression patients. Methods:The adult depression patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Women's Mental Health from June 1, 2021, to December 30, 2022 in a psychiatric hospital were randomly selected, and 64 patients who met the diagnostic criteria and exclusion criteria for depression in DSM-5 and whose HAMD was greater than 17 points were diagnosed.They were divided into the control group and the study group, with 32 patients in each group.The age and education level of the two groups were matched.The patients in the control group were treated with antidepressants, using any one of the five flowers of SSRI type, conventional dose medication, and routine daily care.The patients in the study group implemented behavioral activation technology for psychological care at the same time as the methods in the control group, evaluated and selected ADL, HAMD, SDSS, and observed the nursing target.The statistical analysis application statistical software was SPSS statistics26 version.Results: Among the 64 cases, 4 cases fell off and 60 cases completed the observation.Among the five targets (doctor-patient relationship, adverse events, interpersonal relationship, social adaptability, and treatment compliance) after the implementation of behavioral activation technology intervention in psychological nursing, there was significant statistical difference between the study group and the control group (P<0.01);The scores of HAMD, CGI, ADL and SDSS in the study group were also significantly different from those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion:The implementation of behavioral activation therapy in the psychological care of female patients with depression can not only improve the symptoms of depression, but also improve the functional damage of patients, help improve the treatment effect, and also make the compliance of nursing targets better, the occurrence of fewer adverse events, more harmonious interpersonal relationship, stronger social adaptability, and better doctor-patient relationship, It provides reference basis and empirical research data for the psychological nursing model of female patients with depression.It is worth popularizing and applying.

ObjectiveTo study a therapeutic reference range and laboratory alert level of amisulpride in the clinical treatment of schizophrenia.MethodsPatients who met the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia in the International Classification of Diseases， tenth edition （ICD-10） were enrolled， and all patients received amisulpride treatment. Data including age， gender， duration of treatment， single daily dose， clinical diagnosis， amisulpride concentration， the scores of the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms （SAPS）， Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms （SANS） and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale （PANSS）， the adverse reaction rate and multitherapy were collected. The concentration of amisulpride was compared within different efficacy groups and different dosage groups， meantime， the incidence rate of adverse reactions was compared within different amisulpride concentration groups， and between monotherapy and multitherapy groups. Thereafter， the therapeutic reference range and laboratory alert level of amisulpride in the clinical treatment of schizophrenia were explored via estimating the negative and positive predictive values.ResultsThe amisulpride concentration yielded no statistical difference within different dosage groups and different efficacy groups （F=0.745， 1.343， P>0.05）. The single daily dose among patients in different efficacy groups demonstrated no significant difference （F=0.902， P>0.05）. The correlation between amisulpride treatment efficacy and its concentration denoted no statistical significance （r=0.023， P=0.744）. The clinical efficacy and adverse reaction rate showed no significant difference between monotherapy group and multitherapy group （F=2.198， 0.095， P>0.05）. The concentration of amisulpride was not linearly correlated with the adverse reaction rates ［y=100x/（78.13+x）， r=0.960］. When amisulpride concentrations ranged from 100 to 600 ng/mL， the mean reduction rate was equal to or above 42%， the effective detection rate of the reference cut-off value was equal to or above 1.485， and the incidence of adverse reactions was equal to or below 85%. When amisulpride concentrations ranged from 1400 to 1800 ng/mL， there was a decreasing trend in reduction rate （all<42%） and an increasing trend in adverse reaction rate （all>85%） as the concentration of amisulpride increased.ConclusionA reference range of 100~600 ng/mL and an alert level of 1400 ng/mL are recommended for the clinical safety of amisulpride.

ObjectiveTo determine the contents of four kinds of indole alkaloids （rhynchophylline， isorhynchophylline， corynoxeine， isocorynoxeine） in Uncaria by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-automatic internal standard （HPLC-MS-AIS）.MethodsChromatographic separation was performed using C18 column （3.0 mm×50 mm， 3.3 μm）， and the mobile phase， comprising 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-acetonitrile （82∶18， V/V）， was eluted at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and column temperature of 30℃. Mass spectrometric detection was performed using an electrospray ionization source and positive multiple-reaction monitoring mode at a voltage capillary of 4 000 V. The mass-to-charge ratio （m/z） transition was 385.25/160.10 for rhynchophylline， 385.30/160.10 for isorhynchophylline， 383.25/160.15 for corynoxeine and 383.25/160.15 for isocorynoxeine， respectively. The injection volume was kept constant at 2 μL.ResultsThe linear concentration ranges of rhynchophylline， isorhynchophylline， corynoxeine and isocorynoxeine were 2.30~600.00 ng/mL （r=0.999 3）， 2.30~600.00 ng/mL （r=0.999 2）， 2.47~650.00 ng/mL （r=0.999 4） and 2.47~650.00 ng/mL （r=0.999 2）， respectively. The relative standard deviation （RSD） of precision and stability were all lower than 5.00%， the accuracy ranged from 92.40% to 104.10%， and the average recovery was 95.90%~104.60%.ConclusionHPLC-MS-AIS method is simple and accurate for the determination of four kinds of alkaloids in Uncaria， and can be used as a new method for quality control of Uncaria.

ObjectiveTo develop a two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography （2D-HPLC） for simultaneous determination of the contents of four kinds of Uncaria alkaloids： rhynchophylline， isorhynchophylline， corynoxeine and isocorynoxeine.MethodsThe 2D-HPLC apparatus was comprised of a first chromatographic column in version Aston SC2 （3.5 mm×25 mm， 5 μm）， an intermediate column in version Aston SH C18 （3.5 mm×10 mm， 5 μm）， and an analytical column in version Aston SCB （4.6 mm×125 mm， 5 μm）. The mobile phase of the first and second liquid chromatography system were CAA-1 and mixed mobile phase （V BPI-1 basic mobile phase ∶ V MPI-1 mobile phase ∶ V OPI-1 organic mobile phase = 45∶14∶41）. The chromatographic parameters included a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min， a column temperature of 40℃， a wavelength of 254 nm， an injection volume of 500 μL and a detection time of 9.5 min.ResultsThe linear ranges of rhynchophylline， isorhynchophylline， corynoxeine and isocorynoxeine were 9.77~10 000.00 ng/mL （r=0.999 6）， 10.74~11 000.00 ng/mL （r=0.999 7）， 10.74~11 000.00 ng/mL （r=0.999 7）， 10.74~11 000.00 ng/mL（r=0.999 6）， respectively. The relative standard deviation （RSD） of precision， stability and repeatability were all less than 5.00%. The accuracy was 95.20%~104.01%， and the recovery rate was 93.63%~101.38%.ConclusionThe 2D-HPLC developed for simultaneous determination of four kinds of alkaloids in Uncaria is simple and accurate， which can be used as a new method for quality control of Uncaria.

ObjectiveTo resolve the problems related to the abnormal interpretations of real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction （PCR） results for tri-allele， to formulate the interpretation methods of real-time fluorescence PCR by referring to multiplex PCR fragment analysis， so as to obtain an accurate， simple and cheap detection method for ABCB1 tri-allele.MethodsA total of 2 794 DNA samples were collected from Xi'an Mental Health Center from March 2020 to March 2021， and 5% of which were selected as experiments. Real-time fluorescence PCR method and multiplex PCR fragment analysis method were performed respectively. According to the comparison of Ct values of PCR curves and the comparison of base peak intensity in multiplex PCR fragment analysis， comparison and analysis were conducted on the interpretation results of the two methods， and samples with different interpretation results were verified， thereafter， PCR interpretation method was formulated.ResultsA total of 139 samples were collected， of which 120 alleles and 19 tri-allele were detected. The results of allele detection by two methods were absolutely consistent. In combination with the results of multiplex PCR fragment analysis， a method for the interpretation of real-time fluorescence PCR for 19 cases of tri-allele was developed as follows： when ∣∣Ct.G－Ct.T∣－∣Ct.G－Ct.A∣∣ in amplification curve was less than 3， the interpretation results were the combination of the base pairs with small Ct values； when ∣∣Ct.G－Ct.T∣－∣Ct.G－Ct.A∣∣ was greater than or equal to 3， the interpretation results were homozygotes from the base pairs with minimum Ct values. According to the interpretation method， the results of real-time fluorescence PCR were revised， and it showed 1 case of G/G， 1 case of A/A， 4 cases of T/G， 5 cases of T/A and 8 cases of T/T， which were consistent with the results of multiplex PCR fragment analysis.ConclusionReferring to the multiplex PCR fragment analysis method， the interpretation of ABCB1 tri-allele by real-time fluorescence PCR is developed， and the two interpretation methods are in good agreement.

目的 分析抗精神病药物引起的药品不良反应(ADR)的发生特点,为临床合理用药提供依据.方法 收集2009年1月—2019年12月西安市精神卫生中心(以下简称"我院")在国家药品不良反应监测系统中上报的897例发生ADR患者的报表,其中775例发生了由抗精神病药物引起的ADR,将其ADR发生时间、临床表现、药品品种、累及系统或器官进行统计分析.结果 775例患者发生ADR共涉及16个药物品规,其中ADR发生率排在前10位的药品是奥氮平片、富马酸喹硫平片、氨磺必利片、氯氮平片、利培酮片、利培酮分散片、氟哌啶醇注射液、阿立哌唑口腔崩解片、盐酸齐拉西酮胶囊、盐酸齐拉西酮片.累及系统或器官以神经系统最多,共221例次(26.53％),其次是心血管系统,共202例次(24.25％).另外,用药后15 d内的发生ADR的患者占52.38％.结论 我院上报的抗精神病药物ADR的类型、比例与药品管理部门重点要求相一致,各个时期均可发生ADR,需要注意ADR发生率较高药物,尤其在用药后15 d内应注意监测并进行实验室检查.

目的 探讨喹硫平联合清幻灵对精神分裂症患者阴性症状及认知功能的影响.方法 选取我院24例男性住院患者,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组和研究组,每组12例.两组均采用喹硫平治疗,研究组从第12天开始联合清幻灵治疗.比较两组不同时间点的PANSS评分、不同时间点的PANSS因子评分、检查指标异常数、不良反应发生情况.结果 研究组脱落2例,对照组脱落1例.研究组治疗第6、8周的PANSS评分低于对照组(P<0.05).研究组治疗第8周的认知因子评分低于对照组,治疗第6、8周的阴性因子评分低于对照组(P<0.05).研究组甘油三酯异常患者少于对照组(P<0.05).两组不良反应发生情况无显著差异(P>0.05).结论 喹硫平联合清幻灵治疗精神分裂症有助于改善患者的阴性症状及认知功能,且可避免喹硫平单用引起的甘油三脂异常.

目的 探索青少年抑郁障碍父母情感表达的特点.方法 采用一般情况量表、情感表达量表评估35例抑郁障碍青少年和31例健康对照的家庭情况.结果 父亲和母亲情感表达量表(LEE)得分存在共线性(r=0.581,P＜0.001),建立logistics回归模型分析,过高的母亲情感表达(OR:0.950,95％CI:0.920,0.981)或父亲情感表达(OR:0.931,95 ％CI:1.018,1.158)均是青少年抑郁的危险因素,且母亲情感表达可能通过父亲情感表达的完全中介作用对抑郁障碍产生影响.结论 对青少年群体而言,抑郁障碍与父亲及母亲的情感表达有关,母亲情感表达可能通过上调主观感知父亲情感表达增加抑郁风险.

精神分裂症是一种病因未明的慢性重型精神疾病,主要表现为感知、思维、情感、意志行为等多方面的异常,可导致明显的社会功能受损.精神分裂症的核心症状为阳性症状、阴性症状及认知功能障碍.大约85％的精神分裂症患者存在持久而严重的认知损害[1],而认知功能直接与患者的社会功能恢复和生活质量的提高密切相关,因此改善认知功能是精神分裂症患者社会功能恢复的关键因素.本文通过检索国内外文献,综述目前精神分裂症认知功能障碍药物治疗进展,为更好地认识、治疗精神分裂症患者的认知功能障碍提供参考.

目的 以民营企业为例,探讨80后员工心理资本、应对方式与心理健康的关系,以期为员工心理资本干预拓宽思路.方法 本研究采用心理资本量表、症状自评量表和简易应对方式量表对民营企业中的80后员工进行调查分析.结果 心理资本与心理健康状况呈负相关,与积极应对呈显著正相关,与消极应对呈显著负相关(P<0.05).消极应对与心理健康状况呈显著正相关,积极应对与其呈显著负相关(P<0.05).消极应对方式在心理资本与心理健康之间起部分中介作用(P<0.001).结论 提升心理资本水平,调整消极应对方式能有效促进心理健康发展,组织管理层应关注80后员工的心理状态.

目的 探讨改良森田疗法联合文拉法辛对精神分裂症的疗效.方法 选择2015年9月～2017年8月在西安市精神卫生中心诊治的精神分裂症患者78例,以患者就诊次序编号,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各39例.对照组采用文拉法辛治疗,观察组采用改良森田疗法联合文拉法辛治疗,治疗4w.治疗前后采用阴性症状评定量表(SANS)、简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)、临床疗效总评量表(CGL)、生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOLI-74)对患者进行评估,比较两组的治疗效果.结果 治疗后,两组SANS、BPRS、CGI评分均降低,且观察组均低于对照组(P＜0.05);两组生活质量各维度评分均提高,且观察组均高于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 改良森田疗法联合文拉法辛对精神分裂症的疗效显著,值得推广应用.

目的 探讨长期住院精神病患者康复结对措施的临床效果.方法 将我院收治的70例长期住院精神病患者随机分为康复结对组和一般康复组,各35例.康复结对组患者给予康复结对措施,一般康复组患者采用常规康复治疗.经过100 d的康复治疗后,比较两组患者的NOSIE、SANS、ADL、SDSS评分及临床效果.结果 出院时,两组患者的SDSS、SANS、ADL及NOSIE评分明显优于入院时,且康复结对组患者明显优于一般康复组(P<0.05).康复结对组患者的治疗总有效率为80.00%,明显高于一般康复组患者的57.14%(P<0.05).出院3个月后,康复结对组患者的SDSS总评分优于一般康复组患者(P<0.05).结论 康复结对治疗有利于长期住院精神病患者症状的改善,有利于社会功能的恢复,是一种可行的康复治疗措施.

Schizophrenia is a life-long illness requiring indefinite maintenance and antipsychotic treatment.Second-generation antipsychotics are believed to have a superior effect on the positive,negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.However,some drugs may show high interindividual variability in blood levels.This review summarizes the relationship between the total blood concentration or active metabolite plasma level of second-generation antipsychotics and their efficacy,in order to find the optimal blood concentration.The results vary largely among the positive results,and limited evidence from fixed-dose studies is encouraging.More well-designed trials with large samples are needed to clarify the optimal blood concentration of antipsychotics.

目的 制备多奈哌齐乙醇脂质体,进一步优化有效药物的经皮转运.方法 采用注入法制备多奈哌齐乙醇脂质体;通过形态,粒径分布和包封率对乙醇脂质体进行了初步表征,运用Franz扩散池和共聚焦激光扫描电镜考察乙醇脂质体的经皮转运情况.结果 多奈哌齐乙醇脂质体(乙醇含量45％)包封率明显高于多奈哌齐脂质体;多奈哌齐乙醇脂质体透皮量分别为脂质体及乙醇溶液的3倍和1.6倍.结论 乙醇脂质体可有效携带药物进入皮肤深层.

Objective To explore the reliability of Quantum resonant spectrometer evaluation effect in treatment of schizophrenia. Methods Using Quantum Resonance Spectrometer(QRS)to analyze the 100 cases of schizophrenia patients and 100 case of control groups,to contrast with the diagnosis results by the psychiatrist. Results A high correlation of quantum resonance detector schizophre-nia results and physician psychiatric examination results,P value,r value,Kappa value,Youden index,most have significant. Conclusion In the preliminary study,quantum resonance detector could be considered as a new tool of evaluating prognosis schizo-phrenia.

OBJECTIVE:To prepare nicotine ethosome and study its transdermal permeability in vitro. METHODS:Injection method was adopted to prepare nicotine ethosome. Single-factor test was conducted to study the effects of the amounts of ethanol and phospholipid on the particle size and encapsulation efficiency of the ethosome. Franz diffusion cell was employed to conduct permeability test on excised rat skin to compare cumulative permeating quantities of the nicotine in nicotine ethosome,nicotine lipo-some and nicotine ethanol solution. Confocal laser scanning electron microscope was applied to observe the penetration depths of rhodamine B-containing nicotine ethosome,nicotine liposome and the solution of nicotine ethanol solution in the in vitro rat skin. RESULTS:When the formulation contained 3%(m/V)phospholipid and 35%(V/V)ethanol,the obtained nicotine ethosome had the smallest particle size [(105 ± 11.5) nm] and the highest encapsulation efficiency [(89.13 ± 6.12)%]. Compared with nicotine ethosome and the nicotine ethanol solution,nicotine ethosome had the largest cumulative permeating quantity in vitro at 12 h. Fur-thermore,the above-mentioned 3 preparations all became saturated in permeability at 12 h with the penetration depths of 80 μm, 156 μm and 175 μm,respectively. CONCLUSIONS:The nicotine ethosome that can increase the transdermal permeability of nico-tine has been prepared successfully.